This document discusses environmentally friendly and low-impact shelter options for post-disaster reconstruction. It begins by outlining the high environmental impact of modern construction materials like cement and bricks. It then provides examples of alternative materials and designs used in DFID-funded projects in Pakistan, including earth bags, vaulted mud structures, and compressed stabilized earth blocks. These alternatives significantly reduce carbon emissions, deforestation, and other environmental impacts compared to conventional construction, while still providing robust and affordable shelter. The document emphasizes measuring and mitigating environmental impact to reduce future climate vulnerability and promote sustainability.
Architecture involves use of various different construction materials that require a unique constructiontechnique. But most of these construction techniques are energy intensive techniques.
Mud construction system is less energy intensive and very effective in different climatic conditions.
Earth is one of man's oldest building materials and most ancient civilizations used it in some form. It was easily available, cheap, and strong and required only simple technology.
Why Compressed Earth Blocks - by Dwell EarthAdam De Jong
Compressed Earth Blocks, often referred to as (CEB) or Earth Blocks, are a pretty amazing building material. Here is a quick look at how amazing this natural building method really is.
Since the beginning of time people have been using the earth for building. Jericho, the earliest city recorded in history, was built of earth. Throughout history earth construction can be seen worldwide. The Egyptians, Mayan, Inca, Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and other European civilizations have long histories of earthen construction.
Compressed Earth Blocks make a healthier home which has the lowest embodied energy and CO2 footprint of any building material while also creating a building that is 80% more energy efficient to operate.
Compressed Earth Blocks are:
- Economical Natural Building Solution
- Fire Proof
- Bullet Proof
- Bug Proof
- Sound Proof
- Mold Proof
- Non- Toxic
- Disaster Resistant
Earth Block buildings also regulate humidity and temperature because the walls are breathable.
Learn more at www.dwellearth.com
What can we help you build?
In this era of concrete, let's understand the impact on the environment and revive the old technique, construction and make the environment pollution-free.
Architecture involves use of various different construction materials that require a unique constructiontechnique. But most of these construction techniques are energy intensive techniques.
Mud construction system is less energy intensive and very effective in different climatic conditions.
Earth is one of man's oldest building materials and most ancient civilizations used it in some form. It was easily available, cheap, and strong and required only simple technology.
Why Compressed Earth Blocks - by Dwell EarthAdam De Jong
Compressed Earth Blocks, often referred to as (CEB) or Earth Blocks, are a pretty amazing building material. Here is a quick look at how amazing this natural building method really is.
Since the beginning of time people have been using the earth for building. Jericho, the earliest city recorded in history, was built of earth. Throughout history earth construction can be seen worldwide. The Egyptians, Mayan, Inca, Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and other European civilizations have long histories of earthen construction.
Compressed Earth Blocks make a healthier home which has the lowest embodied energy and CO2 footprint of any building material while also creating a building that is 80% more energy efficient to operate.
Compressed Earth Blocks are:
- Economical Natural Building Solution
- Fire Proof
- Bullet Proof
- Bug Proof
- Sound Proof
- Mold Proof
- Non- Toxic
- Disaster Resistant
Earth Block buildings also regulate humidity and temperature because the walls are breathable.
Learn more at www.dwellearth.com
What can we help you build?
In this era of concrete, let's understand the impact on the environment and revive the old technique, construction and make the environment pollution-free.
this presentation defines about mud house what are its benefits and what challenges are faced it also describes the different techniques used in making mud house
Earth structure materials may be as simple as mud, or mud mixed with straw to make cob. Sturdy dwellings may be also built from sod or turf. Soil may be stabilized by the addition of lime or cement, and may be compacted into rammed earth. Construction is faster with pre-formed adobe or mudbricks, compressed earth blocks, earthbags or fired clay bricks.
Special Thanks to Sarthak Tapasvi for sharing his experiences and work.
