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Systematic Review
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- 2. 2 What we’ll discuss •What is a Systematic Review (SR) • Protocol overview • Why and when to conduct a SR • Types of reviews • Steps in the SR process • Searching and documenting • Reporting/Write up
- 3. 3 Definition “Review of theliterature that is conducted systematically, using explicit, accountable methods” (Gough, Oliver & Thomas, 2012) "Systematic review describes a specific methodology for conducting reviews of literature. This methodology prescribes explicit, reproducible, and transparent processes for collating the best available evidence in answer to specific questions” (Lewis-Beck, Bryman & Liao, 2004)
- 4. 4 Protocol You’ll need aprotocol to follow to complete your systematic review • Roadmap of the steps you need • It sets out your methodology for your study • The recipe of how the review will be conducted • Ensures transparency & reproducibility • A good basic example is the PRISMA protocol which is a generic one for all systematic reviews and meta-analyses
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- 6. 6 Reviews can informus about… • What is known • How it is known • How this knowledge varies across studies • What is known from previous research Why & When
- 7. 7 We need Reviewsbecause… • Any research study may be fallible • Any research may have limited scope • Provides a wider picture based on all the research • Keeping abreast of all research is cumbersome • Undertaking new primary studies without being informed may result in unnecessary, inappropriate, irrelevant, or unethical research. Why & When
- 8. 8 When Systematic Reviewsare needed? • Uncertainty about the topic or intervention • Evidence of topic or intervention is needed • A lot of research, but still unanswered questions • Overview of a topic • Accurate picture of past research Why & When
- 9. 9 Types of Reviews Traditionalliterature reviews Systematic reviews Meta-analyses Present research findings related to a specific topic Methodical literature search, with clear purpose Methodical literature search, with clear purpose Summarize what is known, to contextualise a study Provides evidence of search strategy and studies selected Provides evidence of search strategy and studies selected Provide details of studies that are considered important, without explaining why The search becomes the method with the ultimate aim of synthesizing what is found, discovered The search becomes the method with the ultimate aim of synthesizing what is found, discovered Qualitative reporting of results – written summary / narrative Quantitative reporting of results – combining data to answer questions previous studies didn’t ask
- 10. 10 Important to remember Remember •Has its origin in Health Sciences • Relatively new in other disciplines • Not equally developed in all areas of research – E.G. MeSH terms (may cause confusion) • MeSH terms only in PubMed & Medical databases
- 11. Scenario 1 11 While testingyour search phrase, you find very little or no information on your subject. What do you do?
- 12. Scenario 2 12 When conductingyour searching for a meta- analyses, you do find sufficient information, but not a lot of data out of the resources (documents/papers). What now?
- 13. Steps in theSR 13
- 14. 14 Getting started: Whatever thequestion, always start with the considerations of the phenomenon, topic, issue or question that you want to answer, and responsibilities of the team/reviewer Step 1: Research questions
- 15. 15 Your Turn: Write downyour research question and any sub- objectives that impact your search strategy Remember: you can have separate search strategies for different sub-objectives if needed, BUT it must relate to your main research question. Step 1: Research questions
- 16. 16 Searching for studies •Each electronic source (database) is different and may require its own search string • Search strategy must be tested beforehand for efficacy • A log of searches must be kept, as well as the number of results Step 2: Identification
- 17. 17 Searching for studies •Log must include: ü Where search is conducted ü Search parameters (strategy) ü When the search was conducted ü Number of results Keep in mind – identification from other methods, reference list & citation scanning Step 2: Identification
- 18. 18 Effective searching Step 2:Identification
- 19. 19 Searching: • The goalhere is an exhaustive search by means of an inclusive search strategy to remove unwanted bias from your results • Searching exhaustively attempts to minimize publication bias Step 2: Identification
- 20. 20 Search limitations: • Evenexhaustive searches are less likely to find negative and non-statistically significant results • Lack of access to information (the entire information universe) • Important to search grey literature (reports, theses, etc.) – discipline dependent Step 2: Identification
- 21. 21 Types of sources: •Academic databases • Specialist databases • Specialist registries • Organizations • Internet • Hand searching books & journals • Reference list & Citation searching/scanning Step 2: Identification
- 22. 22 Live Demonstration: • Exampleof what a search strategy might look like and how to capture information • Scopus searching • Grey literature Step 2: Identification
- 23. 23 Your turn: Conduct asearch in a database using your search strategy and log it accordingly in the worksheet provided. Remember: This is just to practice, if you struggle with your search strategy, see your librarian after this session! Step 2: Identification
- 24. 24 Screening - Inclusion/exclusioncriteria • Decide what is relevant for your review • Applied to search results • Applied to full text resources • Criteria could include: • Specific dates • Unobtainable full text documents • Language (English only) Step 3: Screening
- 25. 25 Step 3: Screening Findfull text of all relevant resources • Keep track of items removed due to irrelevance (screen again) • Also keep track of which sources are ‘in file’, ‘on order’ & ‘not available’ • Interlibrary loan service available for full text delivery
- 26. 26 Live Demonstration. Scopus (effect ORimpact) AND (“canopy position” OR maturity OR storage) AND Mealiness AND (pear OR “forelle pear” OR “Pyrus Communis L.”) Grey (intitle:effect OR intitle:impact) AND (intitle:“canopy position” OR intitle:maturity OR intitle:storage) AND mealiness AND (pear OR “forelle pear” OR “Pyrus Communis L.”) Step 3: Screening
- 27. 27 Your turn: Identify criteriafor inclusion or exclusion for your study and add it to your worksheet. Step 3: Screening
- 28. 28 Step 4: Included Inclusionand synthesis • Final number of resources determined • Text analysis for patterns, themes, etc. OR statistical analysis • Answering your research question • MS Excel, R, RevMan, Rayyan, Mendeley, Atlas.ti (Atlas.ti available at SU)
- 29. 29 The write up Mostreviews follow a basic IMRD structure: Introduction Methods Results Discussion
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- 32. 32 Examples of writeup Reason for study/review Research Questions stand central!
- 33. 33 Examples of writeup Justification – Database selection, search string development, inclusion/exclusion criteria, additional searching (bibliography scanning)
- 34. 34 Examples of writeup Unpacks each step of the review in the results, reporting screening process, data analysis etc.
- 35. 35 Examples of writeup Discussion of themes as part of results
- 36. 36 Examples of writeup Usually aspects of your inclusion/exclusion or replicability issues, for instance, when using Google or Google Scholar
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- 38. 38 Examples of writeup Immediately jumps into what the study’s aims are
- 39. 39 Examples of writeup The literature review unpacks the various research questions
- 40. 40 Examples of writeup In the case of this article, each step of the SR process is unpacked in the methods, where the SR is also justified
- 41. 41 Examples of writeup Followed by the findings, and unpacking of the trends
- 42. 42 Examples of writeup Finally, the limitations
- 43. 43 Help Speak to yourFaculty Librarian – effective searching, source selection, where to publish Writing Lab for structure and flow Centre for Statistical Consultation – statistical analysis
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