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Computer Architecture and Organization
V semester
Anna University
By
Babu M, Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
RMK College of Engineering and Technology
Chennai
Audio Version available in YouTube Link : https://www.youtube.com/AKSHARAM?sub_confirmation=1
subscribe the channel
Computer Architecture and Organization
V semester
Anna University
By
Babu M, Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
RMK College of Engineering and Technology
Chennai
checking dependencies between instructions to determine which instructions can be grouped together for parallel execution;
assigning instructions to the functional units on the hardware;
determining when instructions are initiated placed together into a single word.
The system bus is a pathway composed of cables and connectors used to carry data between a computer microprocessor and the main memory. The bus provides a communication path for the data and control signals moving between the major components of the computer system
A natural extension of the Random Access Machine (RAM) serial architecture is the Parallel Random Access Machine, or PRAM.
PRAMs consist of p processors and a global memory of unbounded size that is uniformly accessible to all processors.
Processors share a common clock but may execute different instructions in each cycle.
checking dependencies between instructions to determine which instructions can be grouped together for parallel execution;
assigning instructions to the functional units on the hardware;
determining when instructions are initiated placed together into a single word.
The system bus is a pathway composed of cables and connectors used to carry data between a computer microprocessor and the main memory. The bus provides a communication path for the data and control signals moving between the major components of the computer system
A natural extension of the Random Access Machine (RAM) serial architecture is the Parallel Random Access Machine, or PRAM.
PRAMs consist of p processors and a global memory of unbounded size that is uniformly accessible to all processors.
Processors share a common clock but may execute different instructions in each cycle.
Theory related to OS :
It Includes:
1. Unit I (COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM)
2. Unit II (OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE)
3. Unit III (PROCESS MANAGEMENT)
4. Unit IV (MEMORY MANAGEMENT)
5. Unit V (FILE SYSTEM)
6. Unit VI (INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM)
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Governing Equations for Fundamental Aerodynamics_Anderson2010.pdf
Symmetric Multi Processor Multiprocessors
1. Name: Saad Tanvir
ID: 14005065-083
Batch: 5
Program : BS Software Engineering
Resource Person: Mr. Khizar
Date: October 10, 2016
Computer Organization & Assembly Language
Assignment no 2
2. Contents
1 Symmetric Multi Processing (SMP)........................................................................................ 3
1.1 Multiprocessing and Multiprocessor................................................................................ 3
1.2 Definition: ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.3 Characteristics of SMP..................................................................................................... 3
2 Advantage of SMP vs. Single Processor ................................................................................. 4
3 Issues in Operating System of SMP ........................................................................................ 4
3.1 Simultaneous concurrent processes or threads................................................................. 5
3.2 Scheduling........................................................................................................................ 5
3.3 Synchronization................................................................................................................ 5
3.4 Memory management....................................................................................................... 5
3.5 Reliability and fault tolerance .......................................................................................... 5
3. 1 Symmetric Multi Processing (SMP)
1.1 Multiprocessing and Multiprocessor:
Multiprocessing is a term which means processing of programs by one or more processors at the same time.
Microprocessor is a computer in which two or more processor share full access to a common RAM.
1.2 Definition:
SMP is called Symmetric Multi Processing. It is a technology in which programs are processed by multi
processors and they share a common operating system and a memory. These processors communicate with each
other through a shared memory. Symmetric means each processor can do anything which the other processor
can do. All the processors can make changes to the any block of the memory and can also do Input / Output
module communication.
The processor’s view is also symmetrical as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: SMP Block Diagram
1.3 Characteristics of SMP:
Here are the characteristics of the Symmetric Multi Processors:
4. It has a two or more processors which has similar capacity.
In SMP, all the processors share same memory and I/O module.
In SMP, all the processors are connected by buses or internal connection.
In SMP, all the processors have almost same memory access time.
In SMP, all the processors have accessibility to I/O module through the same channels or through different
channels which has path to the same module.
In SMP, all the processors are symmetrical. Each processor can perform all the tasks.
In SMP, all the processors do not cause the programs to overload.
In SMP, all the processors allow to run a mixture of programs.
In SMP, all the processors have Uniform Access Memory (UMA).
2 Advantage of SMP vs. Single Processor
Following are the potential advantage of SMP over single Processor:
Parameters Symmetric Multi Processor Single Processor
Definitions If multiple processors performs all the task
within the same operating system is called
as Symmetric Multi Processor .
Of only one processor perform all the task of a
system is known as single processor.
Specification In symmetric multiprocessors, each
Processor are designed to handle all tasks.
In single processors, the processor are not
designed to handle all tasks.
Reliability It is more reliable as failure in one
Processor do not affect the other processors.
It is not reliable as failure in processor causes
the Entire system failure.
Performance Symmetric Multiprocessors have high
performance due to parallel working of
processors.
Single Processors have low performance rate
as all work is to be processed by the single
processor.
Design
Implementation
It is difficult to implement a symmetric
Multi processors as we have to achieve the
synchronization of the multiple processors.
It is easy to implement as it consist of single
processor.
Enhance Speed The speed of the SMP can be achieved by
the adding the processors.
The speed of the SMP cannot be achieved by
the adding the processors.
5. Cost It is less costly because all the processors may
have shared resources.
It is more costly because each separate single
Processors require separate resources.
3 Issues in Operating System of SMP
Following are the issues in Operating System of SMP:
3.1 Simultaneous concurrent processes or threads:
As multiple processors are working in parallel so we have to manage the kernel properly to avoid data corrupt
or invalid operations.
3.2 Scheduling:
It is important part in operating system as it is responsible for the removal of the current running process from
the CPU and selecting another process on the basis of specific strategy. So any processor may perform the
scheduling. So, if multi processors are not designed to achieve the task scheduling then it may have the ability
to task scheduling of the multiple threads from the same process simultaneously.
3.3 Synchronization:
Synchronization is important in multiprocessors programming as it prevent the use of shared resources at the
same time to avoid the chance of inconsistent data. In multiprocessor, with active processes which have access
to the same shared resources, we must have an efficient synchronization to avoid the mutual exclusion (prevent
the simultaneously access to the shared resources) and ordering of the programs.
3.4 Memory management:
In operating system, Memory management is very essential to achieve the performance. In multi processor there
should be coordination in blocks assigned to running program to achieve the high speed. In multiprocessors, the
paging technique in different processors should be coordinated for consistency when a lot of processors share
the same memory block.
3.5 Reliability and fault tolerance:
Operation System in SMP should be designed that then can automatically detect the problem and recognizes the
failure of processor and rebuild the essential structure accordingly.