Use of construction renovation and demolition waste in partial replacement of...eSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete is a pourable mix of cement, water, sand, and gravel that hardens into a super strong building material. In the recent decades demolition of old buildings, renovation of construction gave rise to gargantuan amounts of construction and demolition waste. Even the waste produced by industries and households got amplified. So experiments were carried out in the laboratory to scrutinize a concrete made of partial replacement of coarse aggregate with construction and demolition waste materials like ceramic tiles waste, plastic debris, crushed bricks. The resultant concrete thus produced was tested on the following parameters like compressive strength, workability, flexural strength. The results thus obtained are compared with a plain cement concrete. By using low weight materials like plastic debris we got a light weight concrete. The workability of concrete produced with construction waste when compared with plain cement concrete is not reliable but it produced a considerable increase in the compressive strength. So we have increased quantity of plastic debris and deducted some quantity of other waste, by this the workability standards are maintained .Hence by using required quantities strength and workability are acquired. Economy plays a imperative role in any construction, by partially replacing of coarse aggregate with construction and demolition waste, plastic waste the cost of construction can be reduced. These wastes can cause pollution that effects human health. Using these wastes effectively in construction activities the rate of pollution can also be controlled. Even the properties of concrete can also be improved. Key Words: Construction and Demolition waste, Plastic Debris, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Workability.
building materilas-1_architecture_Straw as a building material-physical aspects - Basics, Fire, moisture, insects and pests proof.
Plastering straw bale walls, straw bale roof.
What is Compressed Earth Block (C.E.B) or Ecological Brick?
More info: www.ibrickmachine.com
WhatsApp us at: +86 15265119000
Email:Darren@ibrickmachine.com
Green building material - Compressed earth blockAditya Shah
A compressed earth block (CEB), also known as a pressed earth block or a compressed soil block, is a building material made primarily from damp soil compressed at high pressure to form blocks.
Alternate Building Materials,Alternative Construction Technology and Rain Wat...Rajesh Kolli
The Core of any construction project is its design and at basic level is the materials used.
During the first phase of civilization we used the raw material such as leaves, branches and animal hides for the construction but with increase in our intellect we started improvising other materials such as stone, clay and timber.
With growing time we developed other materials such as brick and concrete, these materials went under great change and stayed till date from the starting of Egyptian civilisation to the present one.
The sudden change in the palate for construction was marked by the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION giving birth to various materials such as metals, glass and steel. It gave rise to many new technologies.
After the industrial revolution many materials had come up over these years. Such as PVC and plastics , many types of concrete like ferrocrete & precast, GRF etc. even now lot of researches are going on new materials and about increasing the efficiency of earlier one.
Construction is a building method that uses bales of straw (commonly wheat, rice, rye, oats straw) as structural elements, building insulation or both. This construction method is commonly used in natural building or “brown” construction projects.
Engineered Cementitious Composites Using High Volume Fly Ash and PVA Fibers f...IJERA Editor
For each ton of Cement produced, one ton of CO2, a greenhouse gas, is released into the atmosphere. Worldwide, the Cement industry produced about 1.4 billion tons in 1995, which caused the emission of as much CO2 gas as 300 million automobiles. Our industry has a responsibility and societal duty to make a contribution towards taking the steps necessary to achieve sustainable development. A scientific approach towards conserving natural resources involves increasing durability of structures, because more durable structures need to be replaced less frequently. Such increased durability can be achieved by choosing appropriate mix designs and selecting suitable Aggregates and admixtures. Development of Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) materials using High volume of Fly Ash and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers will produce the most promising construction materials with High durability. This Paper focuses on Development and study of Engineered Cementitious Composites using High Volume Fly Ash and Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber, the use of which will increase the durability and hence lead to the Sustainable Development in Construction Industry
this presentation defines about mud house what are its benefits and what challenges are faced it also describes the different techniques used in making mud house
Earth structure materials may be as simple as mud, or mud mixed with straw to make cob. Sturdy dwellings may be also built from sod or turf. Soil may be stabilized by the addition of lime or cement, and may be compacted into rammed earth. Construction is faster with pre-formed adobe or mudbricks, compressed earth blocks, earthbags or fired clay bricks.
Special Thanks to Sarthak Tapasvi for sharing his experiences and work.
