This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of a Schiff base ligand onto granulated initiated calcined Iraqi montmorillonite clay via columnar method. The ligand was synthesized from the condensation reaction of hydrazine hydrate and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde. Adsorption experiments were conducted in columns packed with the clay at different pH levels, ligand concentrations, and contact times. The equilibrium adsorption data fit the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 5.7347 mg ligand per 1g clay. The highest removal rate of 75.7% occurred at pH 7. Kinetic data followed pseudo
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Degradation of Ethanolamine by Fluidized-bed Fenton ProcessOswar Mungkasa
prepared by J. Anotai*,**, C.M. Chen***, L. Bellotindos**** and M.C. Lu*** Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand (E-mail: jin.ano@kmutt.ac.th) ** National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NCE-EHWM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand *** Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia-Nan Univer for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ℃). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Degradation of Ethanolamine by Fluidized-bed Fenton ProcessOswar Mungkasa
prepared by J. Anotai*,**, C.M. Chen***, L. Bellotindos**** and M.C. Lu*** Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand (E-mail: jin.ano@kmutt.ac.th) ** National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NCE-EHWM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand *** Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia-Nan Univer for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ℃). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Effect of Solvent Swelling on the reactivity of demineralized Turkish LigniteIJERA Editor
In this research, effect of demineralization and solvent swelling on pyrolysis kinetics was investigated. The experiments were carried out to investigate theeffects of solvent swelling with different solvents, such as THF, Pyridine and DMSO after demineralization with HCl, HNO3 and HF successively. To calculate the activation energies of lignite sample during pyrolysis, TGA analyses were performed with raw and swollen samples at 5, 10 and 20° C/min heating rates. Coast-Redfernmodel was used for the determination of kinetic parameters. According to the results, the macromolecular structure of lignite was affected from these hydrogen bonding solvents. So, the activation energies of swollen samples found to be less than the raw lignite sample for all heating rates. The reactivity of lignite samples can be ordered as follows; DMSO swollen sample > Pyridine swollen sample> THF swollen sample. Activation energy of DMSO swollen lignite sample is 10.62 kJ/mole whereas activation energies of pyridine swollen and THF swollen sample are 17.83, 25.76 kJ/mol, respectively at a heating rate of 10° C/min. The results indicated that, solvent swelling has catalytic effect on pyrolysis kinetics.
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The photo-oxidation of Rhodamime B was carried out
in the presence of H2O2/ Fe2+ ion using UV light. The effects of
dye concentration, pH, H2O2 dose and Fe2+ dose. These
parameters strongly influenced the degradation of the dye. As
expected, the increase of initial dye concentration decreased the
percentage decoloration. Likewise increasing H2O2, Fe2+
concentration also increased the dye decoloration up to a certain
limit after which it starts decreasing. The optimum operating
conditions of the method were found to be [Dye] = 10mg/l; [H2O2]
= 300mg/l; [Fe2+] = 250 mg/l at pH 2. Under these conditions, a
maximum of 92% decoloration of the dye was achieved. The
actual breakdown of the dye was confirmed using HPLC
analyses.
Mortar strength of Low calcium Flyashbased GeopolymerIOSRJEEE
Development of an alternative to conventional cement binder has become the essential need in the construction industries. Production of the conventional constituents of concrete particularly Portland cement exploits significant amount of natural resources and emits equivalent amountof carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Research made on making binder without cement has come to a viable level of developing geopolymers.Industrial wastes and by products that are pozzolanic in nature are being used as source material and activated using alkaline solutions to use as binder. Considerable research has been carried out to study about the performance of geopolymer concrete with steam curing or hot curing which are feasible for precast concrete and practically not viable for conventional construction activities. However, there is not much data available on themortar strength.Abasic study on the strength characteristicsof low calcium flyash based geopolymer with 8-16M molar concentration of Sodium hydroxide and 1.5-3.0 liquid ratios of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide. Both hot oven curingat 65oC and ambient curing at room temperature aremade. The results are compared and the optimum molarity for maximum strength is reported.
Iron Doped Titania Nanostructures Synthesis, DFT modelling and Photocatalysisioneec
In this work, Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles ranging from a 0.2 to 1 weight % were grown from
the surface of graphene sheet templates containing –COOH functionalities using sol–gel
chemistry in a green solvent, a mixture of water/ethanol. The assemblies were characterized by a
variety of analytical techniques, with the coordination mechanism examined theoretically using
the density functional theory (DFT). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron
microscopy images showed excellent decoration of the Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles on the
surface of the graphene sheets >5 nm in diameter. The surface area and optical properties of the
Fe-doped photocatalysts were measured by BET, UV and PL spectrometry and compared to
non-graphene and pure TiO2 analogs, showing a plateau at 0.6% Fe. Interactions between
graphene and Fe-doped anatase TiO2 were also studied theoretically using the Vienna ab initio
Simulation Package based on DFT. Our first-principles theoretical investigations validated the
experimental findings, showing the strength in the physical and chemical adsorption between the
graphene and Fe-doped TiO2. The resulting assemblies were tested for photodegradation under
visible light using 17β-estradiol (E2) as a model compound, with all investigated catalysts
showing significant enhancements in photocatalytic activity in the degradation of E2.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Magnetic Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH composite grafted with cobalt phthalocyanine as an ef...Pawan Kumar
Magnetically separable layered double hydroxide MgAl–LDH@Fe3O4 composite supported cobalt
phthalocyanine catalyst was synthesized and used for the aerobic oxidation of mercaptans to corresponding
disulfides under alkali free conditions. The catalyst exhibited excellent activity for the oxidation of
mercaptans using molecular oxygen as an oxidant which can be effectively recovered by using an external
magnetic field. In addition, the covalent immobilization of cobalt phthalocyanine to MgAl–LDH@Fe3O4
support prevents the leaching of the catalyst and improves its activity and stability
Effect of Solvent Swelling on the reactivity of demineralized Turkish LigniteIJERA Editor
In this research, effect of demineralization and solvent swelling on pyrolysis kinetics was investigated. The experiments were carried out to investigate theeffects of solvent swelling with different solvents, such as THF, Pyridine and DMSO after demineralization with HCl, HNO3 and HF successively. To calculate the activation energies of lignite sample during pyrolysis, TGA analyses were performed with raw and swollen samples at 5, 10 and 20° C/min heating rates. Coast-Redfernmodel was used for the determination of kinetic parameters. According to the results, the macromolecular structure of lignite was affected from these hydrogen bonding solvents. So, the activation energies of swollen samples found to be less than the raw lignite sample for all heating rates. The reactivity of lignite samples can be ordered as follows; DMSO swollen sample > Pyridine swollen sample> THF swollen sample. Activation energy of DMSO swollen lignite sample is 10.62 kJ/mole whereas activation energies of pyridine swollen and THF swollen sample are 17.83, 25.76 kJ/mol, respectively at a heating rate of 10° C/min. The results indicated that, solvent swelling has catalytic effect on pyrolysis kinetics.
