This document discusses the economic value of managing beneficial soil microorganisms like Rhizobium and Trichoderma species in addressing land and soil degradation issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that overuse of land has exhausted soils in the region. Introducing beneficial bacteria can help improve soil fertility and crop yields by fixing nitrogen, adding biomass, and reducing erosion. The document examines evidence that inoculating crops with Rhizobium in Pakistan, Vietnam, and Kenya increased yields and profits while reducing fertilizer costs. Managing beneficial soil microbes is presented as a potentially important strategy for sustainably increasing agricultural production in Africa.
This document summarizes Conservation Agriculture in Africa by Rachid MRABET. It discusses:
1. The challenges facing African farmers including land degradation, climate change, diseases, lack of farm equipment and inputs, and threats to water quality. Conservation Agriculture aims to address these challenges through minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention, and crop rotations.
2. The African Conservation Tillage Network (ACT) which promotes Conservation Agriculture practices and information sharing across Africa. ACT projects like CA-SARD have led to increased yields, food security, reduced labor needs, and diversified incomes for thousands of smallholder farmers.
3. The benefits of Conservation Agriculture including increased water infiltration, organic matter, nutrient availability, and
Status and Challenges of Soil Management in Nigeria - Olatunji OjuolaFAO
This document summarizes the status and challenges of soil management in Nigeria. It finds that Nigerian soils are generally low in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter. The major challenges to soil management in Nigeria include soil erosion, salinity, flooding, desertification, declining soil fertility, lack of soil-specific fertilizer use, and mismanagement. Improving soil management will be important for boosting agricultural productivity in Nigeria.
Conservation agriculture in the context of climate change in West AfricaRobert Zougmoré
One of CCAFS over-arching objectives is to assess and test pro-poor adaptation and mitigation practices, technologies and policies for food systems, adaptive capacity and rural livelihoods. Conservation agriculture (CA) is one of the promising climate-smart agriculture options as it allows benefiting from the synergies between adaptation and mitigation while also improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. As such, CA promotion needs to be tapped into the general framework for a sound and widespread adoption of evidence-based technologies in West Africa. Getting the big pictures to insure millions of farmers will require sound scaling-up approaches of successful CA options for the semi-arid West Africa.
This document summarizes a presentation on promoting conservation agriculture in West Africa to address challenges of climate change and food insecurity. It outlines major constraints like poverty and declining resources. Conservation agriculture is presented as a climate-smart option that can boost productivity, resilience and mitigate emissions through practices like minimum soil disturbance, cover crops and crop rotations. Case studies from the Sahel show conservation agriculture increasing yields and tree cover at large scale. Further research is needed to understand how to incentivize adoption and scale up conservation agriculture across diverse regions of West Africa.
Global Soil Partnership’s vision - a sustainable and productive use of the soil resources of the world and sustainable agricultural production is the core message of the presentation.
It addresses the key role of soil resources for sustainable land management and sustainable development, soil a finite resource, the impact of human activity on soil, critical soil issues in relation to food security and climate change adaptation and mitigation, soil productivity, soil degradation – status and trends, current and future challenges, future food demand, population growth, water scarcity and outlooks.
Soil health for sustainable production intensification some perspectivesSri Lmb
Prof Amir Kassam provided insights on soil health and related it to the sustainable production at Regional Review and Planning Workshop 2017, Hanoi, Vietnam
1) Conservation agriculture (CA) is a sustainable agricultural system based on three principles: minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop rotations.
2) CA creates favorable conditions for soil biota and ecological processes which improve soil structure and nutrient cycling, increasing water infiltration and retention.
3) Benefits of CA include increased and stable yields, reduced production costs, improved drought resilience, and rehabilitation of degraded lands through building of soil organic matter and ecosystem services.
This document summarizes Conservation Agriculture in Africa by Rachid MRABET. It discusses:
1. The challenges facing African farmers including land degradation, climate change, diseases, lack of farm equipment and inputs, and threats to water quality. Conservation Agriculture aims to address these challenges through minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention, and crop rotations.