Use of construction renovation and demolition waste in partial replacement of...eSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete is a pourable mix of cement, water, sand, and gravel that hardens into a super strong building material. In the recent decades demolition of old buildings, renovation of construction gave rise to gargantuan amounts of construction and demolition waste. Even the waste produced by industries and households got amplified. So experiments were carried out in the laboratory to scrutinize a concrete made of partial replacement of coarse aggregate with construction and demolition waste materials like ceramic tiles waste, plastic debris, crushed bricks. The resultant concrete thus produced was tested on the following parameters like compressive strength, workability, flexural strength. The results thus obtained are compared with a plain cement concrete. By using low weight materials like plastic debris we got a light weight concrete. The workability of concrete produced with construction waste when compared with plain cement concrete is not reliable but it produced a considerable increase in the compressive strength. So we have increased quantity of plastic debris and deducted some quantity of other waste, by this the workability standards are maintained .Hence by using required quantities strength and workability are acquired. Economy plays a imperative role in any construction, by partially replacing of coarse aggregate with construction and demolition waste, plastic waste the cost of construction can be reduced. These wastes can cause pollution that effects human health. Using these wastes effectively in construction activities the rate of pollution can also be controlled. Even the properties of concrete can also be improved. Key Words: Construction and Demolition waste, Plastic Debris, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Workability.
building materilas-1_architecture_Straw as a building material-physical aspects - Basics, Fire, moisture, insects and pests proof.
Plastering straw bale walls, straw bale roof.
What is Compressed Earth Block (C.E.B) or Ecological Brick?
More info: www.ibrickmachine.com
WhatsApp us at: +86 15265119000
Email:Darren@ibrickmachine.com
Green building material - Compressed earth blockAditya Shah
A compressed earth block (CEB), also known as a pressed earth block or a compressed soil block, is a building material made primarily from damp soil compressed at high pressure to form blocks.
Alternate Building Materials,Alternative Construction Technology and Rain Wat...Rajesh Kolli
The Core of any construction project is its design and at basic level is the materials used.
During the first phase of civilization we used the raw material such as leaves, branches and animal hides for the construction but with increase in our intellect we started improvising other materials such as stone, clay and timber.
With growing time we developed other materials such as brick and concrete, these materials went under great change and stayed till date from the starting of Egyptian civilisation to the present one.
The sudden change in the palate for construction was marked by the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION giving birth to various materials such as metals, glass and steel. It gave rise to many new technologies.
After the industrial revolution many materials had come up over these years. Such as PVC and plastics , many types of concrete like ferrocrete & precast, GRF etc. even now lot of researches are going on new materials and about increasing the efficiency of earlier one.
Construction is a building method that uses bales of straw (commonly wheat, rice, rye, oats straw) as structural elements, building insulation or both. This construction method is commonly used in natural building or “brown” construction projects.
Engineered Cementitious Composites Using High Volume Fly Ash and PVA Fibers f...IJERA Editor
For each ton of Cement produced, one ton of CO2, a greenhouse gas, is released into the atmosphere. Worldwide, the Cement industry produced about 1.4 billion tons in 1995, which caused the emission of as much CO2 gas as 300 million automobiles. Our industry has a responsibility and societal duty to make a contribution towards taking the steps necessary to achieve sustainable development. A scientific approach towards conserving natural resources involves increasing durability of structures, because more durable structures need to be replaced less frequently. Such increased durability can be achieved by choosing appropriate mix designs and selecting suitable Aggregates and admixtures. Development of Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) materials using High volume of Fly Ash and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers will produce the most promising construction materials with High durability. This Paper focuses on Development and study of Engineered Cementitious Composites using High Volume Fly Ash and Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber, the use of which will increase the durability and hence lead to the Sustainable Development in Construction Industry
Integrated recovery & low-carbon reconstruction - and update from Pakistan Magnus Wolfe Murray
An update of our / DFID's shelter and WASH projects in Northern Sindh. This time with a calculation of carbon dioxide emissions reductions (!)
And all about building with lime..
Latest Contemporary Construction Techniques and Materialsanishanaidu13
Please contact at anisha13naidu@gmail.com for the ppt and I will send it to you.
Latest building materials and technologies being used in development of hitech buildings in contemporary architecture of cities today
Earth Homes Builders specializes in constructing innovative and sustainable earth homes. With their expertise in earth-based construction techniques and commitment to environmental harmony, they create dwellings that prioritize sustainability and offer a unique connection to nature.