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The photo-oxidation of Rhodamime B was carried out
in the presence of H2O2/ Fe2+ ion using UV light. The effects of
dye concentration, pH, H2O2 dose and Fe2+ dose. These
parameters strongly influenced the degradation of the dye. As
expected, the increase of initial dye concentration decreased the
percentage decoloration. Likewise increasing H2O2, Fe2+
concentration also increased the dye decoloration up to a certain
limit after which it starts decreasing. The optimum operating
conditions of the method were found to be [Dye] = 10mg/l; [H2O2]
= 300mg/l; [Fe2+] = 250 mg/l at pH 2. Under these conditions, a
maximum of 92% decoloration of the dye was achieved. The
actual breakdown of the dye was confirmed using HPLC
analyses.
Mortar strength of Low calcium Flyashbased GeopolymerIOSRJEEE
Development of an alternative to conventional cement binder has become the essential need in the construction industries. Production of the conventional constituents of concrete particularly Portland cement exploits significant amount of natural resources and emits equivalent amountof carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Research made on making binder without cement has come to a viable level of developing geopolymers.Industrial wastes and by products that are pozzolanic in nature are being used as source material and activated using alkaline solutions to use as binder. Considerable research has been carried out to study about the performance of geopolymer concrete with steam curing or hot curing which are feasible for precast concrete and practically not viable for conventional construction activities. However, there is not much data available on themortar strength.Abasic study on the strength characteristicsof low calcium flyash based geopolymer with 8-16M molar concentration of Sodium hydroxide and 1.5-3.0 liquid ratios of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide. Both hot oven curingat 65oC and ambient curing at room temperature aremade. The results are compared and the optimum molarity for maximum strength is reported.
Iron Doped Titania Nanostructures Synthesis, DFT modelling and Photocatalysisioneec
In this work, Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles ranging from a 0.2 to 1 weight % were grown from
the surface of graphene sheet templates containing –COOH functionalities using sol–gel
chemistry in a green solvent, a mixture of water/ethanol. The assemblies were characterized by a
variety of analytical techniques, with the coordination mechanism examined theoretically using
the density functional theory (DFT). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron
microscopy images showed excellent decoration of the Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles on the
surface of the graphene sheets >5 nm in diameter. The surface area and optical properties of the
Fe-doped photocatalysts were measured by BET, UV and PL spectrometry and compared to
non-graphene and pure TiO2 analogs, showing a plateau at 0.6% Fe. Interactions between
graphene and Fe-doped anatase TiO2 were also studied theoretically using the Vienna ab initio
Simulation Package based on DFT. Our first-principles theoretical investigations validated the
experimental findings, showing the strength in the physical and chemical adsorption between the
graphene and Fe-doped TiO2. The resulting assemblies were tested for photodegradation under
visible light using 17β-estradiol (E2) as a model compound, with all investigated catalysts
showing significant enhancements in photocatalytic activity in the degradation of E2.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Magnetic Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH composite grafted with cobalt phthalocyanine as an ef...Pawan Kumar
Magnetically separable layered double hydroxide MgAl–LDH@Fe3O4 composite supported cobalt
phthalocyanine catalyst was synthesized and used for the aerobic oxidation of mercaptans to corresponding
disulfides under alkali free conditions. The catalyst exhibited excellent activity for the oxidation of
mercaptans using molecular oxygen as an oxidant which can be effectively recovered by using an external
magnetic field. In addition, the covalent immobilization of cobalt phthalocyanine to MgAl–LDH@Fe3O4
support prevents the leaching of the catalyst and improves its activity and stability
Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Groundnut Shell Activated Carbon C...IOSRJAC
In this work, activated carbon prepared from groundnut shells (GSAC) by sulphuric acid treatment was coated with Fe3O4(GSAC- Fe3O4) and tested for its efficiency as an adsorbentfor the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. The structural morphology and functional groups present were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Various sorption parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were studied. The percentage removal of methylene blue increased with decrease in initial methylene blue concentration and increased with increase in contact time and dose of the adsorbent. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data were studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Mixed Ligand, Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes of Tertiary Diphosphin...Karwan Omer
Palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes containing the mixed ligands tertiary
diphosphinesdppm. dppp and dppf with Thioester ligand S-1H benzo[d] imidazole-2-yl benzothioate
(HSBIBT) have been prepared by the reaction of PdCl2 and PtCl2 with one equiv of tertiary
diphosphines ligands to form [Pd(k2-dppf)Cl2], [Pd(k2-dppp)Cl2] and [Pt(k2-dppmCl)Cl2] complexes
and then add the ligand HSBIBT to these complexes to form mixed ligand complexes. The prepared
complexes have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, magnetic
susceptibility, molar conductance, IR spectral data and UV-Visible. The results suggested that the
ligand HSBIBT bonded to the metal through N atom and square planner geometries were assigned
for the complexes.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
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Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
Application of Fe3O4 Sphere Doped with Zn for Enhanced Sonocatalytic Removal ...ijtsrd
