This document summarizes research on simulating and testing the dynamic dent resistance of automobile body panels. It describes developing a test rig to experimentally determine the dynamic dent resistance of a utility vehicle's front fender. Dents were created at different loads and locations on the fender. Finite element analysis was also conducted using LS-Dyna software to simulate denting, showing close accuracy to experimental results. The geometry of the existing fender was modified by sweeping its curvature. Numerical analysis found the modified fender's dent resistance could be maintained while reducing thickness and weight by 7.07%.
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
In recent decades, polymers have undergone a remarkable historical development and their use has been greatly imposed by gradually dethroning most of the secular materials. These polymer materials have always distinguished themselves by their simple shaping and inexpensive price, their versatility, lightness, and chemical stability but despite their massive use in everyday life as well as in advanced technologies. Generally, these materials still not understood which requires a thorough knowledge of their chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical properties. This paper, we study the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene “ABS” by means of uniaxial tensile testing on pierced test pieces with different notch lengths ranging between 1 to 14mm.The proposed approach consists in analyzing the evolution of the global geometry of the obtained strain curves by taking into account the zones and characteristic points of these curves as well as the effect of the damage on the mechanical behavior of the polymer ABS, in order to visualize the evolution of the damage by a static model
Effect of Imperfection on Shear Behaviour of Hybrid Plate Girder IJMER
The influence of initial imperfection of plates on the shear resistance of hybrid plate girder
fabricated using slender plate elements is studied. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to
compute the ultimate shear strength of hybrid girder. Imperfection analysis was performed by varying
the magnitude of imperfection on web panel of hybrid plate girder to compare the variation in ultimate
shear strength. The study was also done by varying the yield strength and slenderness ratio of web panel.
The result of the study indicates that the ultimate shear strength of hybrid plate girder decreases with
increase in the magnitude of initial imperfection. The effect of imperfection on shear strength was
significantly high for plate girder with low web slenderness ratio and high yield strength of web panel.
The maximum lateral as well as the vertical deflection at ultimate strength state of the model increases
with increase in magnitude of imperfection
Vibrations and fatigue- vibration interactions of laminated composites.Padmanabhan Krishnan
This slide show describes the vibrations and fatigue vibrations characteristics of laminated composites like glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy and their hybrids.
Stress concentrations produced by discontinuities in structures such as holes, notches, and fillets will be introduced in this section. The stress concentration factor will be defined. The concept of fracture toughness will also be introduced.
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
In recent decades, polymers have undergone a remarkable historical development and their use has been greatly imposed by gradually dethroning most of the secular materials. These polymer materials have always distinguished themselves by their simple shaping and inexpensive price, their versatility, lightness, and chemical stability but despite their massive use in everyday life as well as in advanced technologies. Generally, these materials still not understood which requires a thorough knowledge of their chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical properties. This paper, we study the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene “ABS” by means of uniaxial tensile testing on pierced test pieces with different notch lengths ranging between 1 to 14mm.The proposed approach consists in analyzing the evolution of the global geometry of the obtained strain curves by taking into account the zones and characteristic points of these curves as well as the effect of the damage on the mechanical behavior of the polymer ABS, in order to visualize the evolution of the damage by a static model
Effect of Imperfection on Shear Behaviour of Hybrid Plate Girder IJMER
The influence of initial imperfection of plates on the shear resistance of hybrid plate girder
fabricated using slender plate elements is studied. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to
compute the ultimate shear strength of hybrid girder. Imperfection analysis was performed by varying
the magnitude of imperfection on web panel of hybrid plate girder to compare the variation in ultimate
shear strength. The study was also done by varying the yield strength and slenderness ratio of web panel.
The result of the study indicates that the ultimate shear strength of hybrid plate girder decreases with
increase in the magnitude of initial imperfection. The effect of imperfection on shear strength was
significantly high for plate girder with low web slenderness ratio and high yield strength of web panel.
The maximum lateral as well as the vertical deflection at ultimate strength state of the model increases
with increase in magnitude of imperfection
Vibrations and fatigue- vibration interactions of laminated composites.Padmanabhan Krishnan
This slide show describes the vibrations and fatigue vibrations characteristics of laminated composites like glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy and their hybrids.
Stress concentrations produced by discontinuities in structures such as holes, notches, and fillets will be introduced in this section. The stress concentration factor will be defined. The concept of fracture toughness will also be introduced.