2. The African Conservation Tillage Network (ACT) which promotes Conservation Agriculture practices and information sharing across Africa. ACT projects like CA-SARD have led to increased yields, food security, reduced labor needs, and diversified incomes for thousands of smallholder farmers.
3. The benefits of Conservation Agriculture including increased water infiltration, organic matter, nutrient availability, and
Status and Challenges of Soil Management in Nigeria - Olatunji OjuolaFAO
This document summarizes the status and challenges of soil management in Nigeria. It finds that Nigerian soils are generally low in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter. The major challenges to soil management in Nigeria include soil erosion, salinity, flooding, desertification, declining soil fertility, lack of soil-specific fertilizer use, and mismanagement. Improving soil management will be important for boosting agricultural productivity in Nigeria.
Conservation agriculture in the context of climate change in West AfricaRobert Zougmoré
One of CCAFS over-arching objectives is to assess and test pro-poor adaptation and mitigation practices, technologies and policies for food systems, adaptive capacity and rural livelihoods. Conservation agriculture (CA) is one of the promising climate-smart agriculture options as it allows benefiting from the synergies between adaptation and mitigation while also improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. As such, CA promotion needs to be tapped into the general framework for a sound and widespread adoption of evidence-based technologies in West Africa. Getting the big pictures to insure millions of farmers will require sound scaling-up approaches of successful CA options for the semi-arid West Africa.
This document summarizes a presentation on promoting conservation agriculture in West Africa to address challenges of climate change and food insecurity. It outlines major constraints like poverty and declining resources. Conservation agriculture is presented as a climate-smart option that can boost productivity, resilience and mitigate emissions through practices like minimum soil disturbance, cover crops and crop rotations. Case studies from the Sahel show conservation agriculture increasing yields and tree cover at large scale. Further research is needed to understand how to incentivize adoption and scale up conservation agriculture across diverse regions of West Africa.
Global Soil Partnership’s vision - a sustainable and productive use of the soil resources of the world and sustainable agricultural production is the core message of the presentation.
It addresses the key role of soil resources for sustainable land management and sustainable development, soil a finite resource, the impact of human activity on soil, critical soil issues in relation to food security and climate change adaptation and mitigation, soil productivity, soil degradation – status and trends, current and future challenges, future food demand, population growth, water scarcity and outlooks.
Soil health for sustainable production intensification some perspectivesSri Lmb
Prof Amir Kassam provided insights on soil health and related it to the sustainable production at Regional Review and Planning Workshop 2017, Hanoi, Vietnam
1) Conservation agriculture (CA) is a sustainable agricultural system based on three principles: minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop rotations.
2) CA creates favorable conditions for soil biota and ecological processes which improve soil structure and nutrient cycling, increasing water infiltration and retention.
3) Benefits of CA include increased and stable yields, reduced production costs, improved drought resilience, and rehabilitation of degraded lands through building of soil organic matter and ecosystem services.
Benefits of Conservation Agriculture presentation for Conference on Climate C...Paul Zaake
Conservation agriculture (CA) provides benefits to farmers and the environment by maintaining permanent soil cover, minimizing soil disturbance, and using crop rotations. CA increases land, labor, and water productivity while enhancing soil nutrients, biota, and economic profits compared to conventional agriculture. It uses resources more efficiently, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and fossil fuel use. CA is also accessible to small-scale farmers, though access to equipment can be challenging. For best results, farmers should experiment with CA principles and practices based on their local conditions rather than adopting it in a standardized way.
Jonathan Muriuki presented on evergreen agriculture in East Africa. He discussed how conventional farming is not sustainable and leads to soil degradation. Conservation agriculture with trees (CAWT) and evergreen agriculture were presented as alternatives that maintain soil cover year-round. Evergreen agriculture integrates trees with annual crops to create a "double-story" system. Examples of evergreen agriculture systems in East Africa were provided. Key components needed for successful scaling up were identified as germplasm, characterization of systems, knowledge management approaches, and enabling policies and extension networks.