Fe3O4 sphere doped Zn were successfully prepared by the simple one pot solvothermal method. Morphology and structure of the as synthesised products was checked through the XRD, SEM, HRTEM techniques. The Fe3¬O4 hollowsphere doped showed the high photocatalytic activity for degradation of hexavalent chromium under visible light irradiation. The effects of reaction conditions such as initial pH, photocatalyst dosage and hexavalent chromium contratentation were also studied systematically. The stability of the catalsyts and and possible catalytic mechanism was also proposed. The results indicate that Fe3O4 sphere doped Zn can be promising catalyst for photo reduction of hexavalent chromium. Xuan Sang Nguyen "Application of Fe3O4 Sphere Doped with Zn for Enhanced Sonocatalytic Removal of Cr (VI) From Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47862.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/47862/application-of-fe3o4-sphere-doped-with-zn-for-enhanced-sonocatalytic-removal-of-cr-vi-from-aqueous-solutions/xuan-sang-nguyen
Shanghai ranking's global ranking of academic subjects 2020 chemistry convertedTaghreed Al-Noor
Shanghai Ranking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2020 – Chemistry
http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/chemistry.html
2020 تصنيف شنغهاي للجامعات حسب الموضوع – الكيمياء
Shanghai Ranking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2020 Chemistry
prof .Taghreed H Al-Noor أ. د تغريد هاشم النور
جامعة بغداد University of Baghdad
that causes COVID-19 is called SARS-CoV
2020 - www.compoundchem.com @
prof .Taghreed H Al-Noor أ.د تغريد هاشم النور
University of Baghdad,Chair ACS Iraq chapter
Virtual International Scientific Conference Curriculum The Role Of Higher Education And Scientific Research Formations And National Institutions In Confronting The Corona Pandemic Forensic DNA Center for Research and Training / Al-Nahrain University .American Chemical Society ACS and its role in confronting Corona pandemic )
Prof. Taghreed Hashim Al.Noor Chairman chapter Iraq of the American Chemical Society
Asian Journal of Biochemistry is an International peer-reviewed journal dedicated to publish the results of original research in form of original articles, reviews and short communications. Scope of the journal includes: Structure, function and regulation of biologically active molecules; gene structure and expression; biochemical mechanisms; protein biosynthesis; protein folding; membrane structure-function relationships; bioenergetics and immunochemistry. Asian Journal of Biochemistry now accepting new submissions. Submit your next paper via online submission system.
ACS Iraq chapter
Supported
45Mins5th International Turkic World
Conference on Chemical Sciences and
Technologies (ITWCCST 2019)” which will take place in Sakarya,
Turkey between 25-29 October 2019.
1SecondScientific Committee
Taghreed H AL-NOOR
University of Baghdad, Iraq chair ACS IRAQ member in
http://2019.itwccst.org/?page_id=149
Catalysis, chemical engineering 2019 taghreed al noorTaghreed Al-Noor
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, biological Activity and dye on
cotton fabric of mixed ligand metal complexes derived From curcumin and Lphenyl alanine, schiff Base and anthranilic acid
DFT, cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies of (E)-2((2- hydroxybenzylide...Taghreed Al-Noor
Kathmandu Symposia on Advanced Materials (KaSAM)-2018; October 26-29, 2018, Kathmandu, Nepal
DFT, cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies of (E)-2((2-
hydroxybenzylidene) amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid and its Co(II),
Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes
M.M. El-ajaily1*, S.S. Mahmoud2, R.N. El-daghare1, A.K. Sarangi3, R.K. Mohapatra3* and T.H.
Al-Noor4
1Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
2Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
3Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India
4Chemistry Department, Ibn-Al-Haithem College of Education for Pure Science, Baghdad University,
Baghdad, Iraq
*E-mail: ranjank_mohapatra@yahoo.com
The cytotoxicity studies of a Schiff base; (E)-2((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid
(HL) derived from the condensation of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and L-cysteine and its Co(II), Ni(II)
and Cu(II) complexes have been reported against four cancer cell lines. The evaluation of the growth
inhibitory on human cancer cells is studied for the chelates against HCT-116, MCF-7, HFB-4,
HepG-2 cell lines. The obtained results (Fig. 1) revealed that the compounds are active against human
hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG-2).
Scimago journal & country rank taghreed al noorTaghreed Al-Noor
Scimago Journal & Country Rank
ترتيب الدول من ناحية نشر الباحثين في المجلات العالمية المصنفة و
H index جودة البحوث من خلال عدد الاقتباسات
حسب موقع
)SJR (Scimago Journal Rank الترتيب خاص بسنة 201
ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society Capacity Building Workshop Capacity Building Workshop Capacity Building Workshop Capacity Building Workshop Capacity Building Workshop Capacity Building Workshop Capacity Building Workshop 14 -18 October, 2018 October, 2018October, 2018 October, 2018
•
Anthranillic acid and tributylphosphine4652 6725-1-pbTaghreed Al-Noor
Mixed ligand complexes of bivalent metal ions, viz; Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) of the
composition [M(A)2((PBu3)2]in(1:2:2)(M:A:(PBu3). molar ratio, (where A- Anthranilate ion
,(PBu3)= tributylphosphine. M= Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II) and Zn(II).
The prepared complexes were characterized using flame atomic absorption, by FT-IR,
UV/visible spectra methods as well as magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. The
metal complexes were tested in vitro against three types of pathogenic bacteria microorganisms:
(Staphylococcus, Klebsiella SPP .and Bacillas)to assess their antimicrobial properties. Results. The
study shows that all complexes have octahedral geometry; in addition, it has high activity against
tested bacteria. Based on the reported results, it may be concluded that.The results showed that the
deprotonated ligand(nthranilc acid ) to anthranilate ion (A-) by using (KOH) coordinated to metal
ions as bidentate ligand through the oxygen atom of the carboxylate group (−COO−), and the
nitrogen atom of the amine group (-NH2), where the Tributylphosphine coordinated as a
3rd Internatioanl Medical Congress, will be hold in Kerbala, Iraq in 14-15 De...Taghreed Al-Noor
3rd Internatioanl Medical Congress, will be hold in Kerbala, Iraq in 14-15 December 2018 by Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, and in collaboration with (University of Kerbala, University of Kufa, Directory of Research -Ministry of Health Oman, University of Sussex, University of Komar, University of Diyala, University of Qaddisya, University of Al-Anbar, University of Al-Mustansariya and Helal Iran Pharmaceutical Complex.
