Tablet coating is a process that applies a coating to tablets to improve properties like taste, release profile, or protection. There are three main coating equipment types - standard pans, perforated pans, and fluidized beds. Process parameters like air flow, spray rate, and temperature must be controlled. Tablet properties like shape, surface, and hardness influence coatability. Film coatings are applied using pan and spray methods while sugar coatings involve sealing, subcoating, smoothing, finishing, and polishing steps. Variables in the coating process like pan design, speed, and load as well as spray pattern and rate must be optimized for consistent results.
Pharmaceutical film coating is considered a key part in the production of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms since it gives superior organoleptic properties products. In addition, it can improve the physical and chemical stability of dosage forms, and modify the release characteristics of the drug. Several troubleshooting problems such as twinning mottling, chipping, etc., may arise during or after or even during the shelf life of the film coated dosage forms. These troubleshooting problems may be due to tablet core faults, coating formulation faults and/or coating process faults. These problems must be overcome to avoid unnecessary product problems. Film coating as well as other parts of the pharmaceutical technology is subjecting to continuous innovation. The innovation may be at different levels including pharmaceutical excipients, processes, software, guidelines and equipment. In fact, of particular note is the growing interest in process analytical technology, quality by design, continuous coating processing and the inclusion of new ready for use coating formulations. In this review, we tried to explore and discuss the status of pharmaceutical film coating, the challenges that face this manufacturing process and the latest technological advances in this important manufacturing process.
This document provides an overview of fluidized bed processing (FBP). It discusses the principle of fluidization, how FBP works, its components, and applications. FBP uses air to fluidize solid particles, allowing for high rates of heat and mass transfer. This makes it useful for granulation, drying, and coating processes. It has advantages like high drying rates and easy handling but also disadvantages like potential for product loss and requirement of skilled operators. FBP is widely used in pharmaceutical manufacturing for applications like granule drying, tablet coating, and functional powder coating.
The document discusses tablet coating, including its purposes, principles, history, types and processes. Tablet coating involves applying a thin outer layer or film to tablets to improve characteristics like taste, moisture protection and drug release. There are two main types: film coating, which uses a polymer film, and sugar coating, which builds up layers of sucrose. The coating process aims to evenly apply and dry coating solutions or suspensions in rotating equipment. Factors like coating thickness, temperature and ingredients affect the quality and performance of coated tablets.
The document discusses the various coating materials and processes used to coat tablets. It describes the reasons for coating tablets, such as masking taste/odor, protecting from moisture and environment, and controlling drug release. The key steps in tablet coating are described as sealing to prevent moisture penetration, sub-coating to round edges and build size, smoothing to cover imperfections, color coating to impart color, polishing to produce luster, and optional printing for identification. Tablet properties like shape, surface area and ability to withstand coating process without damage must be considered.
This document discusses various aspects of tablet coating. It begins by defining coated tablets and describing the main objectives of tablet coating as related to therapy, technology, and marketing. It then discusses different coating techniques like sugar coating, film coating, enteric coating, and other advanced techniques. The document also covers coating materials like polymers, plasticizers, colorants, and solvents used in various coating methods. It provides details on the coating process and factors affecting the choice of coating materials.
The document summarizes film coating techniques and problems. It discusses the purposes of film coating including masking taste, controlling drug release, and protecting ingredients. It then describes the mechanisms of film formation for aqueous and non-aqueous coatings. Key coating process parameters like spray pressure, temperature and pan speed are outlined. Common materials used include film formers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, plasticizers, pigments and solvents. Finally, potential defects in film coating like picking or mottling are briefly mentioned.
The document summarizes types of tablet coating materials. It discusses the history of tablet coating and principles and objectives of coating tablets. Some key points include:
- Tablet coating provides taste masking, physical/chemical protection, and controlled drug release.
- Common coating materials include polymers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and cellulose acetate phthalate, solvents, plasticizers, and colorants.
- Factors like tablet properties, coating composition, and process affect the coating. Tablets must be stable and spherical for optimal coating.
Tablet coating is a process that applies a coating to tablets to improve properties like taste, release profile, or protection. There are three main coating equipment types - standard pans, perforated pans, and fluidized beds. Process parameters like air flow, spray rate, and temperature must be controlled. Tablet properties like shape, surface, and hardness influence coatability. Film coatings are applied using pan and spray methods while sugar coatings involve sealing, subcoating, smoothing, finishing, and polishing steps. Variables in the coating process like pan design, speed, and load as well as spray pattern and rate must be optimized for consistent results.
Pharmaceutical film coating is considered a key part in the production of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms since it gives superior organoleptic properties products. In addition, it can improve the physical and chemical stability of dosage forms, and modify the release characteristics of the drug. Several troubleshooting problems such as twinning mottling, chipping, etc., may arise during or after or even during the shelf life of the film coated dosage forms. These troubleshooting problems may be due to tablet core faults, coating formulation faults and/or coating process faults. These problems must be overcome to avoid unnecessary product problems. Film coating as well as other parts of the pharmaceutical technology is subjecting to continuous innovation. The innovation may be at different levels including pharmaceutical excipients, processes, software, guidelines and equipment. In fact, of particular note is the growing interest in process analytical technology, quality by design, continuous coating processing and the inclusion of new ready for use coating formulations. In this review, we tried to explore and discuss the status of pharmaceutical film coating, the challenges that face this manufacturing process and the latest technological advances in this important manufacturing process.
This document provides an overview of fluidized bed processing (FBP). It discusses the principle of fluidization, how FBP works, its components, and applications. FBP uses air to fluidize solid particles, allowing for high rates of heat and mass transfer. This makes it useful for granulation, drying, and coating processes. It has advantages like high drying rates and easy handling but also disadvantages like potential for product loss and requirement of skilled operators. FBP is widely used in pharmaceutical manufacturing for applications like granule drying, tablet coating, and functional powder coating.
The document discusses tablet coating, including its purposes, principles, history, types and processes. Tablet coating involves applying a thin outer layer or film to tablets to improve characteristics like taste, moisture protection and drug release. There are two main types: film coating, which uses a polymer film, and sugar coating, which builds up layers of sucrose. The coating process aims to evenly apply and dry coating solutions or suspensions in rotating equipment. Factors like coating thickness, temperature and ingredients affect the quality and performance of coated tablets.