This document discusses sustainable agricultural mechanization in Africa. It introduces conservation agriculture techniques using minimal soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop rotations. It then covers various mechanized options for land preparation, seeding, weed control, and harvesting using hand tools, animal draught power, and engine power. Challenges to adopting conservation agriculture techniques include lack of suitable equipment availability and links between researchers, farmers, and the private sector. Overall the document provides an overview of conservation agriculture principles and mechanized options in Africa.
Environmental issues and problems in nigeriaDogara Bashir
The document provides an overview of environmental issues and challenges in Nigeria. It describes Nigeria's physical features, climate, hydrology, geology, relief, vegetation, mineral resources, and major environmental problems. Key issues discussed include rapid population growth, land degradation through deforestation, desertification, and erosion, challenges with water resources management, and the impacts of climate change. The document presents detailed information on Nigeria's environment to support understanding issues and informing solutions.
This document provides an overview of crop-livestock integration in conservation agriculture (CA) systems. It discusses including dairy goats and small livestock in CA, as well as integrating agroforestry practices. The document notes some conflicts that can arise with livestock consuming crop residues and suggests mitigating strategies. It emphasizes the synergies of integrating crops and livestock, such as nutrient recycling and biological
Best Practices In Land And Water ManagementJosé Jump
Government organizations need to serve farmer clients in more interdisciplinary and participatory ways
Re-orient agriculture and rural development programmes to promote and nurture active participation of farmers and their organizations
Target the production chain: GAP-LWM productivity + food quality markets health and nutrition
Participatory research and support services to facilitate transition from conventional agriculture to GAP-LWM
Restructure inappropriate macro-economic and agricultural policies
Adopt policies that promote and enforce sustainable and productive land and water use through GAP protocols
Protect the integrity of agricultural families – land tenure, build on indigenous knowledge, promote youth in agriculture, reduce labour/drudgery
Adjust legislation to facilitate initiatives of local groups adopting GAP (help meet their needs)
Conservation Agriculture: Principles, Land Management and Ecosystem Services discusses the principles and benefits of conservation agriculture (CA). CA involves three principles: (1) minimum mechanical soil disturbance, (2) permanent organic soil cover, and (3) crop rotation. The document argues that CA can reverse soil degradation, increase soil health and structure, reduce erosion, increase water retention, and enhance biodiversity compared to conventional tillage agriculture. CA is presented as a sustainable agricultural approach that can increase productivity while preserving resources and the environment.
The document discusses soil management and conservation. It describes soil as a key resource for crop production that supports biological and chemical processes and regulates water flow. Soil quality is defined by attributes like texture, structure, carbon content and biological activity. The three main functions of soil are providing growth for plants, storing and regulating water flow, and buffering environmental changes. The document outlines different classifications of land capability and quality, including Land Capability Classes that range from I to VIII based on limitations for crop growth. It also discusses prime farmland designation, soil degradation processes, and conservation practices like rotational cropping and cover crops.
Construction of soil conservation structures for improvement of crops and soi...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses soil erosion and degradation as major problems affecting agricultural production and food security in the southern highlands of Ethiopia.
2) A study was conducted in Gununo watershed to implement soil conservation measures through participatory approaches with local farmers.
3) A total of 9965 meters of soil conservation structures, including 66.9% Fanya-juu and 30.5% soil bunds, were constructed which helped protect soils from erosion and increased yields on farms by 15-50% within 1-3 years.
1) Soil degradation, especially from erosion, is a major threat to Indian agriculture, with over half of the country's land degraded. Erosion accounts for the loss of over 5 billion tons of soil per year.
2) The document outlines several government policies and programs aimed at preventing further soil degradation, promoting conservation, and improving water and nutrient management. It emphasizes the need for integrated approaches like wasteland development and precision irrigation.
3) Key recommendations include better mapping of degradation hazards, incentives for conservation practices, and further research on sustainable farming techniques to balance soil health and productivity over the long term.