Facial Acne Therapy by Using Pumpkin Seed Oil with Its Physicochemical Proper...Taghreed Al-Noor
The herbal remedy individually or in combination with standard medicines has been used in diverse medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Pumpkin seed oil is one of the recognized edible oil and has substantial medicinal properties due to the presence of unique natural edible substances. Inflammation is an adaptive response that is triggered by noxious stimuli and conditions, which involves interactions amongst many cell types and mediators, and underlies many pathological processes. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) can influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms, and have been indicated as alternative anti-inflammatory agents to treat several inflammatory skin disorders. Pumpkin seed oil is rich in (UFAs), that its topical anti-inflammatory properties have been investigated. For that reason, the goal of this article was to evaluate the effects of pumpkin seed oil on acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation experimental models. The extracted pumpkin seed oil had an acceptable initial quality, when it was extracted using soxhlet extraction method and was characterized using standard methods .The physicochemical parameters of purified oil were determined. The boiling point of pumpkin seed oil was (158.90 oC) that equal to the values obtained in literature for some oil seeds, but lower than the boiling point of the oils studied, plus the melting point of pumpkin seed oil was (15.39 oC) that lead to a characteristic in cold cream manufacture. The iodine value was (104 ± 0.03 mg of KOH/g) of oil, indicated a high degree of unsaturation. The saponification value was (181± 3.2 mg KOH/g), this value indicated the pumpkin seed oil had fatty acids with higher number of carbon atoms. As a final point, the acid value was
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Adsorption Study of Symmetrical Schiff Base Ligand 4,4’-[hydrazine-1,2-diylidenebis(methan-
1-yl-1-ylidene) bis (2-methoxyphenol)] on Granulated Initiated Calcined Iraqi Montmorillonite via
Columnar Method.
Mohammed H. Abdul Latif , Taghreed H. Al.Noor, Kawther A. Sadiq.
Department of Chemistry, Ibn Al Haitham College of Education, University of Baghdad , Adhamiya,
Al- Dilal Square, Baghdad, Iraq.
Email: mohammed21latif@yahoo.com , drtaghreed2@Gmail.com
Abstract
The adsorption ability of Iraqi initiated calcined granulated montmorillonite to adsorb Symmetrical
Schiff Base Ligand 4,4’-[hydrazine-1, 2-diylidenebis (methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)) bis (2-
methoxyphenol)] derived from condensation reaction of hydrazine hydrate and 4-hydroxy-3-
methoxybenzaldehyde, from aqueous solutions has been investigated through columnar method.The
ligand (H2L) adsorption found to be dependent on adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and contact
time.All columnar experiments were carried out at three different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using
buffer solutions at flow rate of (3 drops/ min.),at room temperature (25±2)°C. The experimental
isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The monolayer
adsorption capacity is 5.7347 mg ligand (L) per 1g calcined Montmorillonite. The experiments
showed that highest removal rate 75.70 % for ligand (L) at pH 7.The kinetic data for the adsorption
process obeyed pseudo-second-order rate equations.
Key words: Adsorption Study, Schiff base Ligand, Iraqi Montmorillonite,Columnar Method.,
Calcined.
1. Introduction
Schiff bases are most widely used as chelating ligands in coordination chemistry [1]. They are also
useful in catalysis and in medicine as antibiotics, analytical applications and antitumor agents [2-
3].Tetra, dentate Schiff bases are well known for their coordination with various metal ions, forming
stable compounds [4].Generally the organic compounds containing hetero atoms like O, N, S and P
are found to work as very effective corrosion inhibitors [5] .The efficiency of these compounds
depends upon electron density present around the hetero atoms [6] .The number of adsorption active
centers in the molecule and their charge density, molecular size, mode of adsorption and formation of
metallic complexes [7]. They are also used as catalysts in polymer and dyes industry, beside some
uses as antifertility and enzymatic agents [8].Macrocyclic Schiff bases containing either thiophene or
phenol subunits were synthesized and the effect of ligand atoms on the liquid—liquid extraction of
bivalent transition metal ions was studied. The phenol groups in the macrocycle led to a large
increase in the extraction of transition metal ions. The least stable manganese (II) complex was
extracted quantitatively into nitrobenzene as an ion pair with tetraphenylborate ion at (pH = 9) [9].
Clay minerals are the most important inorganic components in soil due to their excellent adsorption
properties [10]. Natural mineral clays possess specific surface chemical properties, e.g., cation
exchange capacity, and adsorptive affinity for some organic and inorganic compounds. bentonite is
absorbent aluminum phyllosilicate, essentially impure clay consist in mostly of montmorillonite.
There are different types of Montmorillonite, each named after the respective dominant element, such
as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminum (Al) [11]. Montmorillonite clay deposits
are mostly composed of clay minerals, a subtype of phyllosilicate minerals, which imparts plasticity
and harden when fired or dried [12]. Montmorillonite possess adsorption properties mainly because
of their colloidal nature which stems from their very small particle size. The structure of
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montmorillonite is an octahedral alumina sandwiched between two tetrahedral silica sheets to form
the structural unit. Variations in interstitial water and exchangeable cations in the interlayer space
affect the properties of Montmorillonite [13]. Vermiculite and Montmorillonite are clay minerals
with high CEC.The CEC for vermiculite, for instance, is approximately 100 – 150 meq per 100 g.