The document discusses the various coating materials and processes used to coat tablets. It describes the reasons for coating tablets, such as masking taste/odor, protecting from moisture and environment, and controlling drug release. The key steps in tablet coating are described as sealing to prevent moisture penetration, sub-coating to round edges and build size, smoothing to cover imperfections, color coating to impart color, polishing to produce luster, and optional printing for identification. Tablet properties like shape, surface area and ability to withstand coating process without damage must be considered.
This document discusses various aspects of tablet coating. It begins by defining coated tablets and describing the main objectives of tablet coating as related to therapy, technology, and marketing. It then discusses different coating techniques like sugar coating, film coating, enteric coating, and other advanced techniques. The document also covers coating materials like polymers, plasticizers, colorants, and solvents used in various coating methods. It provides details on the coating process and factors affecting the choice of coating materials.
The document summarizes film coating techniques and problems. It discusses the purposes of film coating including masking taste, controlling drug release, and protecting ingredients. It then describes the mechanisms of film formation for aqueous and non-aqueous coatings. Key coating process parameters like spray pressure, temperature and pan speed are outlined. Common materials used include film formers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, plasticizers, pigments and solvents. Finally, potential defects in film coating like picking or mottling are briefly mentioned.
The document summarizes types of tablet coating materials. It discusses the history of tablet coating and principles and objectives of coating tablets. Some key points include:
- Tablet coating provides taste masking, physical/chemical protection, and controlled drug release.
- Common coating materials include polymers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and cellulose acetate phthalate, solvents, plasticizers, and colorants.
- Factors like tablet properties, coating composition, and process affect the coating. Tablets must be stable and spherical for optimal coating.
Pharmaceutical pellets are small spherical units prepared by agglomerating fine powders. They range in size from 0.5-1.5mm. Pellets can be used for both oral and injectable drug delivery and offer benefits like taste masking, immediate or sustained release, and delivery of chemically incompatible products in a single dose. Various methods are used to produce pellets including extrusion-spheronization, hot melt extrusion, fluid bed granulation, spray drying, and layering techniques. Pellets can be further processed into tablets, capsules, or other dosage forms and coated to provide modified release of drugs over an extended period.
This document discusses extrusion and spheronization processes used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Extrusion forces material through a die to create desired shapes, while spheronization forms small spheres between 0.5-10mm in diameter. Key advantages of spheres include optimal flow, reproducible packing, minimum surface area, and ability to easily coat for controlled release. The process involves mixing, extruding through a screw or basket extruder to form extrudates, spheronizing using a rotating friction plate to form spheres, and optional coating. Key factors that affect spheronization include disc speed and load, groove geometry, product properties, and retention time. Various sized extruders and spheronizers are described for
Tablet excipients serve several important functions in tablet manufacturing including improving properties like flow, stability, and bioavailability. Common excipients include diluents, binders, disintegrants, and lubricants. Tablets can be classified based on their route of administration, drug delivery system, and manufacturing method. Key types include compressed, enteric coated, chewable, sublingual, and effervescent tablets. Excipients allow tablets to be designed for rapid or delayed drug release depending on the therapeutic need.
Wet granulation is a process that uses a granulating liquid like ethanol or water to mix powder particles. It involves mixing powders and a binder solution, sieving the wet mixture, drying the granules, and sieving the dry granules. Common methods are shear granulation, fluid bed granulation, and spheronization which forms spheres or pellets. Wet granulation produces granules that compress well and result in tablets with consistent properties, though it uses more energy than dry granulation and powders must be stable with water.
Hard gelatin capsules are solid dosage forms where medicaments are enclosed in gelatin shells composed of two sections called caps and bodies. Capsules offer advantages like easy swallowing, taste masking, and protection from light. They are manufactured by dipping stainless steel pins in gelatin solution, spinning to distribute gelatin uniformly, drying, stripping caps and bodies, trimming, and joining. Capsules are filled using machines that separate caps from bodies, fill powder into bodies using various techniques like auger filling or piston tamping, scrape excess powder, replace caps, and seal capsules. Finished capsules are evaluated for tests like disintegration, dissolution, content uniformity and weight variation.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
This document provides an introduction to fluidized bed processing, which involves coating, granulation, and drying of particulate materials. It describes the different types of spray processes in fluidized beds, including top spray, bottom spray, and tangential spray. Bottom spray processing, developed by Dr. Dale Wurster, is commonly used in pharmaceutical applications for coating uniformity. The document outlines the key components of a fluidized bed coater and discusses important process parameters like inlet temperature, spray rate, and batch size that can impact performance. Formulation factors like coating solution strength and batch size are also reviewed. Fluidized bed processing is used to improve drug properties like taste, appearance, and release characteristics.
This document discusses sugar coating technology for tablet cores. Sugar coating is a multi-step process that involves coating the tablet core with sucrose syrup and evaporating the solvent to leave a sugar coating. The advantages of sugar coating include using widely accepted raw materials and not requiring complex equipment. The sugar coating process involves sealing the core, applying sub coatings using sucrose solution and calcium carbonate or talc, smoothing layers, coloring, polishing, and printing. Common faults are cracking, splitting, inversion causing stickiness.
This document discusses dispersed systems such as emulsions, colloids, and suspensions. It begins by defining dispersed systems as particulate matter distributed throughout a continuous medium and classifies them based on particle size into molecular, colloidal, or coarse dispersions. The document then covers topics such as interfacial phenomenon, wetting, adsorption, surface active agents, micellar solubilization, and the use of these concepts in pharmacy. It provides details on emulsions, including the theories of emulsification, methods to determine emulsion type, emulsifying agents, and emulsion stability.
Soft gelatin capsules (SGCs) are hermetically sealed capsules containing liquids or semisolids without air. They are made of flexible gelatin and have gained popularity due to increased bioavailability of drugs and stability. Common manufacturing methods are rotary die and reciprocating die processes, which use gelatin ribbons to encapsulate fills. The rotary die process is most common, using rollers to converge ribbons around fills to seal and cut capsules continuously.
Tablet coating serves several purposes: to mask unpleasant tastes, protect medications from environmental factors like light and moisture, control drug release, and improve appearance. There are several types of coatings including sugar, film, enteric, and press coatings. The sugar coating process involves multiple steps like sealing, sub-coating, syruping, finishing, and polishing to build up the coating and impart the desired color, texture, and shine. Skill is required during syruping to smoothly cover imperfections and apply color uniformly.
