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Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP)
The  Internet Protocol Suite  (commonly known as  TCP/IP ) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Today's IP networking represents a synthesis of several developments that began to evolve in the 1960s and 1970s, namely the Internet and LANs (Local Area Networks), which emerged in the mid- to late-1980s, together with the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s.
The Internet Protocol Suite, like many protocol suites, may be viewed as a set of layers. Each layer solves a set of problems involving the transmission of data, and provides a well-defined service to the upper layer protocols based on using services from some lower layers. Upper layers are logically closer to the user and deal with more abstract data, relying on lower layer protocols to translate data into forms that can eventually be physically transmitted. The TCP/IP model consists of four layers. From lowest to highest, these are the Link Layer, the Internet Layer, the Transport Layer, and the Application Layer.
The  Internet Protocol Suite   Application   Layer BGP  ·   DHCP  ·   DNS  ·   FTP  ·   GTP  ·   HTTP  ·   IMAP  ·   IRC  ·   Megaco  ·   MGCP  ·   NNTP  ·   NTP  ·   POP  ·   RIP  ·   RPC  ·   RTP  ·   RTSP  ·   SDP  ·   SIP  ·   SMTP  ·   SNMP  ·   SOAP  ·   SSH  ·   STUN  ·   Telnet  ·   TLS/SSL  ·   XMPP   Transport  Layer TCP   UDP   DCCP   SCTP   RSVP   ECN   Internet  Layer IP  ( IPv4 , IPv6 )   ICMP   ICMPv6   IGMP   IPsec Link  Layer ARP  ·   RARP   ·   NDP  ·   OSPF   · Tunnels  ( L2TP ) ·   Media Access  Control  ( Ethernet ,  MPLS ,  DSL ,  ISDN ,  FDDI )   ·   Device   Drivers
The TCP/IP suite uses encapsulation to provide abstraction of protocols and services. Such encapsulation usually is aligned with the division of the protocol suite into layers of general functionality. In general, an application (the highest level of the model) uses a set of protocols to send its data down the layers, being further encapsulated at each level. This may be illustrated by an example network scenario, in which two Internet host computers communicate across local network boundaries constituted by their internetworking gateways (routers).
TCP/IP stack operating on two hosts connected via two routers and the corresponding layers used at each hop
Encapsulation of application data descending through the protocol stack.  Application Transport Internet Link
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"Internet Protocol Suite" prepared by Szymon M. from Poland

  • 2. The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP ) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Today's IP networking represents a synthesis of several developments that began to evolve in the 1960s and 1970s, namely the Internet and LANs (Local Area Networks), which emerged in the mid- to late-1980s, together with the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s.
  • 3. The Internet Protocol Suite, like many protocol suites, may be viewed as a set of layers. Each layer solves a set of problems involving the transmission of data, and provides a well-defined service to the upper layer protocols based on using services from some lower layers. Upper layers are logically closer to the user and deal with more abstract data, relying on lower layer protocols to translate data into forms that can eventually be physically transmitted. The TCP/IP model consists of four layers. From lowest to highest, these are the Link Layer, the Internet Layer, the Transport Layer, and the Application Layer.
  • 4. The Internet Protocol Suite Application Layer BGP  · DHCP  · DNS  · FTP  · GTP  · HTTP  · IMAP  · IRC  · Megaco  · MGCP  · NNTP  · NTP  · POP  · RIP  · RPC  · RTP  · RTSP  · SDP  · SIP  · SMTP  · SNMP  · SOAP  · SSH  · STUN  · Telnet  · TLS/SSL  · XMPP   Transport Layer TCP   UDP   DCCP   SCTP   RSVP   ECN   Internet Layer IP ( IPv4 , IPv6 )   ICMP   ICMPv6   IGMP   IPsec Link Layer ARP  · RARP   · NDP  · OSPF   · Tunnels  ( L2TP ) · Media Access Control  ( Ethernet , MPLS , DSL , ISDN , FDDI )   · Device Drivers
  • 5. The TCP/IP suite uses encapsulation to provide abstraction of protocols and services. Such encapsulation usually is aligned with the division of the protocol suite into layers of general functionality. In general, an application (the highest level of the model) uses a set of protocols to send its data down the layers, being further encapsulated at each level. This may be illustrated by an example network scenario, in which two Internet host computers communicate across local network boundaries constituted by their internetworking gateways (routers).
  • 6. TCP/IP stack operating on two hosts connected via two routers and the corresponding layers used at each hop
  • 7. Encapsulation of application data descending through the protocol stack. Application Transport Internet Link
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