The surface area for west Iraqi (Traifawi) bentonite was estimated using methylene blue (MB)
adsorption method and it was (123 m2
/g) [14]. West Iraqi (Traifawi) bentonite consists mostly of
calcium – montmorillonite. The percent of montmorillonite is between (60 – 65 %) of crude
bentonite, (Table 1) show the chemical analysis of West Iraqi (Traifawi) Montmorillonite. Therefore
it is necessary to remove the impurities before the bentonite is ready to use [15].
Table 1 : Chemical analysis of West Iraqi (Traifawi) bentonite.
Compound SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O LiO2 SO3 L.I.O. Total
Weight % 55.81 14.91 5.78 5.72 3.5 1.29 0.41 0.67 ---- 10.86 99.67
In this study we investigate the adsorption of Symmetrical Schiff Base Ligand (H2L) derived by
reaction between hydrazine hydrate and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde in ethanol to form
tetradentate dibasic ligand of the ONNO type, on the surface of calcined initiated Iraqi
Montmorillonite clay packed in glass columns, and calculate the effect of factors like pH, ionic
strength contact time and weight of clay on percentage of removal of the drug, also calculate the
isothermic factors of adsorption process.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
All the chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade (supplied by either Merck or Fluka) received.
CdCl2. H2O (BDH), without further purification. Distilled and deionized water with conductivity
value of 1.5 x 10 -5
S cm -1
was used in all experiments. Montmorillonite clay mineral obtained from
the General Company for Geological Survey and Mining in Baghdad, Iraq. The samples were sieved
to produce the desired particle size fractions. The samples with a particle size 45µm was then dried
for 24 h at 110 ºC in an electric oven and stored in a desiccator until use.
2.2. General procedure for the Preparation of the Schiff base 4, 4’-(hydrazine-1, 2-diylidenebis
(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)) bis (2-methoxyphenol) C16H12N2O4 [H2L] ligand[16].
A solution of hydrazine hydrate(0.833gm,0.5mol) in ethanol 10ml was added drop wise to a stirred
solution of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde(5gm,1mol)and the mixture was refluxed for 4h the
reaction mixture was distilled under reduced pressure .The solid obtained was recrystallized from
ethanol. , M .wt. = 300.30, m .p =158 °C.The color of the product is orange, yield 85.10 %, Anal.
Calcd (H2L),C = 63.99%, H = 5.37%,N = 9.33%.= Found: C = 61.59%,H=6.2%, N = 9.78%.
; Infrared (KBr, cm−1
): υ(OH), 3132,υ (CH) cyclic 2939, υ (C=N) 1625 vs. υ (N =N). 1266 υ (C–O).
UV-visible in DMF (λ max, nm): two bands at 342 nm (29230 cm-1
) and 357 nm (28011 cm-1
))
attributed to π → π* and n → π* transitions respectively [16].
HO
O
O
+NH2NH2.H2O
2
H3CO OH
N N
OCH3
HO
Ethanol
Scheme (1): Schematic representation of synthesis of the ligand (H2L). [16].
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2.3. Preparation of buffer and stock solutions.
Three phthalate and phosphate buffer solutions of pH values (5.5, 7, and 8) were prepared
respectively [17], also a three stock solutions of the prepared ligand (H2L) of 2000 mg /L
concentration were prepared in 100 ml volumetric flask using the above buffer solutions.
2.4.Procedure for synthesis of granulated Iraqi calcined Initiated Na– montmorillonite clay.
In this study the bentonite was beneficiated to improve its Smectite (Montmorillonite) content by
attrition – scrubbing at high solid concentration (50%) and at high impeller speed (2500 r.p.m.) for 1
h, using flotation cell. In order to convert calcium - montmorillonite to sodium - montmorillonite the
process performed by mixing the bentonite preconcentrate with Na – form activated amberlight
orange ion exchanger followed by agitation for 1 h, at 150 r.p.m. The clay was separated from the
mixture by filtration, washed five times with distilled water. Each washing step involved stirring the
slurry in distilled water, followed by centrifugation and removal of the supernant, the obtained Na –
monmorillonite finally treated with 0.5 M NaCl to ensure complete transformation to the Na – form,
then the treated clay was washed with distilled water to remove excess NaCl, turned to a granules of
(2mm) diameter using granulating machine ( GK Dry Granulating Machine ) and dried at 110 ºC for
3h, until constant mass, and then burned at 650o
C to make an ion – exchange column ready to use
2.5. Columnar adsorption procedure.
Three standard solutions of ligand (H2L)30 mg /L concentration were prepared from stock solutions
of ligand (H2L)in different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer solutions. UV-Visible scanning
spectrum has been recorded and wavelength value corresponding to the maximum absorption found
to be at (311 nm for pH = 5.5),(347 nm for pH =7),and (360 nm for pH = 8), as shown in (Fig.1),
(Fig.2), and (Fig. 3) Respectively, these values choose for measurements of estimation throughout
this research.
Fig. 2. Scanning graph of Ligand (H2L),
Buffer soln.
pH =7, Conc.= 30 ppm., at λ max. = 347 nm.
Fig. 1. Scanning graph of Ligand (H2L),
Buffer soln.
pH = 5.5, Conc. = 30 ppm., at λ max. = 311 nm.
Fig. 3.Scanning graph of Ligand (H2L), Buffer soln.
pH = 8, Conc. = 30 ppm., at λ max. = 360 nm.
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Seven standard solutions of ligand (H2L) in the range of (5 - 17 ppm or mg /L) concentration were
prepared from stock solutions of ligand (H2L) at different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer
solutions. The absorbance of each solution was measured at λ max. (311 nm for pH = 5.5),(347 nm
for pH =7), and (360 nm for pH = 8) respectively against blank (buffer solution Corresponding to pH
value).A calibration curves were drown between absorbance and concentration of ligand (H2L)
standard solutions, as shown in (Fig. 4),(Fig. 5), and (Fig. 6) Respectively.
Fig. 4. Calibration curve of (H2L) dissolved in
buffer soln. pH = 5.5 at λ max. = 311 nm.
