1)Please explain the commands ifconfig, ping, traceroute, netstat, dig, nslookup, route, host, hostname. 2). Explain briefly about TCP/IP and its Protocol Architecture. 3) Explain the difference between TCP/IP Protocol stack and OSI model. Solution Answer: 1) Ipconfig Ipconfig is an MS-DOS utility that can be used from MS-DOS and an MS-DOS shell to display the network settings currently assigned and given by a network. This command can be utilized to verify a network connection as well as to verify your network settings. Ping Ping is one of the most commonly used network commands that allows you to ping another network IP address. Pinging another address helps determine if the network card can communicate within the local network or outside network. Netstat The netstat command is used to display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information. Nslookup The nslookup MS-DOS utility that enables a user to do a reverse lookup on an IP address of a domain or host on a network. Route The route MS-DOS utility enables computers to view and modify the computer\'s route table. traceroute The tracert command in MS-DOS and Windows (known as traceroute in Unix-like operating systems) is a useful tool for diagnosing network issues. It allows you to view a listing of how a network packet travels through the network and where it may fail or slow down. Using this information you can determine the computer, router, switch or other network device possibly causing your network issues. host solves a host name into an Internet Protocol (IP) address or an IP address into a host name. the hostname command is used to show or set a computer\'s host name and domain name. It is one of the most basic of the network administrative utilities. A host name is a name that is assigned to a host (i.e., a computer connected to the network) that uniquely identifies it on a network and thus allows it to be addressed without using its full IP address. Domain names are user-friendly substitutes for numeric IP addresses. The basic syntax for the hostname command is hostname [options] [new_host_name] 2)TCP/IP protocols map to a four-layer conceptual model known as the DARPA model , named after the U.S. government agency that initially developed TCP/IP. The four layers of the DARPA model are: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface. Each layer in the DARPA model corresponds to one or more layers of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Network Interface Layer The Network Interface layer (also called the Network Access layer) is responsible for placing TCP/IP packets on the network medium and receiving TCP/IP packets off the network medium. TCP/IP was designed to be independent of the network access method, frame format, and medium. In this way, TCP/IP can be used to connect differing network types. These include LAN technologies such as Ethernet and Token Ring and WAN technologies such as X.25 and Frame Relay. Independence from any specific ne.

1. 1)Please explain the commands ifconfig, ping, traceroute, netstat, dig, nslookup, route, host,
hostname.
2). Explain briefly about TCP/IP and its Protocol Architecture.
3) Explain the difference between TCP/IP Protocol stack and OSI model.
Solution
Answer:
1) Ipconfig
Ipconfig is an MS-DOS utility that can be used from MS-DOS and an MS-DOS shell to display
the network settings currently assigned and given by a network. This command can be utilized to
verify a network connection as well as to verify your network settings.
Ping
Ping is one of the most commonly used network commands that allows you to ping another
network IP address. Pinging another address helps determine if the network card can
communicate within the local network or outside network.
Netstat
The netstat command is used to display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information.
Nslookup
The nslookup MS-DOS utility that enables a user to do a reverse lookup on an IP address of a
domain or host on a network.
Route
The route MS-DOS utility enables computers to view and modify the computer's route table.
traceroute
The tracert command in MS-DOS and Windows (known as traceroute in Unix-like operating
systems) is a useful tool for diagnosing network issues. It allows you to view a listing of how a
network packet travels through the network and where it may fail or slow down. Using this
information you can determine the computer, router, switch or other network device possibly
causing your network issues.
host
solves a host name into an Internet Protocol (IP) address or an IP address into a host name.
the hostname command is used to show or set a computer's host name and domain name. It is
one of the most basic of the network administrative utilities.

2. A host name is a name that is assigned to a host (i.e., a computer connected to the network) that
uniquely identifies it on a network and thus allows it to be addressed without using its full IP
address. Domain names are user-friendly substitutes for numeric IP addresses.
The basic syntax for the hostname command is
hostname [options] [new_host_name]
2)TCP/IP protocols map to a four-layer conceptual model known as the DARPA model , named
after the U.S. government agency that initially developed TCP/IP. The four layers of the DARPA
model are: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface. Each layer in the DARPA
model corresponds to one or more layers of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model.
Network Interface Layer
The Network Interface layer (also called the Network Access layer) is responsible for placing
TCP/IP packets on the network medium and receiving TCP/IP packets off the network medium.
TCP/IP was designed to be independent of the network access method, frame format, and
medium. In this way, TCP/IP can be used to connect differing network types. These include
LAN technologies such as Ethernet and Token Ring and WAN technologies such as X.25 and
Frame Relay. Independence from any specific network technology gives TCP/IP the ability to be
adapted to new technologies such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).
Internet Layer
The Internet layer is responsible for addressing, packaging, and routing functions. The core
protocols of the Internet layer are IP, ARP, ICMP, and IGMP.
Transport Layer
The Transport layer (also known as the Host-to-Host Transport layer) is responsible for
providing the Application layer with session and datagram communication services. The core
protocols of the Transport layer are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP).
Application Layer
The Application layer provides applications the ability to access the services of the other layers
and defines the protocols that applications use to exchange data. There are many Application
layer protocols and new protocols are always being developed.
The most widely-known Application layer protocols are those used for the exchange of user
information:
3) Differences