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
Conservation agriculture involves retaining crop residues on the soil surface, minimizing soil disturbance, and using crop rotations. It reduces degradation of soil and water resources over time compared to conventional agriculture. Key characteristics include surface residue retention and minimal soil movement. Additional components like crop rotations and cover crops are needed to overcome problems from retaining residues. Conservation agriculture is a complex system that completely changes agricultural practices. It aims to emphasize soil and water conservation compared to conservation tillage. Tillage can control weeds and pests but also harms soils and the environment. Conservation agriculture provides benefits to both small and large farmers like reduced costs, increased yields, and less erosion.
The document discusses several challenges related to global food security:
1) Food production places huge demands on land, water, and environmental resources while also being a major polluter.
2) Global population and economic growth are increasing demand for food substantially by 2050 while constraints on expanding agricultural land limit supply growth.
3) Climate change is increasing weather extremes and variability, threatening global food production.
4) More sustainable agricultural practices are needed to increase production while reducing environmental impacts, but there are no simple solutions and trade-offs often exist between farming and ecology. Both supply-side improvements and demand-side changes will be important to achieving global food security.
Evergreen Agriculture in the Sahel provides an overview of challenges and opportunities for sustainable land management in the drylands of Africa. The Sahel region faces issues like fragile environments, poor farming practices, and overstocking grazing areas. However, there are promising innovations like Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration, rehabilitation of degraded lands, and integrated water management. Upscaling these practices through farmer empowerment, identifying success stories, and promoting cross-village learning can help regenerate degraded lands, restore soil fertility, and enhance food security in the drylands of Africa.
Erosion control techniques like terracing, contour plowing, contour bunding, and windbreaks are used to prevent soil erosion. Terracing involves creating stepped fields on sloped land to slow water runoff. Contour plowing involves plowing across slopes along elevation contours to allow water to slowly settle into the soil. Tree planting and using organic fertilizers also help control erosion and improve soil quality over time. Sustainable land management practices like conservation agriculture can mitigate climate change by reducing emissions and increasing carbon absorption in soils and forests.
The document summarizes research on the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium etli and its two rpoN genes, rpoN1 and rpoN2. The key findings are:
1) RpoN1 is required for free-living growth while rpoN2 is essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules.
2) RpoN1 and rpoN2 are differentially expressed, with rpoN1 expressed during free-living conditions and rpoN2 expressed during symbiosis.
3) Expression of rpoN2 during symbiosis involves a symbiosis-specific regulatory mechanism beyond what controls rpoN1.
Biofertilizers are microbial inoculants supported on carriers that are intended for seed or soil application to improve soil fertility and provide growth promoting substances for crops. They are cost effective, ecofriendly and can be produced on farms. Common types of biofertilizers used in India include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, cyanobacteria, and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. The government aims to promote their production and use to supplement chemical fertilizers through its National Project on Development and Use of Biofertilizers.
Benefits of Conservation Agriculture presentation for Conference on Climate C...Paul Zaake
Conservation agriculture (CA) provides benefits to farmers and the environment by maintaining permanent soil cover, minimizing soil disturbance, and using crop rotations. CA increases land, labor, and water productivity while enhancing soil nutrients, biota, and economic profits compared to conventional agriculture. It uses resources more efficiently, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and fossil fuel use. CA is also accessible to small-scale farmers, though access to equipment can be challenging. For best results, farmers should experiment with CA principles and practices based on their local conditions rather than adopting it in a standardized way.
Jonathan Muriuki presented on evergreen agriculture in East Africa. He discussed how conventional farming is not sustainable and leads to soil degradation. Conservation agriculture with trees (CAWT) and evergreen agriculture were presented as alternatives that maintain soil cover year-round. Evergreen agriculture integrates trees with annual crops to create a "double-story" system. Examples of evergreen agriculture systems in East Africa were provided. Key components needed for successful scaling up were identified as germplasm, characterization of systems, knowledge management approaches, and enabling policies and extension networks.