Fig. 5.Calibration curve of (H2L) dissolved in
buffer soln. pH = 7 at λ max. = 347 nm.
Fig. 6.Calibration curve of (H2L) dissolved in buffer soln
. pH = 8 at λ max.= 360 nm.
A six glass columns (50 cm X 10 mm i.d.) filled with known mass (1gm) of natural mineral clay
adsorption bed (Initiated Burned Na - montmorillonite) corresponding to bed heights of (17 mm) (the
surface area of 1 gm. mass of natural clay adsorption bed was calculated physically and its found to
be 23.904 c m2
) have been prepared to run (10 ml) of each of (5 – 25 mg/L) ligand (H2L) solutions
adjusted to different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer solutions at flow rate of
(3 drops/ min.),at room temperature (25±2) °C. Then we examine the percolated solutions by
measuring the absorbance of each solution at fixed λ max., that have been identified for each pH
value, using (UV-Vis – 1800 Shimadzu Spectrophotometer ).The equilibrium adsorption uptake and
percent removal of ligand (H2L) from the aqueous solution qe (mg/g) was calculated using the
relationship noted at the bottom of the (Table 2).
Table 2:Adsorption parameters of adsorption of (H2L)on initiated burned Iraqi bentonite clay mineral.
Adsorb ate (H2L)
concentration C◦
pH 5.5 pH 7 pH 8
Ce Removal
%
qe Ce Removal
%
qe Ce Removal
%
qe
5 2.792 44.16 0.0220 1.215 75.70 0.0378 2.397 52.06 0.0260
10 5.603 43.47 0.0439 3.635 63.65 0.0636 6.067 39.33 0.0393
15 8.881 40.79 0.0611 6.273 58.18 0.0872 9.369 37.54 0.0563
20 11.060 44.70 0.0894 7.571 62.15 0.1242 11.272 43.64 0.0872
25 11.810 52.76 0.1319 8.723 65.11 0.1627 12.103 51.58 0.1289
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Amount adsorbed qe= ( C0-Ce )V/W (mg of adsorbate / g of adsorbent), removal %= 100
( C0-Ce )/ Ce, Where C0 is the initial sorbate concentration (mg/L), Ce the equilibrium adsorbate
concentration (mg/L),V is the volume of solution in L and w is the mass of the adsorbent in (g) [18].
2.6.Characterization of bentonite clay mineral.
Natural Iraqi bentonite was characterized by FT –IR spectroscopic analysis (Shimadzu FTIR
Spectrometer – 30 000:1/ IRAff ). FT- IR spectrum (Fig. 7. A) showed absorption band at 3628.10
cm-1(Al-Al-OH) (Mg-OH-Al) corresponding to vibration of structural OH starching groups
coordinating to Al-Al pair or Mg-OH-Al. Adsorbed water gives a broad bands from 4306.29 cm-1 to
3533.59cm-1 corresponding to H2O- stretching vibration . Al, Mg bound water molecules gives H-
O-H stretching vibration bond at 1643cm-1. Also three bands at 1546.91, 1427.32 and 1384.89 cm-
1corresponding to H..O..H weak .The complex broad band around 1033 cm-1 belongs to Si-O
stretching vibration. Two bands at 914.26 cm-1 and 837.11 cm-1 are most characteristic for quartz.
Finally the bands from 420.00 cm-1to 516.93 cm-1 are related to Al-O-Si , Si-O-Si deformations.
Initiated bentonite FT- IR spectrum (Fig.7.B) Showed the same bands of (Fig.7.A) but with higher
transmittance percent and sharper than bands of FT- IR spectrum of natural bentonite.Nevertheless
H..O..H weak disappear in this spectrum. Adsorbed water band appear at 4321.72 cm-1, two bands
belong to Al, and Mg bound water molecules observed at 1654.92 cm-1 and 1641.42 cm-1. The
broad complex band becomes single band at 1039 cm-1 belongs to Si-O stretching vibration. Also we
observe two bands belongs to Al…OH stretching vibration at 937.04 cm-1 and 916.19 cm-1 with
higher transmittance percent .the quartz characteristics band from 694.37 cm-1 to 839.03 cm-1
become broader. Finally Al-O-Si, Si-O-Si and Si-O stretching vibration bands from 426.27 cm-1 to
522.71 cm-1 become sharper and triplet bond [19]. calcined initiated Iraqi Montmorillonite FT- IR
spectrum (Fig. 7. C) Showed the same bands of that in (Fig.7. B) but sharper and with higher
transmittance percent , also the band of adsorbed water become a single band at 3421.7 cm-1 mostly
due to burning process and the same thing happen with band Al, Mg around water molecule
stretching vibration also H…O...H weak bands disappear in this spectrum.
Fig. 7. A- FT-IR spectrum for crude Iraqi bentonite (Trifawi) ,B -FT- IR spectrum for initiated
bentonite, C- FT- IR spectrum for burned initiated bentonite
2.7.Calibration graphs.
Three linear calibration curves for ligand (H2L)were obtained at different pH values (5.5, 7and 8)
(Figs.4,5, and 6), which show that Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of (5 – 17) mg L-
1
, Coefficient of determination R², Limit of detection (sensitivity) LOD, in addition to other
parameters are given in (Table 3).
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Table 3-Spectral characterization and statistical data of the regression equation for Ligand
(H2L) adsorption on calcined Iraqi Montmorillonite.
2.8.Effect of adsorbate initial concentration (C◦) of ligand (H2L).
To study the adsorbate concentration on a fixed weight surface of adsorption1g clay bed at different
PH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer solutions, and at room temperature (25±2) °C. Plotting (Co)
values from (Table 2) against removal % of ligand (H2L), as shown in (Fig. 8).
Fig, 8. Effect of adsorbate initial concentration of ligand (H2L).
When we notice the graph we find that the highest adsorption of ligand occurs at PH = 7, and the
increase in the initial concentration of ligand decrease the amount of ligand removed.to the extent
that we get maximum adsorption capacity of the clay surface.
