Synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, De novo synthesis of purines, De novo synthesis of pyrimidines, salvage synthesis of purines, salvage synthesis of pyrimidines
Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides can occur by a de novo pathway or by the reutilization of preformed pyrimidine bases or ribonucleosides (salvage pathway).
The pyrimidine synthesis is a similar process than that of purines. In the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines, the ring is synthesized first and then it is attached to a ribose-phosphate to for a pyrimidine nucleotide.
Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides can occur by a de novo pathway or by the reutilization of preformed pyrimidine bases or ribonucleosides (salvage pathway).
The pyrimidine synthesis is a similar process than that of purines. In the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines, the ring is synthesized first and then it is attached to a ribose-phosphate to for a pyrimidine nucleotide.
introduction of Purine and Pyrimidine metabolism, biosynthesis and degradation of nucleotides, biological functions and metabolic disorders, chemical analogues and therapeutic drugs, uric acid metabolism
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINES
SALVAGE PATHWAY
DE NOVO PATHWAY
SYNTHESIS OF OTHER PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES
IMPORTANCE
Essential building blocks of nucleic acids
Biologically very important heterocycles
Used in anti-biotics, used as anti-bacterial and anti-fungal also
Derivatives of pyrimidine also possess good anti-viral properties
explains the breakdown of purine. source and excretion of purine is explained. hyperuricemia and hypouricemia is discussed. types of Gout, clinical features and treatment is included.
This presentation is based on the metabolic pathways involved in the bio-synthesis of nucleotides- pyrimidine and purine. It includes various stages involves in their synthesis or formation.
introduction of Purine and Pyrimidine metabolism, biosynthesis and degradation of nucleotides, biological functions and metabolic disorders, chemical analogues and therapeutic drugs, uric acid metabolism
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINES
SALVAGE PATHWAY
DE NOVO PATHWAY
SYNTHESIS OF OTHER PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES
IMPORTANCE
Essential building blocks of nucleic acids
Biologically very important heterocycles
Used in anti-biotics, used as anti-bacterial and anti-fungal also
Derivatives of pyrimidine also possess good anti-viral properties
explains the breakdown of purine. source and excretion of purine is explained. hyperuricemia and hypouricemia is discussed. types of Gout, clinical features and treatment is included.
This presentation is based on the metabolic pathways involved in the bio-synthesis of nucleotides- pyrimidine and purine. It includes various stages involves in their synthesis or formation.
De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis.pptx✨M.A kawish Ⓜ️
This slides explains Metabolism topic "De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis. In which synthesis of Purines and pyrimidines synthesis has been occurred. In last there is a difference between these two pathways.
Biosynthesis of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotideskiransharma204
This PPT contains topic on Biosynthesis of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides.
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/BIOCHEMISTRY-SATYANARAYANA-5TH-2017/dp/B073Y7XGH4
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
6. After 1st step the process require 10 steps. These steps require
glutamine , glycine , aspartate, Bicarbonate HCO3 and formyle
-HC=0 that carries tetrahydrofolate cofactor. The product is IMP
(inosine monophosphate) that is intermediate used for the synthesis
of AMP and GMP
In IMP (inosine monophosphate)
• Two nitrogen N comes from glutamine
• glycine contribute one nitrogen and two carbon
• Aspartate contribute amine group
• Carbon group comes from Bicarbonate
• Two carbons derive from formyle
Aspartate, formate, glutamine, glycine and bicarbonate act as
building blocks for purines
13. Nucleoside and Nucleotides
Nucleoside is a structure formed by the combination of nitrogen base and sugar
where as Nucleotides are phosphoric acid esters of nucleosides.
14.
15. Formation of di and tri phosphate
The nucleoside monophosphates (AMP & GMP)
converted to the corresponding di & triphosphates.
This is achieved by the transfer of phosphate group from
ATP, catalysed by nucleoside monophosphate (NMP)
kinases & nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases.
16.
17.
18. Regulation of Purine nucleotide synthesis
• The intracellular concentration of PRPP regulates purine synthesis.
• This is dependent on the availability of ribose 5-phosphate & the PRPP synthetase.
• If AMP & GMP are available in adequate amounts, their synthesis is turned off at
the amidotransferase reaction.
• Another important stage of regulation is in the conversion of IMP to AMP & GMP.
• AMP inhibits adenylsuccinate synthetase while GMP inhibits IMP dehydrogenase.
• AMP & GMP control their respective synthesis from IMP.
20. • Pyrimidines that occur in DNA are cytosine
and thymine. Cytosine and uracil are the
pyrimidines in RNA.
• The biosynthesis of pyrimidine is a simpler
process than the purines.
• In the de novo synthesis of Pyrimidines, the
ring is synthesized first and then it is attached
to a ribose-phosphate to for a pyrimidine
nucleotide.
• Pyrimidine rings are assembled from
bicarbonate, aspartate, and Ammonia.
21. • Pyramidines synthesis is a de-novo synthesis pathway
involving six steps reactions. This pathway results in
the synthesis of Uridine Mono phosphate.
• This process require amino acids to form the UMP we
need amino acids
a) Amine group derive from glutamine
b) Carbon group comes from Bicarbonate
c) 3 carbon and 1 nitrogen derived from aspartate
• UMP is act as a precursor of CTP and dTTP.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. Uracil + ribose-1-phosphate ↔ uridine + Pi
uridine + ATP ↔ UMP + ADP
thymine + deoxyribose-1-phosphate ↔ thymidine + Pi
thymidine + ATP → dTMP + ADP