The document describes the process and key components of a tablet compression machine. The machine uses punches and dies to compress powder or granules into tablets. It has several stations that rotate to precisely fill the dies, compress the powder under high pressure, and eject the finished tablets. The main stages are filling the die cavity, adjusting the powder weight, compressing the powder between the punches, and ejecting the tablet. Critical parts include the hopper, feeder system, punches, dies, turret, cam tracks, and rollers which work together to automate tablet production.
This document discusses tablet coating, which involves covering tablet surfaces with a polymeric film to provide benefits like masking taste, protecting drugs, and controlling drug release. It describes the main types of tablet coating - sugar coating, film coating, enteric coating, vacuum film coating, electrostatic coating, and dip coating. For each coating type, it outlines the basic process and materials used. The document also explains the need for tablet coating and lists the ideal characteristics of coating materials.
This document provides information about tablets as a drug delivery system. It defines tablets and describes their key components and manufacturing process. Tablets consist of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients that control release and aid manufacturing. Excipients include fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants and others. Tableting involves powder compression in a die and punch press. Tablets offer benefits like precision dosing but some drugs are not suitable. Quality is ensured through testing dissolution and other properties.
The document discusses characterization techniques for pharmaceutical granules and compacts. It describes methods for analyzing granule particle size, shape, density, moisture content, flow properties, and friability. It also covers techniques for evaluating tablet properties like weight variation, disintegration, dissolution, hardness and thickness. The purpose is to ensure granules and tablets meet specifications for content uniformity, drug release and stability.
The document provides information about tablets, including their definition, advantages, disadvantages, types, ingredients, and manufacturing methods. It discusses that tablets are a solid dosage form containing medicaments that are manufactured by compressing powders into a solid mass using compression. The main methods of tablet manufacturing discussed are direct compression, dry granulation, wet granulation, and roller compaction. Excipients like diluents, binders, disintegrants, and lubricants are added to optimize the tableting process and tablet properties.
This document discusses coating pans used in the pharmaceutical industry. It describes two main types of coating pans - conventional and perforated. Conventional pans include Pelligrini, immersion sword, and immersion tube pans. Perforated pans have openings that improve mixing and drying efficiency, examples given are Accela-Cota, Hi-Coater, Dria Coater, and Glatt pans. The validation process for coating pans involves installation qualification to confirm proper installation, operational qualification to establish operating parameters, and performance qualification to verify operation as intended.
This document provides an overview of tablet coating. It discusses the historical development of tablet coating from the 16th century to modern developments. The objectives and benefits of tablet coating are to mask taste/color, provide protection, control drug release, and improve appearance. The major types of coating processes and equipment discussed are conventional coating pans, perforated pans, and fluidized bed coaters. Key parameters that affect the coating process like air flow, temperature, and spray application are also covered. The document concludes by describing sugar coating and film coating methods in detail.
The document discusses tablet coating. It provides information on the types of coatings including film coating, sugar coating, press coating, and functional coatings. It describes the key components of coating formulations which include film formers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, solvents, plasticizers, and colorants. The principles and objectives of tablet coating are to protect drugs, mask tastes, control drug release and provide enteric properties. Equipment used includes pan coaters, printing machines for logos.
Pharmaceutical pellets are small spherical units prepared by agglomerating fine powders. They range in size from 0.5-1.5mm. Pellets can be used for both oral and injectable drug delivery and offer benefits like taste masking, immediate or sustained release, and delivery of chemically incompatible products in a single dose. Various methods are used to produce pellets including extrusion-spheronization, hot melt extrusion, fluid bed granulation, spray drying, and layering techniques. Pellets can be further processed into tablets, capsules, or other dosage forms and coated to provide modified release of drugs over an extended period.
This document discusses extrusion and spheronization processes used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Extrusion forces material through a die to create desired shapes, while spheronization forms small spheres between 0.5-10mm in diameter. Key advantages of spheres include optimal flow, reproducible packing, minimum surface area, and ability to easily coat for controlled release. The process involves mixing, extruding through a screw or basket extruder to form extrudates, spheronizing using a rotating friction plate to form spheres, and optional coating. Key factors that affect spheronization include disc speed and load, groove geometry, product properties, and retention time. Various sized extruders and spheronizers are described for
Tablet excipients serve several important functions in tablet manufacturing including improving properties like flow, stability, and bioavailability. Common excipients include diluents, binders, disintegrants, and lubricants. Tablets can be classified based on their route of administration, drug delivery system, and manufacturing method. Key types include compressed, enteric coated, chewable, sublingual, and effervescent tablets. Excipients allow tablets to be designed for rapid or delayed drug release depending on the therapeutic need.
Wet granulation is a process that uses a granulating liquid like ethanol or water to mix powder particles. It involves mixing powders and a binder solution, sieving the wet mixture, drying the granules, and sieving the dry granules. Common methods are shear granulation, fluid bed granulation, and spheronization which forms spheres or pellets. Wet granulation produces granules that compress well and result in tablets with consistent properties, though it uses more energy than dry granulation and powders must be stable with water.
Hard gelatin capsules are solid dosage forms where medicaments are enclosed in gelatin shells composed of two sections called caps and bodies. Capsules offer advantages like easy swallowing, taste masking, and protection from light. They are manufactured by dipping stainless steel pins in gelatin solution, spinning to distribute gelatin uniformly, drying, stripping caps and bodies, trimming, and joining. Capsules are filled using machines that separate caps from bodies, fill powder into bodies using various techniques like auger filling or piston tamping, scrape excess powder, replace caps, and seal capsules. Finished capsules are evaluated for tests like disintegration, dissolution, content uniformity and weight variation.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
This document provides an introduction to fluidized bed processing, which involves coating, granulation, and drying of particulate materials. It describes the different types of spray processes in fluidized beds, including top spray, bottom spray, and tangential spray. Bottom spray processing, developed by Dr. Dale Wurster, is commonly used in pharmaceutical applications for coating uniformity. The document outlines the key components of a fluidized bed coater and discusses important process parameters like inlet temperature, spray rate, and batch size that can impact performance. Formulation factors like coating solution strength and batch size are also reviewed. Fluidized bed processing is used to improve drug properties like taste, appearance, and release characteristics.
This document discusses sugar coating technology for tablet cores. Sugar coating is a multi-step process that involves coating the tablet core with sucrose syrup and evaporating the solvent to leave a sugar coating. The advantages of sugar coating include using widely accepted raw materials and not requiring complex equipment. The sugar coating process involves sealing the core, applying sub coatings using sucrose solution and calcium carbonate or talc, smoothing layers, coloring, polishing, and printing. Common faults are cracking, splitting, inversion causing stickiness.