This document discusses sustainable agricultural mechanization in Africa. It introduces conservation agriculture techniques using minimal soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop rotations. It then covers various mechanized options for land preparation, seeding, weed control, and harvesting using hand tools, animal draught power, and engine power. Challenges to adopting conservation agriculture techniques include lack of suitable equipment availability and links between researchers, farmers, and the private sector. Overall the document provides an overview of conservation agriculture principles and mechanized options in Africa.
Environmental issues and problems in nigeriaDogara Bashir
The document provides an overview of environmental issues and challenges in Nigeria. It describes Nigeria's physical features, climate, hydrology, geology, relief, vegetation, mineral resources, and major environmental problems. Key issues discussed include rapid population growth, land degradation through deforestation, desertification, and erosion, challenges with water resources management, and the impacts of climate change. The document presents detailed information on Nigeria's environment to support understanding issues and informing solutions.
This document provides an overview of crop-livestock integration in conservation agriculture (CA) systems. It discusses including dairy goats and small livestock in CA, as well as integrating agroforestry practices. The document notes some conflicts that can arise with livestock consuming crop residues and suggests mitigating strategies. It emphasizes the synergies of integrating crops and livestock, such as nutrient recycling and biological
Best Practices In Land And Water ManagementJosé Jump
Government organizations need to serve farmer clients in more interdisciplinary and participatory ways
Re-orient agriculture and rural development programmes to promote and nurture active participation of farmers and their organizations
Target the production chain: GAP-LWM productivity + food quality markets health and nutrition
Participatory research and support services to facilitate transition from conventional agriculture to GAP-LWM
Restructure inappropriate macro-economic and agricultural policies
Adopt policies that promote and enforce sustainable and productive land and water use through GAP protocols
Protect the integrity of agricultural families – land tenure, build on indigenous knowledge, promote youth in agriculture, reduce labour/drudgery
Adjust legislation to facilitate initiatives of local groups adopting GAP (help meet their needs)
Conservation Agriculture: Principles, Land Management and Ecosystem Services discusses the principles and benefits of conservation agriculture (CA). CA involves three principles: (1) minimum mechanical soil disturbance, (2) permanent organic soil cover, and (3) crop rotation. The document argues that CA can reverse soil degradation, increase soil health and structure, reduce erosion, increase water retention, and enhance biodiversity compared to conventional tillage agriculture. CA is presented as a sustainable agricultural approach that can increase productivity while preserving resources and the environment.
The document discusses soil management and conservation. It describes soil as a key resource for crop production that supports biological and chemical processes and regulates water flow. Soil quality is defined by attributes like texture, structure, carbon content and biological activity. The three main functions of soil are providing growth for plants, storing and regulating water flow, and buffering environmental changes. The document outlines different classifications of land capability and quality, including Land Capability Classes that range from I to VIII based on limitations for crop growth. It also discusses prime farmland designation, soil degradation processes, and conservation practices like rotational cropping and cover crops.
Construction of soil conservation structures for improvement of crops and soi...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses soil erosion and degradation as major problems affecting agricultural production and food security in the southern highlands of Ethiopia.
2) A study was conducted in Gununo watershed to implement soil conservation measures through participatory approaches with local farmers.
3) A total of 9965 meters of soil conservation structures, including 66.9% Fanya-juu and 30.5% soil bunds, were constructed which helped protect soils from erosion and increased yields on farms by 15-50% within 1-3 years.
1) Soil degradation, especially from erosion, is a major threat to Indian agriculture, with over half of the country's land degraded. Erosion accounts for the loss of over 5 billion tons of soil per year.
2) The document outlines several government policies and programs aimed at preventing further soil degradation, promoting conservation, and improving water and nutrient management. It emphasizes the need for integrated approaches like wasteland development and precision irrigation.
3) Key recommendations include better mapping of degradation hazards, incentives for conservation practices, and further research on sustainable farming techniques to balance soil health and productivity over the long term.