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Crash Behavior of Welded Thin Wall R...IDES Editor
The crash behavior of Cold Rolled Mild Steel
(CRMS) closed form thin section produced by stitch welding
at periodic intervals of length was studied by conducting axial
compressive tests at loading velocities of 5 mm/min and 6000
mm/min. The deformation shape, peak forces and energy
absorption capacity of the sections estimated numerically
showed a good correlation with the experimental data.
buckling analysis of cantilever pultruded I-sections using 𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑌𝑆 ®IJARIIE JOURNAL
For steel beam buckling analysis is a critical area of study to determine overall section capacity subjected to
bending. Pultruded I-beams are manufactured using fiber and matrix composite lamina hence is usually orthotropic
compared to conventional steel I-beams. Many researchers have studied the buckling characteristics of simply
supported pultruded FRP beams for various types of loadings. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
buckling characteristics of cantilever beam subjected to point load at free end for WF(wide flange) & NF(narrow
flange) section. The validation has been made with experimental data. Further the parametric study has been
carried out to study the effect of fiber orientation along with fiber volume fraction on critical buckling loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Comparative study of the mechanical behavior of polymer materials: between A...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
High Strain Rate Testing of Materials
Polymers, composites and some metallic materials are viscoelastic and strain-rate sensitive. Under high strain rates the micro mechanisms by which these materials deform is different than that experienced at low strain rates. Consequently, use of quasi-static stress-strain data may not produce accurate and reliable predictions, when such data is used in simulation and Finite element analysis FEA of engineering components.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Crash Behavior of Welded Thin Wall R...IDES Editor
The crash behavior of Cold Rolled Mild Steel
(CRMS) closed form thin section produced by stitch welding
at periodic intervals of length was studied by conducting axial
compressive tests at loading velocities of 5 mm/min and 6000
mm/min. The deformation shape, peak forces and energy
absorption capacity of the sections estimated numerically
showed a good correlation with the experimental data.
buckling analysis of cantilever pultruded I-sections using 𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑌𝑆 ®IJARIIE JOURNAL
For steel beam buckling analysis is a critical area of study to determine overall section capacity subjected to
bending. Pultruded I-beams are manufactured using fiber and matrix composite lamina hence is usually orthotropic
compared to conventional steel I-beams. Many researchers have studied the buckling characteristics of simply
supported pultruded FRP beams for various types of loadings. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
buckling characteristics of cantilever beam subjected to point load at free end for WF(wide flange) & NF(narrow
flange) section. The validation has been made with experimental data. Further the parametric study has been
carried out to study the effect of fiber orientation along with fiber volume fraction on critical buckling loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Comparative study of the mechanical behavior of polymer materials: between A...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
High Strain Rate Testing of Materials
Polymers, composites and some metallic materials are viscoelastic and strain-rate sensitive. Under high strain rates the micro mechanisms by which these materials deform is different than that experienced at low strain rates. Consequently, use of quasi-static stress-strain data may not produce accurate and reliable predictions, when such data is used in simulation and Finite element analysis FEA of engineering components.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Design Modification of Failure Mode Effect Analysis of Vibrating Feeder used ...ijsrd.com
Vibratin feeder technology is common in material handling applications in numerous industries. This review paper examines a problem with fatigue in the support structure of a specific type of vibrating feeder. It also reviews the theory behind vibrating feeder technology and considerations that engineers who design them need to be aware of. The finite element method is used to replicate a fatigue problem in the support structure and various design configurations are then analyzed to reduce the risk of the conditions that caused the fatigue. The results are reviewed and recommendations are made to improve the design and modify the component dimensional parameters vibrating feeder.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
Regression analysis of shot peening process for performance characteristics o...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Design and economical of roof trusses & purlins (comparison of limit stat...eSAT Journals
Abstract For a structural design to be satisfactory, generally four major objectives – utility, safety, economical and elegance must be fulfilled. This paper presents a study on behaviour and economical of roof trusses and purlins by comparison of limit state and working stress method. Roof trusses and purlins are therefore an integral part of an industrial building and the like for supporting the roofing system. This paper presents a study on behaviour and economical of fink type roof trusses, channel section purlins by comparison of limit state and working stress method. This study involves in examination of theoretical investigations of specimens in series. Overall two methods were designed and comparison of all the internal force, economical, and hence, to evaluate the co-existing moments and shear forces at the critical cross-section with same configuration area by keeping all other parameters constant. The theoretical data are calculated using Indian Standard code IS 875-1975 (part III), IS 800 – 2007 using limit state method, IS 800- 1984 using working stress method and the section properties of the specimens are obtained using steel table. The specimens are designed under uniformly distributed loading with simply supported condition. The research project aims to provide which method is economical, high bending strength, more load carrying capacity and high flexural strength. The studies reveal that the theoretical investigations limit state method design is high bending strength, high load caring capacity, minimum deflection and minimum local buckling& distortional buckling compare to the working stress method. But working stress method is most economical compare to the limit state method design. Keywords bending strength, deflection, limit state method, purlins, roof trusses, working stress method.