This document discusses dispersed systems such as emulsions, colloids, and suspensions. It begins by defining dispersed systems as particulate matter distributed throughout a continuous medium and classifies them based on particle size into molecular, colloidal, or coarse dispersions. The document then covers topics such as interfacial phenomenon, wetting, adsorption, surface active agents, micellar solubilization, and the use of these concepts in pharmacy. It provides details on emulsions, including the theories of emulsification, methods to determine emulsion type, emulsifying agents, and emulsion stability.
Soft gelatin capsules (SGCs) are hermetically sealed capsules containing liquids or semisolids without air. They are made of flexible gelatin and have gained popularity due to increased bioavailability of drugs and stability. Common manufacturing methods are rotary die and reciprocating die processes, which use gelatin ribbons to encapsulate fills. The rotary die process is most common, using rollers to converge ribbons around fills to seal and cut capsules continuously.
Tablet coating serves several purposes: to mask unpleasant tastes, protect medications from environmental factors like light and moisture, control drug release, and improve appearance. There are several types of coatings including sugar, film, enteric, and press coatings. The sugar coating process involves multiple steps like sealing, sub-coating, syruping, finishing, and polishing to build up the coating and impart the desired color, texture, and shine. Skill is required during syruping to smoothly cover imperfections and apply color uniformly.
The document describes the process and key components of a tablet compression machine. The machine uses punches and dies to compress powder or granules into tablets. It has several stations that rotate to precisely fill the dies, compress the powder under high pressure, and eject the finished tablets. The main stages are filling the die cavity, adjusting the powder weight, compressing the powder between the punches, and ejecting the tablet. Critical parts include the hopper, feeder system, punches, dies, turret, cam tracks, and rollers which work together to automate tablet production.
This document discusses tablet coating, which involves covering tablet surfaces with a polymeric film to provide benefits like masking taste, protecting drugs, and controlling drug release. It describes the main types of tablet coating - sugar coating, film coating, enteric coating, vacuum film coating, electrostatic coating, and dip coating. For each coating type, it outlines the basic process and materials used. The document also explains the need for tablet coating and lists the ideal characteristics of coating materials.
This document provides information about tablets as a drug delivery system. It defines tablets and describes their key components and manufacturing process. Tablets consist of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients that control release and aid manufacturing. Excipients include fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants and others. Tableting involves powder compression in a die and punch press. Tablets offer benefits like precision dosing but some drugs are not suitable. Quality is ensured through testing dissolution and other properties.
The document discusses characterization techniques for pharmaceutical granules and compacts. It describes methods for analyzing granule particle size, shape, density, moisture content, flow properties, and friability. It also covers techniques for evaluating tablet properties like weight variation, disintegration, dissolution, hardness and thickness. The purpose is to ensure granules and tablets meet specifications for content uniformity, drug release and stability.
The document provides information about tablets, including their definition, advantages, disadvantages, types, ingredients, and manufacturing methods. It discusses that tablets are a solid dosage form containing medicaments that are manufactured by compressing powders into a solid mass using compression. The main methods of tablet manufacturing discussed are direct compression, dry granulation, wet granulation, and roller compaction. Excipients like diluents, binders, disintegrants, and lubricants are added to optimize the tableting process and tablet properties.
This document discusses coating pans used in the pharmaceutical industry. It describes two main types of coating pans - conventional and perforated. Conventional pans include Pelligrini, immersion sword, and immersion tube pans. Perforated pans have openings that improve mixing and drying efficiency, examples given are Accela-Cota, Hi-Coater, Dria Coater, and Glatt pans. The validation process for coating pans involves installation qualification to confirm proper installation, operational qualification to establish operating parameters, and performance qualification to verify operation as intended.
This document provides an overview of tablet coating. It discusses the historical development of tablet coating from the 16th century to modern developments. The objectives and benefits of tablet coating are to mask taste/color, provide protection, control drug release, and improve appearance. The major types of coating processes and equipment discussed are conventional coating pans, perforated pans, and fluidized bed coaters. Key parameters that affect the coating process like air flow, temperature, and spray application are also covered. The document concludes by describing sugar coating and film coating methods in detail.
The document discusses tablet coating. It provides information on the types of coatings including film coating, sugar coating, press coating, and functional coatings. It describes the key components of coating formulations which include film formers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, solvents, plasticizers, and colorants. The principles and objectives of tablet coating are to protect drugs, mask tastes, control drug release and provide enteric properties. Equipment used includes pan coaters, printing machines for logos.
Tablet coating engineering is one of the prominent topics in pharmaceutical field.
This slide will help pharmacy student to become familiar with coating technology
This document discusses different coating methods and techniques used in the pharmaceutical industry. It describes:
1) Rotating coating pans and fluidized bed coaters are commonly used to coat tablets by spraying coating solutions and evaporating the liquid. Traditional techniques include sugar coating and film coating.
2) Key steps in sugar coating include sealing, sub coating, smoothing/syrup coating and finishing. Film coating uses similar equipment and parameters as sugar coating.
3) Common coating equipment includes standard coating pans, perforated coating pans, and fluidized bed coaters. Top spray, bottom spray, and tangential spray are fluidized bed coating methods that differ in how the coating solution is applied.
4) Dry particle
This document discusses tablet coating. Tablet coating involves applying a dry outer layer onto tablets to provide benefits like masking taste or controlling drug release. It describes the objectives of coating like protecting drugs from the environment or stomach acid. The key components of coating are the tablet properties, coating process/equipment, and coating composition. Common coating equipment includes pans, perforated pans, and fluidized beds. Parameters like air flow, temperature, and coating application rate must be optimized. The facility must meet GMP requirements and have space for coating equipment. Coating provides benefits but involves optimizing many processing parameters.
This document provides information about tablet coating. It discusses the purposes of tablet coating such as avoiding irritation, bad taste, and drug inactivation in the stomach. It describes aspects of tablet coating related to therapy, technology, and marketing. It also outlines the basic principles and types of tablet coating including sugar coating, film coating, enteric coating, and more. The document discusses equipment used for tablet coating and provides examples of sugar coated tablets.
This document provides information about tablet coating. It discusses the purposes of tablet coating such as avoiding irritation, bad taste, and drug inactivation in the stomach. It describes aspects of tablet coating related to therapy, technology, and marketing. It also outlines the basic principles and types of tablet coating including sugar coating, film coating, enteric coating, and more. The document discusses equipment for tablet coating and describes processes like polishing. It provides examples of coated tablets and compares film coating and sugar coating processes.