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
Conservation agriculture involves retaining crop residues on the soil surface, minimizing soil disturbance, and using crop rotations. It reduces degradation of soil and water resources over time compared to conventional agriculture. Key characteristics include surface residue retention and minimal soil movement. Additional components like crop rotations and cover crops are needed to overcome problems from retaining residues. Conservation agriculture is a complex system that completely changes agricultural practices. It aims to emphasize soil and water conservation compared to conservation tillage. Tillage can control weeds and pests but also harms soils and the environment. Conservation agriculture provides benefits to both small and large farmers like reduced costs, increased yields, and less erosion.
The document discusses several challenges related to global food security:
1) Food production places huge demands on land, water, and environmental resources while also being a major polluter.
2) Global population and economic growth are increasing demand for food substantially by 2050 while constraints on expanding agricultural land limit supply growth.
3) Climate change is increasing weather extremes and variability, threatening global food production.
4) More sustainable agricultural practices are needed to increase production while reducing environmental impacts, but there are no simple solutions and trade-offs often exist between farming and ecology. Both supply-side improvements and demand-side changes will be important to achieving global food security.
Evergreen Agriculture in the Sahel provides an overview of challenges and opportunities for sustainable land management in the drylands of Africa. The Sahel region faces issues like fragile environments, poor farming practices, and overstocking grazing areas. However, there are promising innovations like Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration, rehabilitation of degraded lands, and integrated water management. Upscaling these practices through farmer empowerment, identifying success stories, and promoting cross-village learning can help regenerate degraded lands, restore soil fertility, and enhance food security in the drylands of Africa.
Erosion control techniques like terracing, contour plowing, contour bunding, and windbreaks are used to prevent soil erosion. Terracing involves creating stepped fields on sloped land to slow water runoff. Contour plowing involves plowing across slopes along elevation contours to allow water to slowly settle into the soil. Tree planting and using organic fertilizers also help control erosion and improve soil quality over time. Sustainable land management practices like conservation agriculture can mitigate climate change by reducing emissions and increasing carbon absorption in soils and forests.
The document summarizes research on the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium etli and its two rpoN genes, rpoN1 and rpoN2. The key findings are:
1) RpoN1 is required for free-living growth while rpoN2 is essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules.
2) RpoN1 and rpoN2 are differentially expressed, with rpoN1 expressed during free-living conditions and rpoN2 expressed during symbiosis.
3) Expression of rpoN2 during symbiosis involves a symbiosis-specific regulatory mechanism beyond what controls rpoN1.
Biofertilizers are microbial inoculants supported on carriers that are intended for seed or soil application to improve soil fertility and provide growth promoting substances for crops. They are cost effective, ecofriendly and can be produced on farms. Common types of biofertilizers used in India include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, cyanobacteria, and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. The government aims to promote their production and use to supplement chemical fertilizers through its National Project on Development and Use of Biofertilizers.
A creative way to learn about the bacteria Rhizobium with a touch of Bollywood. For young, science minds. This was a part of my college curriculum as I am studying Microbiology Hons.
This document discusses microbial nutrition, including macronutrients, micronutrients, growth factors, and environmental factors that influence microbial growth. It explains that microbes require carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other minerals as macronutrients, and trace amounts of metals like iron and zinc as micronutrients. The document also classifies microbes based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources, and lists examples like phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, and organotrophs. Finally, it describes various mechanisms that microbes use to transport nutrients into cells, such as passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, group translocation, and
Handbook of biofertilizers and biopesticidesscm9961
Professor, Department of Microbiology,
Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore-641 S.V. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
003, Tamil Nadu, India
K.V.B.R. Tilak
J.S. Mishra Department of Microbiology, S.V. University,
Department of Microbiology, University of Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Allahabad, Allahabad-211 002, U.P., India
K.V.S.R. Murthy
J.S.P. Yadav Department of Microbiology, S.V. University,
Department of Microbiology, University of T
This document provides information on biofertilizers. It discusses that biofertilizers are nutrient inputs of biological origin that aid plant growth through microbiological processes. Important microorganisms used as biofertilizers include nitrogen-fixing bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, and ferns. These microorganisms can fix nitrogen either symbiotically, by forming relationships with plants, or non-symbiotically as free-living organisms. The document also describes methods for mass cultivating and applying different types of biofertilizer microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria and blue-green algae, to benefit agricultural crops.