1. S.M.Chavan, Dr.R.B.Hiremath / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1453-1457
Simulation Analysis Of Dynamic Dent Resistance On Auto Body
Panel
S.M.Chavan*, Dr.R.B.Hiremath**
* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Walchand Institute of Techenology ,solapur.
Abstract
In automotive industry there is thedamage is relatively high. Thus minimizing this
increasing demand for higher quality exterior kind of damage has become a goal ofthe automotive
panels. Better functional properties and lower manufacture particularly when thin sheet steel is
weight. The demand for weight reduction has led used. Improvementcan also enhance perceived
tothinner sheets, greater use of high strength product value. In automotive industry there is
steels and a change from steel to aluminum increasingdemand for higher quality exterior panels,
grades.This thickness reduction, which causes better functional properties and lowerweight. The
decrease in the dent resistance, promoted demand for weight reduction has led to thinner
examination ofthe dent resistance against static sheets, greater use of highstrength steels and a
and dynamic concentratedloads. This paper change from steel to aluminum grades. These
describes aninvestigation of the suitability of demand have meant that the stiffness and dent
explicit dynamic FE analysis as a mean to resistance of panels has become more focused, and
determine thedynamic dent properties of the the needfor accurate methods, both experimental
panel. This investigation is carried out on the and numerical, for pre detecting the stiffnessand
body panel ofutility vehicle and covers two parts, dent resistance has been emphasized. In present
in first experimental analysis is carried out on work dynamic dent resistance ofauto body panel is
developed testrig, which is interfaced with the estimated both by experimental and numerical
computer. This test rig measures deflection with methods and theresults are validated.Dent resistance
accuracy of.001mm. The experimental results are can be measured by static as well as dynamic
then compared with the simulation results, which methods, as perrequirements. For static dent testing,
is thesecond part. Simulation is carried with non- data are typically compared by analyzing dentdepths
linear transient dynamic explicit analysis caused by a fixed load or by comparing the load
usingAnsys -LSDyna software. The experimental necessary to cause a fixed dentdepth. Dynamic Dent
results show great accuracy with simulation test of laboratory specimen are run on test systems
results. Theeffect of change in thickness and referred to asDrop-weight-tester. In the drop weight
geometry of the existing fender is then studied test typically a specimen and an indenter isused, the
with help ofsimulation technique. By considering indenter is dropped from the height and typical load
the best possible option overall weight offender is deflection curve isplottedMany studies regarding the
reducedby 7.07 % by keeping the dent resistance dent and stiffness of automotive panels have
of the panel constant. beencarried out, some with contradictory results.