A Review on TABLET COATING & A DETAILED STUDY OF ENTERIC COATING OF TABLETVishal Shelke
This document discusses tablet coating and enteric coating of tablets. It provides an overview of tablet coating, including the history and types of coating techniques. Sugar coating, film coating, and enteric coating are described in detail. The key steps and components involved in enteric coating of tablets are explained. Enteric coatings are described as necessary to protect active ingredients from stomach acid and ensure drug release in the small intestine. Evaluation methods for coated tablets are also mentioned.
This document discusses tablet coating. It begins by providing a brief history of tablet coating and then discusses the reasons for coating tablets, including changing appearance, taste masking, and protecting ingredients from environmental conditions. It describes the three basic components of tablet coating: tablet properties, the coating process, and coating compositions. Under coating process, it discusses coating equipment types like conventional coating pans and fluidized bed coaters. It also covers coating parameters and types of coatings like sugar coating and film coating.
Tablet coating is the application of a coating material to the exterior of a tablet to confer benefits over uncoated tablets. Common purposes are to mask taste/odor, protect drugs from environmental factors or gastric acid, and control drug release. Major types are sugar coating, film coating, enteric coating, and press coating. Film coating involves spraying a polymer solution onto tablets while sugar coating is a multistage process including sealing, subcoating, smoothing, coloring and polishing. Standard pans and perforated pans are commonly used coating equipment.
The document discusses the various coating materials and processes used to coat tablets. It begins by explaining the main reasons for coating tablets, such as masking taste/odor, protecting from the environment, and controlling drug release. It then describes important tablet properties to consider for coating, including shape, surface area, and ability to withstand the coating process without damage. The remainder of the document outlines the main steps in common coating processes, including sealing, sub-coating, smoothing, color coating, polishing, and printing.
Tablet coating is done to improve properties like taste, appearance, and drug release. There are several types of coatings including sugar coating, film coating, and enteric coating. Film coating involves spraying a polymer solution onto tablets to form a thin protective film. Important considerations for film coating include the polymer, plasticizer, colorants, and solvent used. Tablet coating is done using specialized coating equipment and any issues during coating like roughness, cracking or color variation must be monitored and addressed.
Tablet coating is done to improve the quality, taste, and performance of tablets. The basic principle is applying a coating to tablets in a rotating bed with heated air to evaporate solvent. Objectives include protecting ingredients from environment, masking unpleasant tastes, making tablets easier to swallow, and adding functional properties like controlled release. Common coating types are film, sugar, enteric, controlled release, and specialized coatings. Process parameters must be optimized to produce an even, intact coating and avoid defects.
This document provides information about coating technology. It discusses various coating principles, processes, equipment, and applications. Specifically, it describes sugar coating and film coating processes, common coating equipment like standard coating pans and fluidized bed coaters, and particle coating techniques like microencapsulation and spray drying. It aims to explain how coating is used to modify drug release profiles and protect pharmaceutical products.
The document discusses tablet coating technology and processes. It begins by outlining the objectives of tablet coating, such as masking taste or odor, providing physical protection, and controlling drug release. It then describes various coating equipment like standard coating pans, perforated coating pans, and fluidized bed systems. The coating processes of sugar coating, film coating, and enteric coating are explained. Finally, potential film defects in tablet coating like sticking, roughness, capping, and cracking are reviewed along with methods to prevent or correct them.
This document summarizes tablet coating techniques. It discusses the concepts of tablet coating including sugar coating, film coating, and enteric coating. Recent trends in tablet coating that are discussed include solventless coating techniques like electrostatic dry coating, magnetically assisted impaction coating, and supercritical fluid coating. The document provides details on the history of tablet coating techniques and components involved in the tablet coating process.
This document summarizes tablet coating techniques. It discusses the concepts of tablet coating including sugar coating, film coating, and enteric coating. Recent trends in tablet coating that are discussed include solventless coating techniques like electrostatic dry coating, magnetically assisted impaction coating, and supercritical fluid coating. The document provides details on the history of tablet coating techniques and components involved in the tablet coating process.
Nasopulmonary drug delivery system: Introduction to Nasal and Pulmonary routes of drug delivery, Formulation of Inhalers (dry powder and metered dose), nasal sprays, nebulizers
1. Capsules are solid dosage forms that enclose one or more active ingredients in a soluble gelatin shell for oral administration. Hard capsules use gelatin and contain dry powders, while soft capsules contain oils or liquids dissolved in oils.
2. Capsules are manufactured through rotary die or reciprocating die processes that form, fill, seal and cut the gelatin shells. The gelatin used is type A or B derived from animal collagen.
3. Finished capsules are tested for attributes like size, shape, weight uniformity, content uniformity, and dissolution. Soft gelatin capsules provide benefits like protecting unstable ingredients and increasing bioavailability but have certain material limitations.
The document provides information on liquid oral dosage forms. It discusses monophasic and biphasic liquid dosage forms, as well as the vehicles, excipients, and formulation considerations involved in producing liquid oral medications. Specifically, it covers emulsions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs - the main types of liquid oral dosage forms. It also addresses the advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms, as well as best practices for manufacturing, evaluating, and packaging these drug formulations.
Tablets: a.Introduction, ideal characteristics of tablets, Classification of tablets. Excipients, Formulation of tablets, granulation methods, compression and processing problems.
Enzymes involved in rDNA technology.pptxPoonam Patil
This document discusses the key enzymes involved in recombinant DNA technology. It describes how restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sites, and DNA ligases join cut DNA fragments back together. The document outlines the process of recombinant DNA technology, including generating DNA fragments, inserting them into cloning vectors, introducing the vectors into host cells, and expressing the gene of interest. It provides details on various restriction enzymes and DNA-modifying enzymes used in genetic engineering applications.
FLUID FLOW
A fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases.
“Fluid flow may be defined as the flow of substances that do not permanently resist distortion”
The subject of fluid flow can be divided into-
fluid statics
fluid dynamics
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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9
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2. Tablets Coating
Reasons Behind Coating of Tablets:
To mask the taste, odour or colour of the drug. Improving the
product appearance, particularly where there are visible
differences in tablet core ingredients from batch to batch.
Provide physical protection, facilitates handling, particularly in
high speed packaging / filling lines.
To provide chemical protection from its surrounding
environment (particularly air, moisture and light).