2.9.Effect of pH.
pH were studied and their impact on the adsorption of ligand (L) On the surface of Calcined initiated
Montmorillonite clay by preparing three ligand (H2L) solutions of constant concentration (20) ppm
adjusted to different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer solutions. Then passage (10 ml) of each
solution through a three columns of 1g clay bed with constant flow rate (3 drops min-1
) at room
temperature (25±2) °C, then by measuring the absorbance of these solutions after passing through the
adsorption column, calculation of removal % of ligand (H2L) by the clay bed, and plotting removal %
against the pH values as shown in (Fig. 9) it's found that the best pH value of adsorption of ligand
(H2L) on clay bed was (pH = 7), and that is due to the neutral character of ligand (H2L).
Parameter Ligand (H2L)
pH 5.5 pH 7 pH 8
Linearity range (ppm) 5 -17 5 -17 5 -17
Regression equation
Intercept - 0.04179 0.024911 - 0.03000
Standard deviation of intercept 0.023995 0.017367 0.036257
slope 0.060071 0.096268 0.095143
Standard deviation of slope 0.00205 0.001484 0.003098
Coefficient of determination R² 0.994211 0.998814 0.994728
Standard error of Y & X axis STEYX 0.021695 0.015702 0.032782
Limit of detection (sensitivity) LOD 1.191814 0.538253 1.137031
Limit of quantitation LOQ 3.611559 1.630563 3.445550
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Fig. 9. Effect of pH on adsorption % of removal of (H2L) on Calcined Montmorillonite, C = 20 ppm.
2.10.Effect of clay weight.
Seven different clay weight columns ranged from (1 – 2.2 g) clay bed were prepared for the passage
(10 ml) of ligand (H2L) solution at pH = 7 and concentration of (5) ppm with constant flow rate of (3
drops/ min.) at room temperature (25±2) °C, then by measuring the absorbance of these solutions
after passing through the adsorption column, calculation of removal % of ligand (H2L) by the clay
bed, and plotting removal % against the clay weight as shown in (Fig. 10) it's found that the highest
adsorption of ligand (H2L) occurs on clay bed of 2.0 g weight. This means increasing absorption with
increasing weight of clay to the upper limit of clay capacity, and adsorption surface area.
Fig.10. Effect of clay weight on adsorption removal% of (H2L) n Calcined Montmorillonite,C= 5
ppm.
2.11.Effect of ionic strength.
Ionic strength factor was studied by adding different concentrations of sodium chloride (0.1, 0.3, and
0.5M) to three (10) ml solutions of ligand (H2L) of constant concentration (5) ppm. Then measuring
the absorbance of these solutions run through four adsorption columns of clay bed weight of 2.0
g,calculation of (qe), and plotting (qe) against the molar concentration of NaCl as shown in
(Fig.11).The graph shows that the adsorption decreases with the increasing of Na+
and Cl-
ions
concentration on the clay bed surface, which is due to high electrostatic interaction of these ions with
the clay surface and that hinders ligand (H2L) adsorption on the clay surface.
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Fig. 11. Effect of ionic strength on adsorption removal % of Ligand (H2L) on Calcined
Montmorillonite, C = 5 ppm.
2.12. Adsorption Isotherms.
Adsorption isotherms are mathematical models that describe the distribution of the adsorbate
species among liquid and adsorbent, based on a set of assumptions that are mainly related to the
heterogeneity/homogeneity of adsorbents, the type of coverage and possibility of interaction between
the adsorbate species. Adsorption data are usually described by adsorption isotherms, such as
Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms [18].The set of experimental results as presented in
(Fig. 12) at room temperature (25±2) were fitted with the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models.
Adsorption isotherms were obtained and the adsorptive capacity interpreted using both models.
Fig. 12. Adsorption isotherm of Ligand (H2L) at pH = 7
2.12.1. The Langmuir isotherm.
The Langmuir model [20, 21] is based on the assumption that the maximum adsorption occurs when
a saturated monolayer of solute molecules is present on the adsorbent surface, the energy of
adsorption is constant and there is no migration of adsorbate molecules in the surface plane. The
Langmuir isotherm is given by:
The constants in the Langmuir isotherm can be determined by plotting (1/qe) versus (1/ Ce) and
making use of above equation rewritten as:
Where qm (mg/g) and KL (L/mg) are the Langmuir constants, representing the maximum adsorption
capacity for the solid phase loading and the energy constant related to the heat of adsorption
respectively. The values of qm and KL can be evaluated from the intercept and the slope of the linear
plot of experimental data (Table 4) of (1/qe) versus (1/Ce) (Fig. 13), and were found to be 5.7347 mg
/ g and 26.0420 L / mg, respectively. Also the isotherm data fits the Langmuir equation well where
the coefficient of determination (R2
= 0.9276).
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Fig 13. Langmuir linear adsorption isotherm of Ligand (H2L).
Table 4 -Experimental data of the Adsorption Isotherms.
TemkinFreundlichLangmuir
Ln CeqeLog CeLog qe1 / qe1 / Ce
0.19470.03780.0845- 1.422526.45500.8230
1.29060.06360.5605- 1.196515.72320.2751
1.83620.08720.7974- 1.059411.46780.1594
2.02430.12420.8791- 0.90588.05150.1320
2.12.2. The Freundlich isotherm.
The Freundlich isotherm model [22, 23] is an empirical relationship describing the adsorption of
solutes from a liquid to a solid surface and assumes that different sites with several adsorption
energies are involved. Freundlich adsorption isotherm is the relationship between the amounts of
ligand adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent,qe, and the concentration of the nickel at equilibrium, Ce.