A photo update of the UK-Aid (DFID) funded shelter project in Southern Sindh, helping around 50,000 families rebuild their homes that were destroyed in flooding during heavy rains August-September, 2011.
green concrete preparation and techniques used in manufacturing of green concrete and uses and applications and proportions ratios as explained briefly to the civil engineering field
Reconstruction in Nepal - priorities and impressions - March 2017Magnus Wolfe Murray
An update from field monitoring and walking through earthquake affected communities in Rasuwa and Gorkha districts. As part of my work as reconstruction advisor with DFID Nepal
Lime stabilized construction: a manual and practical guideMagnus Wolfe Murray
A culmination of three years work in Pakistan to develop skills and knowledge in building flood resistant shelters with lime as the key stabilising ingredient. Thanks to Bee Rowan founder of Strawbuild UK and Stafford Holmes, lime master and consultant for their work to develop this. Illustrations by Julliette (in England) and to IOM for really nice layout, editing and design of the book. This is a really valuable piece of work - but if you want to undertake a similar programme it definitely makes sense to bring in technical consultants like Bee and Stafford to help guide the process.
A strategy for social stability in Tripoli, Lebanon (CARE International)Magnus Wolfe Murray
A summary slideshow of a strategy I worked on with CARE international in Lebanon colleagues. For Syrian refugees living in Tripoli but also for local people who face dwindling social services and few economic opportunities.
Here's another presentation that summarises the shelter work I've had the privilege to work on with some great collegues across many organisations. And of course with brilliant people in the affected communities.
Recovery and resilience after floods in Pakistan - November 2014Magnus Wolfe Murray
Really heavy rains for no more than 7 days in central Pakistan in September 2012 nearly 500,000 homes were completely destroyed, leaving almost 3.5m homeless and destitute. Most of these people had barely recovered from floods in August 2010. I am proud to say that DFID (UK tax payers money) has been the largest donor year on year in shelter, agriculture recovery and water-sanitation across this area, reaching almost a million people. I have started to include photos of these amazing people, because they are just that, and so inspiring and positive, always.
Paulo Mellet's Productive ecological sewage water treatment systems Magnus Wolfe Murray
In tribute to the most inspiring man who i have encountered on planet so far, a wonderful friend and constant source of brilliant ideas and resources. We are so much poorer without his presence now he has passed away, yet so much richer for knowing him, from learning from him. Your work will live on in everything I do. Go well my friend.
Covering our appraoch to shelter over the years, what makes best costs sense, and why.. what people think, and what other issues they have to deal with - like the price of food and how they recovery after major disaster.
1. Environment and Shelter
post-disaster
A presentation of options
for the Shelter Meeting May 2012
Geneva
Magnus Wolfe Murray
Humanitarian Advisor, DFID-Pakistan
2. Summary
Environmental impact of construction
Alternative and low-impact alternatives
Energy and environment
Examples from DFID-funded shelter work
in Pakistan
3. Environmental impact
Modern construction materials have a high
environmental impact
Cement is very energy intensive in production
(e.g.1 tonne cement = 1 tonne CO2 emissions)
Brick production can be very resource-intensive
We should measure (and attempt to mitigate)
impact of shelter
Or we will increase community vulnerability to
future climate disasters (Do No Harm)
4. DFID position on environment
Climate change and Environment top
priorities for UK Govt
DFID seeking innovative approaches to
deliver on targets & reduce env.impact
Engaged with BREEAM as observers
Soon to open Global Resilience Action
Programme for research and evidence
Contact: Brenda Coughlan on b-
coughlan@dfid.gov.uk
5. Environmental Impact Assessment:
For 100,000 One Room Shelters post 2010 flooding
(assuming use of Punjab brick kilns)
Bricks Needed for One House: 5500
Total Bricks Required: 550 million
Total Kilns Required: 106 kilns for one year
Deforestation: 50,770 Acres w/o trees for 10 Yrs
o CO2 Emissions: 316,470 tons of CO2
Carbon Credits Admissible: USD $ 4.75 million
o Dioxins: 234 gms
5
6. Local and Global Emissions total
brick production in Pakistan
CO2 Emissions : 37.4 million Tonnes
Dioxins : 425.88 nanogramme
/ brick
Equal to:
40m Pakistanis CO2 / year
9 million cars CO2 / year
6
7. Social impact bricks in Pakistan
(Should we ignore this element?)
Bonded Labour
Child Labour
7
8. Ecological capital
What value do we attach to local ecology?
How can this be measured?
Do your building materials damage or
restore the local and global environment?
Do alternatives exist that offer lower
impact?