To control the release of drug from the tablet e.g. sustained
release tablets, repeat action tablets.
To protect the drug from the gastric environment of the
stomach with an acid resistant enteric coating.
3. Components Considered in
Tablet Coating
Tablet Properties: - Shape, Tolerance, Surface area.
Tablet to be coated must possess the proper physical
characteristics like spherical shape and uniform surface.
To tolerate attrition of tablets during coating process they must
be resistant to abrasion and chipping.
As the tablet surfaces that are brittle and soften in presence of
heat or effected by coating composition and tend to become
rough in the early stages of coating process are unacceptable for
film coating.
Coating process: -
A. Coating equipment
B. Coating parameters.
C. Facility & ancillary equipment.
D. Automation of coating process.
Coating composition: - which involves polymers, color, plasticizer,
solvent.
4. Types of Coating-
Coating
Film coating
Conventional Film
coating
Functional Film
coating
Delayed release
Film coating
Extended release
Film coating
Sugar coating
5. Coating formation
1. Coating solutions:
Coating solutions contain the coating material (polymers or sugar), the
coating solvent and other excipients that are required to improve the
performance of the tablet coating,
e.g. colourants/opacifiers, plasticisers (to render the film flexible).
The choice of the solvent/solvent blend is according to the
physicochemical properties of the coating material (i.e. the
compatibility of the material with the solvent); however, other
considerations include the volatility and the flammability of the
solvent.
The concentration of the coating material within the solution is also a
consideration. Increasing the concentration of coating material within
the solvent will reduce the processing time; however, by increasing the
concentration of material, the viscosity of the solution may be
unacceptably high to achieve the correct spray properties during
coating.
6. 2. Coating emulsions:
• More recently emulsions have been developed as tablet coating
systems. In these the polymer is dissolved in a volatile organic phase
(with plasticizer and colourants/opacifiers, as required) and this is
emulsified within an external aqueous phase.
• The initial stage in the coating process involves the deposition and
subsequent spreading of the atomized coating solution/emulsion on
the surface of the tablet (or granule).
• To achieve a uniform surface distribution of the coating
solution/emulsion on the tablet, consideration of the wetting
properties of the solution/emulsion on the surface of the tablet is
required. Following spreading, evaporation of the solvent initially
enables coalescence of the organic droplets, and hence initial film
formation on the surface of the tablet.
• As drying continues, the saturation solubility of the coating material
in the solvent is exceeded and the solid coating is formed on the
surface of the tablet. It should be noted that contact, spreading,
droplet coalescence and solvent evaporation occur almost
instantaneously.
7. (A) Sugar Coating
1) Sealing-
Objectives- (i) To prevent moisture penetration into the tablet
core, a seal coat is applied and (ii) To strengthen the tablet core
without a seal coat, the over wetted tablets would absorb
excess moisture, leading to tablet softening, and may affect the
physical and chemical stability.
Ingredients
• Alcoholic solutions of Shellac (10 – 30% solid) or alcoholic
solution of zein,
• Alcoholic solution of cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) or
alcoholic solution of polyvinyl acetate phthalate.
8. (A) Sugar Coating
2) Sub-coating-
Objectives-To round the edges and build up the tablet size. Sugar
coating can increase the tablet weight by 50 to 100% at this step.
Method:- The sub-coating step consists of alternately applying a
sticky binder solution to the tablets followed by a dusting of sub-
coating powders and then drying. Subsequent coatings are applied
in the same manner until the tablet edges have been covered and
the desired thickness is achieved.
3) Smoothing (Syruping)-
Objectives-To cover and fill in the imperfections in the tablet
surface caused by the sub- coating step.
Ingredients-Simple syrup solution (approximately 60–70%(w/w)).
Often the smoothing syrups contain a low percentage of titanium
dioxide (1–5%) as an opacifier. This gives a very bright and
reflective background for the subsequent coloring step.
9. (A) Sugar Coating
4) Colour coating-
Objective-To impart an elegant and uniform colour.
Ingredient-Syrup (60 – 70% sucrose) containing the desired color.
Method-Syrup solutions containing the dyes are coated upto 60
individual applications until the desired color is achieved. After each
application of color, the coatings are dried. In the finishing step a few
clear coats of syrup may be applied.
5) Polishing-
Objective-To produce the desired luster on the surface of the tablet.
Ingredients-Mixtures of waxes (like beeswax, carnauba wax, candella
wax or hard paraffin).
Method-Either this mixture of waxes is applied as powder or as
dispersions in various organic solvents in a polishing pan (canvas line
pan).
6) Printing-In order to identify sugar-coated tablets often it is necessary
to print them, using pharmaceutical grade ink, by means of a process of
offset rotogravure.
10. (B) Film Coating
Film coating adds 2 to 5% to the tablet weight.
Film coating is a complex process that involves the
application of thin (in the range of 20-200 μm)
polymer-based coatings to an appropriate substrate
(tablets, pellets, granules, capsules, powders, and
crystals) under conditions that permit:
1. Balance between (and control of) the coating liquid,
addition rate and drying process.
2. Uniformity of distribution of the coating liquid
across the surface of product being coated.
3. Optimization of the quality (both visual and
functional) of the final coated product.
11. Advantage-
Substantial reduction in quantity of coating applied (2-4% for
film coating, compared with 50-100% for sugar coating).
Faster processing times and Improvement in process efficiency
and output.
Greater flexibility in optimizing formulations as a result of the
availability of a wide range of coating materials and systems.
Ability to be applied a wide range of pharmaceutical products.
12. Tablet Coating in Practice:
1)Pan-pour method-
Viscous coating materials are directly added from some
container into the rotating pan moving with the tablet bed.
Tablets are subjected to alternate solution application,
mixing and then drying.
Disadvantages:
• The method is relatively slow and it relies heavily on the
skill of the operator.
• Tablets always require additional drying to remove the
latent solvent.
• Aqueous film coating is not suitable for this method
because localized over wetting will produce
physicochemical instability.
13. 2) Pan-spray method-
• The pan coating system is generically composed of a
metal pan (drum) into which the tablets are placed and
that may be rotated at a range of speeds.
• The coating solution is sprayed on to the surface of the
tablets within the pan whilst the drum is rotated.
• Simultaneously warm air is passed over the surface of
the tablets to facilitate the evaporation of the solvent in
which the coating material has been dissolved.