The logarithmic form of the equation becomes,
Where Kf & n are the Freundlich constants, the characteristics of the system. Kf and n are the
indicators of the adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity, respectively. The ability of Freundlich
model to fit the experimental data was examined. For this case, the plot of log Ce vs. log qe was
employed to generate the intercept value of Kf and the slope of n. from (Fig. 14) The Freundlich
constants Kf and n were found to be -1.5194 and 0.6818 respectively. The Freundlich isotherm is
more widely used but provides no information on the monolayer adsorption capacity in contrast to
the Langmuir model. Freundlich isotherm fitted well with the coefficient of determination (R2
=
0.9178).
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Fig. 14. Freundlich linear adsorption isotherm of Ligand (H2L).
2.12.3. The Temkin isotherm.
The Temkin isotherm [24] has been used in the following form:
A linear form of the Temkin isotherm can be expressed as:
The sorption data can be analyzed according to Eq. (7). Therefore a plot of qe versus lnCe enables
one to determine the constants A and B. The values of the Temkin constants A and B are listed in
Table 1 and the plot of this isotherm is shown in (Fig. 15). The coefficient of determination
(R2
= 0.7681) obtained showed that adsorption of ligand (H2L) also followed Temkin model.
Fig. 15. Temkin adsorption isotherm of Ligand (H2L).
The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption constants calculated from the corresponding
isotherms with the coefficient of determination (R2
) are presented in (Table 5).
Table 5. Isotherm Models Constants and the coefficient of determination (R2
) of ligand (H2L) from
Aqueous Solution.
Adsorbent Langmuir isotherm Freundlich isotherm Temkin
Initiated burned
Iraqi bentonite clay
qm
(mg/g)
KL
L/mg
R2
Kf n R2 A
(L/g)
B R2
5.7347 26.0420 0.9276 -1.5194 0.6818 0.9178 1.2990 0.0539 0.7681
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2.13. Effect of flow rate (contact time).
Adsorption of ligand (H2L) was measured at five different flow rates for a solution of ligand (H2L)
(5) ppm, concentration. From (Fig. 16), the plot reveals that removal percent of ligand (H2L) is higher
at low flow rates. This is probably due to higher contact time at these low flow rates. (Table 6) show
the calculated parameters that illustrate the importance of flow rate and contact time.
Fig. 16. Effect of flow rate on adsorption removal % of Ligand (H2L) on burned bentonite, C = 5
ppm.
Table 6 :Effect of contact time on the adsorption of (5 mg/mL),(H2L) from aqueous solution.
Initial Conc.
(mg/L)
Flow rate
drop / min
Flow rate
ml / min.
Time
(min)
Equilibrium
Conc.Ct
(mg/L)
Removal
%
qt
(mg/g)
Ln
(qe – qt )
t/qt Equilibrium
Time
(min)
5.00
3 0.15 66.666 0.395 92.1 0.0230 2898.521
66.666
4 0.2 50.000 0.447 91.06 0.0227 - 8.1117 2936.828
6 0.3 33.333 1.236 75.28 0.0188 - 5.4726 3546.063
12 0.6 16.666 1.475 70.5 0.0176 - 5.2213 3787.840
2.14. Adsorption kinetics.
Kinetic models are used to examine the rate of the adsorption process in the present work; the
kinetic data obtained from the studies have been analyzed by using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-
second-order models.The first order equation of Lagergren is generally expressed as follows.
dq/dt=k1(qe-qt) ,
where qe is the amount of Ligand (H2L) adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g), qt is the amount of Ligand
(H2L) adsorbed at time t (min-1
), and k1 is the rate constant of pseudo-first-order adsorption. If it
supposed that q=0 at t=0, then: ln (qe-qt)= lnqe- k1t
The pseudo-second-order kinetic rate equation is expressed as follows. dqt/dt=k2(qe-qt)2
Where k2 is the rate constant of pseudo-second-order sorption (g/mg/min). The integrated form of
Equation when (t=0 →t and qt=0→ 0qe) the following expression is obtained:
t/qt=1/k2qe
2
+t/qe
The rate constant k1, k2 and qe calculated from the slopes and intercepts of the linear plot of ln (qe-
qt) or (t/qt ) against t respectively (Figs. 17, and 18). It is seen that Ligand (H2L) adsorption is well
described by the pseudo second order reaction kinetic. Moreover, the correlation coefficient (R2
), of
second order reaction kinetic (0.9081) is higher than that of the first order reaction kinetic (0.8147)
and greater value of rate constant for the adsorption data. (Table 7) shows the rate constants, qe
(experimental and calculated) and correlation coefficient (R2
) for pseudo first and second order
reaction kinetic.
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Figure 17.The pseudo-second-order kinetic models for the adsorption of 5 ppm. of Ligand (H2L) at
(25±2) °
C under optimum conditions.
Figure18, The pseudo-first-order kinetic models for the adsorption of 5 ppm. of Ligand (H2L) at
(25±2) °
C under optimum conditions.
Table 7 :The pseudo - first and second- kinetic order parameters for the adsorption of 5 ppm.
of Ligand (H2L) at (25±2) °C under optimum conditions.
qe
Experimental
(mg/g)
The pseudo-first-order kinetic
models
The pseudo-second-order kinetic
models
0.00.0
qe
calculated
(mg/g)
K1
(min-1
)
R2
qe
calculated
(mg/g)
K2
(g/mg/min)
R2
0.0341 0.0867 0.18.0 0.0508 0.000627 0.0018
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3-Conclusions
The present investigation shows that Iraqi initiated burned bentonite clay mineral is an effective
adsorbent for the removal of ligand (H2L) from aqueous solutions. From the kinetic studies, it is
observed that adsorption of ligand (H2L) is very rapid in the initial stage and decreases while
approaching equilibrium. The equilibrium time increases with initial ligand (H2L) concentration. The
percentage removal of ligand (H2L) increases with the increase in adsorbent dosage and decreases
with increase in initial ligand (H2L) concentration. Experimental results are in good agreement with
Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm models, and have shown a good fitting to the
experimental data. Adsorption of ligand (H2L) obeys pseudo-second order equation with good
correlation
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge Dean of the Faculty of Education Ibn al-Haytham, and the Chemistry
department for their financial support.
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