Dicello and George [1] came to theconclusion that
Keywords: Dent resistance, Explicit Dynamic, the lower stiffness of the panel, the better the dent
Test rig. Automotive. resistance. Yutori etal [2] found that the higher the
stiffness, higher is the dent resistance, there seems
1. INTRODUCTION tobe no simple relation between the stiffness and
A localized plastic deformation caused by dent resistance. Werner [3] concludedthat for a
an impact on a sheet metal is describedas dent. panel with low stiffness it is beneficial to reduce the
Quantitatively a dent is in the terms of physical stiffness, whereas for apanel with high stiffness it is
features such as depth,diameter, and width. Dent beneficial to increase the stiffness in order to
resistance is defined as minimum force or load improve thedent resistance. In [4] it was found that
required toinitiate a dent and hence is measure of the static dent resistance is directlyproportional to
suitability of a particular sheet metal in a the final yield stress of the material (i.e. work-
givenapplication like automotive panels. Denting in hardening duringstamping and bake-hardening
the real world is random. Dent inautomotive panels during painting). In [5] it was found that bake
can be produced by in plant handling or in service. hardenedsteels show batter dent resistance than non
Impacting apanel on another or dropping a panel bake-hardenable steels, even though thematerials
onto a holder or conveyor can occur infabrication. In had a similar thickness and yield stress after
service, dents caused by flying stones, door or forming. A comparison betweenthe dent properties
shopping cart impact inparking lots, palm printing, for steel and aluminum was made in [6], it was
hail force etc. are also normal. The cost for repairing concluded thatthere is a principal difference
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2. S.M.Chavan, Dr.R.B.Hiremath / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1453-1457
between the appearance of these curves for steel
andaluminum. The curves for aluminum shows a
local maximum in dent resistance at thepanel
curvature, where as the curves for steel shows a
local minimum.Dent resistance is complex in nature
and governed by various factors such as thepanel
geometry and curvature, the support conditions, the
sheet thickness, the materialproperties of the sheet
material, the load level and load type. In addition,
the effect ofthe stamping process resulting in
thickness reduction, work hardening of the
sheetmaterial, residual stress and springback also
directly or indirectly affecting the dentresistance. In
general conclusion that can be drawn from different
investigation carriedout is that the dent behavior is
complex phenomenon depending on several
differentparameters and that is hard to intuitively
assess the dent properties. Anotherconclusion that Figure 1 Front fender of auto body panel
can be drawn is that there, in general, is a large
scatter in theexperimental results reported in the 3.EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATION
literature, which increases the complexity of thedent PROCEDURE
behavior of the auto body panel. Today, stiffness For experimental determination of dynamic
and dent resistance of outerpanels, such as doors, dent resistance of auto body panel testrig is
hoods and lids are normally determined by physical developed this test rig consist of two mainparts viz.
testing.However zsthis testing procedure has several body of test rig andinterfacing unit. The body of the
drawbacks. It is both costly and timeconsuming but test rig is designed so as to test the door,
most importantly it cannot be carried out until rather fender,hoods etc. of automobile. Interfacing unit is
late in the carproject, in general towards the end of used for converting analog signals comingfrom the
the design process. By then most of the transducer to digital one for getting data on
factorsgoverning the stiffness and dent properties computer for load deflectioncurve.In experimental
are already specified. Thus prediction ofpanel's procedure the dent resistance of fender is calculated
strength properties at an early stage in the design at threedifferent points, denter is allowed to fall
process is required, which ispossible by simulation from the height of 101.2 mm this drop
technique. heightproduces initial drop velocity of 1.38 m/s [7]
For denting different loads varying from19.62 N to
2. AUTO BODY PANEL AND ITS 98.10 N were used. The fender is kept on the two
MATERIAL supports, the distance oftwo supports from the dent
The material used for fender is steel with point is 100 mm from both side. Distance of
Young’s Modulus of 210 GPa and Nux (Poisson’s threedifferent dent points on the fender from the
ratio) value of 0.3. The material characteristics of reference point (as shown in figure 1) in xand z
the fender are given in table 1 . In the table t denotes direction is given in the table 2. Initially the denter
the initial sheet thickness is vertically aligned with thefirst point, the denter
Table 1 – Material properties of body panel plate is so adjusted that the distance between the tip
Material t y Sut r0 r45 r90 n E v of the denterand the upper surface of the fender is
101.2 mm, at this point denter plate is fixed onthe
vertical studs by tightening the screws. The tip of
mm Mpa Mpa GPa
the transducer is kept exactlybelow the first point