Control of the coating process is obtained by modifying
the following parameters:
• Rotation rate of the drum/pan
• Airflow rate
• Temperature of the air
• Concentration of sugar/polymer within the coating
solution/emulsion.
14. • More recently, pan coaters have been developed in
which the pan is perforated
(e.g. the Accela-Cota and Hi-Coater systems).
• In these systems the warmed air is passed into the drum
and through the tablet bed before being exhausted (with
the solvent from the coating solution) via the perforated
drum.
• In the Driacoater system, the drum is composed of a
series of perforated fins (typically 8 per drum) from
which the warmed air is provided. As the drum rotates,
the tablets in the tablet bed are mixed by and collected
on the fins before being suspended in the warmed air.
• The tablets are then dropped into the tablet bed and the
process is repeated.
• The warmed air is then exited from the rear of the pan.
15. (a) Pan variables:
Uniform mixing is essential to deposit the same quantity of film on
each tablet.
1. Pan design or baffling: Some tablet shapes mixes freely while
other shapes may require a specific baffling arrangement to ensure
adequate mixing.
Disadvantages: Baffles may produce chipping and breakage if not
selected properly.
(b) Pan speed:
• Pan speed affects mixing and the velocity at which the tablet pass
under the spray.
• Too slow speed cause localized over-wetting resulting in tablets
sticking to each other or to the pan.
• Too high speeds may not allow enough time for drying before the
same tablets are reintroduced to the spray. This results in a rough
coating appearance on the tablets.
Optimum pan speed: 10 – 15 rpm for non-aqueous film coating.
3 – 10 rpm for aqueous film coating.
16. 3) Fluidized bed process (air suspension coating)
This process have been successfully used for rapid coating of
tablets, granules and capsules.
Process variables are as follows:
(a) Chamber design and air flow rate controls the fluidization
pattern, (b) Tablet shape, size and density, (c) Volume and rate of
air flow either too high rate produce attrition and breakage of
tablets or too low rate mass does not move fast enough through
the spray region over-wetting occurs and (d) Inlet and exhaust
air temperature.
Examples-
Non-enteric materials: e.g. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
(HPMC), Methyl hydroxy ethyl cellulose (MHEC), Ethyl cellulose
(EC), Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
(Sod. CMC), Polyethylene glycols (PEG), Acrylate polymers e.g.
Eudragit E
Enteric materials: e.g. Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), Acrylate
polymers (Eudragit L, S), Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate
(HPMCP), Polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP).
17. (c) Spray variables
1) Rate of liquid application.
2) Spray pattern.
3) Degree of atomization
These three spray variables are interdependent. For spraying two types of
systems are there:
(a)High-pressure, airless system and (b) low-pressure, air atomization system.
(d) Process air variables
(temperature, volume, rate) are required for optimum drying of the coating by
evaporation of the solvent. The balance between the supply and exhaust air
flow should be such that all the dust and solvent are confined within the
coating system
(C) Enteric Coating
1) Pan-pour method.
2) Pan-spray method.
3) Fluidized bed process (air suspension coating)
18. Coating Pans
Conventional coating Pans:
• Pelligrini pans
• Immersion sword type pan
• Immersion tube type pan
Perforated coating Pans:
• Accela-cota
• Hi-coater
• Dria coater
• Glatt Pan Coating
• Huttlin Butterfly pan
• Dumolin Ida.x coating pan
31. Problems Associated with
Tablet Coatings:
There are several problems associated with tablet coatings,
including:
1. Poor adhesion of the coating to the tablet;
2. Tablet abrasion;
3. Filling tablet markings;
4. Rough surface;
5. Formation of cracks in the coating; and
6. Variations in the colour of the coating.
32. 1. Poor Adhesion of the
Coating to the Tablet:
This phenomenon may be due to:
• High relative humidity within the coating chamber when
coating tablets using an organic solvent system.
• High coating spray rate.
• Concentration of polymer in the coating solution/emulsion is
too low.
• Temperature of air is too low, resulting in a slow rate of solvent
evaporation (particularly valid for coating systems that employ
solvents of low vapour pressure, e.g. water).
• Air fluidization rate or pan rotation rate is too slow.
• The tablet substrate has minimal curvature. Typically curved
surfaces are easier to coat than flat surfaces.
33. 2. Tablet Abrasion:
The coating process involves exposing the tablets to shearing
stresses that are generated as a result of collisions with other
tablets and also with the walls of the coating chamber. This may
result in damage to the tablet surface. This problem may occur
due to:
• Inappropriate tablet hardness.
• Irregular tablet shape.
• Tablet bed is too heavy during coating.
• The speed of rotation of the pan or the air fluidization rate is
excessive.
34. 3. Filling Tablet Markings:
Manufacturers may wish to identify their product with a
particular mark/name (performed by using a tablet punch that
has been embossed with the specified mark).
If the coating conditions are unsuitable, the coating will
excessively deposit within the mark/name and, in so doing, the
marking will be partially obscured.
This may occur due to:
• The use of deep markings.
• Use of an excessive volume of coating solution.
• Air temperature is too low.
• Pan rotation speed/fluidization flow rate is too low.
35. 4. Rough Surface:
• One of the major problems of tablet coating is the production of tablets that
exhibit a rough surface.
• This phenomenon is often associated with drying of the coating droplets prior to
reaching the surface of the tablet. To correct this problem the spray rate may be
increased and the inlet air temperature decreased.
5. Formation of Cracks in the Coating:
• The formation of cracks in tablet coatings is principally due to the use of an
inappropriate coating formulation.
• Plasticizers are employed to lower the glass transition temperature of polymer
coatings. This in turn renders the film more flexible and less brittle.
• Therefore cracking in polymer coatings may indicate that either the plasticizer
concentration should be increased or, alternatively, a different plasticizer that is
more compatible with the polymer chosen for the coating should be considered.
• In certain situations cracking of polymer coats may occur due to the use of a
polymer that has a low stress resistance and is therefore prone to stress failure.
To rectify this situation either the molecular weight of the polymer should be
increased or, alternatively, a different polymer should be used that has a greater
resistance to the applied stress (i.e. an increased ultimate tensile strength).
36. 6. Variations in the Colour of the
Coating:
Tablets that have been coated with a polymer containing a
colourant should show uniform colour. Variations in the colour
of a tablet coating may be due to:
• Improper mixing of the colour within the coating formulation.
• Uneven coating process, resulting in regional differences in the
thickness of the applied coating.
• Migration of coloured components within the tablet core into
the coating. This may be resolved by the use of a coloured
coating that will mask the effects of the migration or by the use
of a coating in which the components within the table core are
insoluble.