Do you have the tools to measure reduced
impact?
9. Embodied energy
A means to measure impact of materials
Life cycle analysis
University of Bath, UK: Inventory of
Carbon and Energy
Measures in MJ/Kg and CO2 / kg
Does not show local level impacts, such
as deforestation
10. Examples
Material Mj / Kg CO2 kg / kg
Steel (typical / recycled) 24.4 0.482
Cement 4.6 0.22
Fired bricks 3 0.060
Limestone 0.85 -
Timber (average) 8.5 0.125
CGI (iron sheet) 39 0.7
Source: University of Bath, Embodied energy and carbon in
Construction materials (2008)
11. Applied to a project in Pakistan
Post-2011 flooding, HANDS (local NGO)
funded for 20,000 one room shelters
Usually (e.g. post 2010-reconstruction)
5,000 bricks per house procured would
equal 100m bricks for the 20,000 houses
Earth and lime chosen as alternative
Estimated environmental saving: 57,000
tonnes CO2 and 5,600 acres deforestation
avoided.
12. Steel for roof structures
One beam weighs 27kg
2 beams per house = 54kg
54 x 0.48 kg CO2 = 25.92 kg CO2 / house
If target is 10,000 houses = 259,000
Tonnes of CO2 to atmosphere
Research and elaborate these concerns in
proposals
Many better alternatives already exist
13. What impact for DRR element?
Critical question for flood / disaster zones
Brick, cement mortar is effective
Mud & Lime correctly applied can work
though much tech training needed
And offer much better thermal comfort
Vernacular design & culture can be
respected
14. A traditional Sindhi round-house, built on a
raised platform by Heritage Foundation as a
training model. Lime mud render for water-
resistance.
Examples from DFID-funded work with IOM
and Heritage Foundation, Sindh, 2012
Target: 7,500 one room shelters
15. The thatched roof has yet to be
completed. Already it feels cool inside.
Structural engineers approved the
design which is clearly robust. And
cheaper than the square houses
16. The building is raised
placed on a platform of
earth and mud for
increased flood protection.
This building is a
reproduction of vernacular
design, with specific
improvements to make it
more resilient to future
floods.
17. The Ring Beam
For flat roofs: alternatives
to steel beams compound
bamboo (a renewable
material).
Note extended eaves to
protect walls and a
ring beam of bamboo and
lime-concrete.
18. Lime-rich earth mix increases
durability and water-resistance
to wall
Especially at the base where
standing water can weaken
earthen walls
Lime bonds with the clay in
earth much better than cement
increasingly hard and more
resilient over time
-
so small cracks in surface
Karachi University Architecture student
explains the methods and rationale of lime use
19. These roofs are far stronger than typical roofs made from steel girders and bamboo
poles (partially because of the shorter distances between each girder & rafter).
store stuff, etc.).
20. A completed shelter with mud-lime water-resistant render. The roof can
hold up to 20 people, and the walls are protected by extended eaves.
21. Other examples
Earth bags Beirut
Vaulted earth Mali
Straw bale Northern Pakistan
Compressed Stabilised Earth Blocks
Pakistan
22. Earth Bag Construction - GAZA
Blockade on building materials forced innovative
approaches
Earth bags offer excellent thermal comfort and
huge reduction in cost and environmental impact
24. The problem:
deforestation from
use of timber in roof
structure
As wood became more scarce, people
timber and CGI sheets.
No insulation = very uncomfortable and
unhealthy
Imported materials = high cost
25. NGO La Voute Nubbiene brings
design from East Africa
Trains local masons
Challenges established
construction industry norms
Value for Money:
90% cheaper
Better suited to climate
More healthy indoor environment
Reduces local ecological damage
= Good Value for Money
26. Straw bale Northern Pakistan.
Source: Pakistan Straw Bale and
Appropriate Building (PAKSAB)
27. Compressed Stabilised Earth Blocks
(Non-fired bricks, 7% cement or lime added)
TGA
27 Techno Green Associates
28. Value for Money (for DfID)
Low unit cost with high quality
Is it accessible, appropriate, well targetted,
relevant, done on time, fit to purpose?
Acceptable transaction, support and
overhead costs
Does the investment make sense? (for the
beneficiary and the taxpayer?)
Triple bottom line accounting:
economics, social, environment