MS 1 143 290 1.96 2.6 2.110.22 120 0.3 touching the bottom side of the fender. The denter is
allowed tofall on the fender from the said height,
y is the yield strength, S ut is the ultimate tensile this impact causes plastic deformation of thefender,
which gives the value of the dent by calculating the
strength r0 , r45 , r90 are the anisotropy coefficient in difference between theinitial reading and the final
terms of ratio of width strain to thickness strain, n is reading of the transducer. This procedure is repeated
the strain-hardening exponent, E is Young’s forthe different loads and the different
modulus and v is Poisson’s ratio. points.Simulation is carried out with AnsysLs-Dyna,
which combines the Ls-Dynaexplicit finite element
program with the powerful pre and post processing
capabilitiesof the Ansys program. Shell 163, a 4-
noded element with both bending and
membranecapabilities is used. The element has 12
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3. S.M.Chavan, Dr.R.B.Hiremath / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1453-1457
degrees of freedom at each node: be seen from figure 2 and 3 experimental result
translations,accelerations, and velocities in the nodal shows close accuracy with simulation results. At
x, y, and z directions and rotations about thenodal x, indentation points 1, 2 and 3 it can be seen that the
y, and z-axes. For getting accurate results fine deformation is slightly more the experimental work.,
meshing is done with theHypermesh and then model however the overall behavior is captured with
is imported to the Ansys for analysis. variation of 5%. The three indentation points were
selected from different parts of the geometry where
Table 2. Location of analysis points from reference there are different values of the strain levels
point
Results at point 3
Point 1 Point 2 Point 3
Z Y Z Y Z Y
-160 -120 -70 -400 -120 -550 4.5
4
4.EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATION 3.5
Deflection
RESULTS OF THE FENDER 3
Results at Point 1 Simulation
2.5
2 Experimental
7
1.5
6
1
5
Deflection
Simulation 0.5
4
3 Experiment 0
al
2
1
0 Load
Load
Figure 3- Results at point 3
Results at point 2
5.SIMULATION RESULTS OF MODIFIED
FENDERThe existing geometry of the fender is
modified by sweeping the panel withcurvature of 7
4
mm as shown in the following figure 4. Numerical
3.5 analysis is carriedout on modified fender for which
3 same boundary conditions, same material
propertiesand same denter with its material module
Deflection
2.5
Simulation is used. Simulation results of modifiedfender at
2
Experimental
different points and different loading conditions
1.5 from 101.2 mm height iscalculatedIn numerical
1
analysis offender while defining the real constant
the thickness of the fender is assigned as 1 mm. In
0.5
case modified fender denting
0
Load
Figure 2 - Results at point 1 and 2
Figure 2 and figure 3 shows the comparison of load
deflection curve at point 1, 2 and 3 calculated by the
experimental and the simulation procedure. As can
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4. S.M.Chavan, Dr.R.B.Hiremath / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1453-1457
Figure 4 - Modified fender
Figure 6 – Simulation results of Modified Fender at
points 3
values are calculated by changing the
thickness values, at thickness of 0.91mm dent values
of modified fender are closely matching with the
dent values of the fender as shown in figure 5and 6,
this thickness reduction gives 7.07 %of weight
reduction in modified fender.
CONCLUSION
An Experimental test method for
determining dynamic dent resistance wasdeveloped.
The results from the test carried out shows small
scatter within ±5% ofaverage value.. Experimental
results show greater accuracy with the simulation
results.So AnsysLs-Dyna can be used to predict the
dent behavior of auto body panel in earlystage of
design process. Dent resistance of auto body panel
can be improved bychanging the geometry of the
panel. In present case dent resistance is improved
bysweeping the panel geometry of the fender by
7mm. Weight reduction of 7.07% offender is also
possible by changing the geometry of the panel with
keeping dentresistance in the limit.
REFERENCES
1. DicelloA.,George RA, " Design criteria for
dent resistance of auto body panels" in
SAE paper740081,1974
2. Yutori Y.,Normura S., KokuboLishigaki
H., " Studies on static dent resistance"
,IDDRG,1980,pp.561-569
3. Warner M.F.," Finite element simulation of
Figure 5 – Simulation results of Modified Fender at steel body panel performance for quasi -
points 1 & 2 static dentresistance", Automotive body
material IBEC,1993
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5. S.M.Chavan, Dr.R.B.Hiremath / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1453-1457
4. Chen C.H.,RastogiP.Horvarth C," Effect of
steel thickness and mechanical properties
on vehicleouter performance: stiffness,oil
canning and dent resistance", Automotive
body material IBEC,1993
5. Shi M.F.Michel P.E., BrindzaJA.,Bucklin
P., Belanger P.J. ,Principe J.M., " Static
and dynamicdent resistance performance of
automotive steel body panels" SAE paper
970158, 1997
6. Van Veldhuizen, Kranendonk W., Ruifrok
R. " The relation between the curvature of
horizontalautomotive panels, stiffness and
the static dent resistance" Material and
Body testing IBEC 1995
.7. M.F.Shi, " Dynamic dent resistance
performance of steel and aluminum" SAE
paper 930786,1993
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