37. Sr.
No.
Reason Cause & Remedies
1 Blistering:
It is local detachment of film from the
substrate forming blister.
Reason: Entrapment of gases in or
underneath the film due to
overheating either during spraying or
at the end of the coating run.
Cause: Effect of temperature on the
strength, elasticity and adhesion of the
film.
Remedy: Use mild drying condition.
2 Cratering:
It is defect of film coating whereby
volcanic-like craters appears exposing
the tablet surface.
Reason: The coating solution
penetrates the surface of the tablet,
often at the crown where the surface
is more porous, causing localized
disintegration of the core and
disruption of the coating.
Causes:
• Inefficient drying.
• Higher rate of application of coating
solution.
Remedies:
• Use efficient and optimum drying
conditions.
• Increase viscosity of coating solution
to decrease spray application rate.
ProblemsAndRemediesForTabletCoating
38. Sr.
No.
Reason Remedies
3 Picking
It is defect where isolated areas of film
are pulled away from the surface when
the tablet sticks together and then part.
Reason: Conditions similar to cratering
that produces an overly wet tablet bed
where adjacent tablets can stick together
and then break apart.
Causes:
• Inefficient drying.
• Higher rate of application of coating
solution.
Remedies:
• Use optimum and efficient drying
conditions or increase the inlet air
temperature.
• Decrease the rater of application of
coating solution by increasing viscosity of
coating solution.
4 Pitting
It is defect whereby pits occur in the
surface of a tablet core without any
visible
disruption of the film coating.
Reason: Temperature of the tablet core is
greater than the melting point of the
materials used in the tablet formulation.
Cause: Inappropriate drying (inlet air)
temperature.
Remedy: Dispensing with preheating
procedures at the initiation of coating and
modifying the drying (inlet air) temperature
such that the temperature of the tablet core
is not greater than the melting point of the
batch of additives used.
39. Sr.
No.
Reason Remedies
5 Blooming
It is defect where coating becomes
dull immediately or after prolonged
storage at high temperatures.
Reason: It is due to collection on the
surface of low molecular weight
ingredients included in the coating
formulation. In most circumstances
the ingredient will be plasticizer.
Cause: High concentration and low molecular
weight of plasticizer.
Remedy: Decrease plasticizer concentration and
increase molecular weight of plasticizer.
6 Blushing
It is defect best described as whitish
specks or haziness in the film.
Reason: It is thought to be due to
precipitated polymer exacerbated
by the use of high
coating temperature at or above the
thermal gelation temperature of the
polymers.
Causes:
• High coating temperature.
• Use of sorbitol in formulation which causes
largest fall in the thermal gelation
temperature of the Hydroxy Propyl Cellulose,
Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose,
Methyl Cellulose and Cellulose ethers.
Remedies:
• Decrease the drying air temperature.
• Avoid use of sorbitol with Hydroxy Propyl
Cellulose, Hydroxy Propyl Methyl
Cellulose, Methyl Cellulose and Cellulose ethers.
40. Sr.
No.
Reason Remedies
7 Colour Variation
It is a defect which involves variation in colour
of the film.
Reason: Alteration of the frequency and
duration of appearance of tablets in the spray
zone or the size/shape of the spray zone.
Cause: Improper mixing, uneven
spray pattern, insufficient coating,
migration of soluble dyes-plasticizers
and other additives during drying.
Remedy: Go for geometric mixing,
reformulation with different
plasticizers and additives or use mild
drying conditions.
8 Infilling
It is defect that renders the intagliations
indistinctness.
Reason: Inability of foam, formed by air
spraying of a polymer solution, to break. The
foam droplets on the surface of the tablet
breakdown readily due to attrition but the
intagliations form a protected area allowing the
foam to accumulate and set. Once the foam
has accumulated to a level approaching the
outer contour of the tablet surface, normal
attrition can occur allowing the structure to be
covered with a continuous film.
Cause: Bubble or foam formation
because of air spraying of a polymer
solution.
Remedy: Add alcohol or use spray
nozzle capable of finer atomization.
41. Sr.
No.
Reason Remedies
9 Orange Peel/Roughness
It is surface defect resulting in the film being
rough and non-glossy. Appearance is
similar to that of an orange.
Reason: Inadequate spreading of the coating
solution before drying.
Causes:
• Rapid Drying.
• High solution viscosity
Remedies:
• Use mild drying conditions.
• Use additional solvents to decrease
viscosity of solution.
10 Cracking/Splitting
It is defect in which the film either cracks
across the crown of the tablet (cracking) or
splits around the edges of the tablet (Splitting).
Reason: Internal stress in the film exceeds
tensile strength of the film.
Cause of Cracking/Splitting:
• Use of higher molecular weight
polymers or polymeric blends.
• Use lower molecular weight
polymers or polymeric blends. Also
adjust plasticizer type and
concentration.
11 Bridging
This occurs when the coating fills in the lettering or logo on the tablet and is typically
caused by improper application of the solution, poor design of the tablet embossing,
high coating viscosity, high percentage of solids in the solution, or improper
atomization pressure. During drying, the film may shrink and pull away from the sharp
corners of an intagliation or bisect, resulting in a bridging of the surface. This defect can
be so severe that the monogram or bisect is completely obscured. Remedy: Increasing
the plasticizer content or changing the plasticizer can decrease the incidence of
42. Reference
1. Lieberman HA, Rieger MM, Banker GS. “Pharmaceutical Dosage
Forms: Disperse System”, vol.3; Second Edition,473-511
2. The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Leon Lachman,
Herbert A. Liberman, Joseph L. Kanig; Third edition
3. Aulton, ME. “Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design”,
2nd edition, Churchill Livingstone, London, 2002, pp 309-322.
4. Lachman L, Lieberman HA, Kanig JL. “The Theory and Practice of
Industrial Pharmacy”, 3rd edition, Varghese Publishing House, Bombay,
1991, pp 457-477.
5. Niazi SK. “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulation:
Liquid products”, CRC Press LLC, 2004.
6. Remington-The science and practice of pharmacy 21st edition pg
323,740-744.
7. Lachman L, Lieberman HA, Kanig JL. ‘Theory and Practice of Industrial
pharmacy’- Varghese publishing house, third edition-pg no-511.
8. Edward J, Pittsburgh B, Pennsylvania,’ Pharmaceutical Packaging
Handbook’ USA Informa health care.