The document discusses the genetics of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. It describes how:
1) Farmers have known for millennia that legumes improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation via their symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria in root nodules.
2) In the late 19th century, it was discovered that the root nodules themselves were responsible for converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia through the microorganisms now known as rhizobia.
3) A complex process involving infection of roots by rhizobia, nodule development, nitrogen fixation in nodules, and nodule senescence allows legumes to fix atmospheric nitrogen thanks to their symbiotic relationship
This document discusses biofertilizers and their use in pulse production. It provides background on India's role as a top global producer and consumer of pulses. It then discusses various biofertilizers used for pulses, including rhizobium, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and vesicular arboscular mycorrhiza (VAM). Rhizobium fixes atmospheric nitrogen in legumes and increases yields by 10-30%. Tables show positive effects of rhizobium and PSB inoculation on soybean growth, yield, and nitrogen uptake. PSB and integrated nutrient management can improve soil phosphorus levels and chickpea yields.
The document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their mechanisms and functions in promoting plant growth. It describes how PGPR can directly promote plant growth through mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and phytohormone production. PGPR also indirectly promote growth by inhibiting pathogens through producing antibiotics, lytic enzymes and inducing systemic resistance in plants. Future research areas discussed include developing PGPR consortium, improving stress tolerance and making PGPR products more cost effective and environmentally friendly.
Azobacter and Rhizobium are soil bacteria. Azobacter is free-living while Rhizobium lives symbiotically with legume plants. Both bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium to benefit plant growth, though Rhizobium does so through its symbiotic relationship with legumes. The document provides details on the size, shapes, environmental conditions and benefits of these nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Rhizobia are symbiotic diazotrophs (prokaryotic organisms that carry out dinitrogen fixation) that form a symbiotic association with legumes. This association is symbiotic in that both the plant and rhizobia benefit. The plant supplies the rhizobia with energy in the form of amino acids and the rhizobia fix nitrogen from the atmosphere for plant uptake. The reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia is the second most important biological process on earth after photosynthesis (Sylvia, 2005). The actual process of dinitrogen fixation can only be carried out by diazotrophs that contain the enzyme dinitrogenase. Nitrogen is the most critical nutrient needed to support plant growth. Unfortunately, atmospheric dinitrogen (78% of air we breathe) is extremely stable due to triple bonds which can only be broken by energy intensive ways. These include electrical N2 fixation by lightning where oxides of N come to ground with rain, the Haber-Bosch process in industrial fertilizer production, and biological N2 fixation in legumes by bacterial symbionts such as Rhizobium etli. Biological fixation of nitrogen was the leading form of annual nitrogen input until the last decade of the 20th century (Russelle, 2008). It is gaining attention once again as sustainability becomes a central focus to feed a world population of over 7 billion people.
This document provides an overview of biofertilizers from an Indian perspective. It defines biofertilizers as microbial inoculants supported on carriers that are designed to improve soil fertility and provide growth promoters. The document discusses various types of biofertilizers including Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, cyanobacteria, and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. It also covers India's history with biofertilizers, factors affecting their performance, application methods, production process, constraints to the industry's growth, and marketing challenges.
Carbon is the major constituent element in plants after water. It is found in important biomolecules like chlorophyll, cytochromes, alkaloids, and many vitamins. Nitrogen plays an important role in plant metabolism, growth, reproduction and heredity. Plants cannot utilize atmospheric nitrogen directly and require nitrogen-fixing bacteria to convert it into bioavailable forms like nitrates, nitrites and ammonia. Nitrogen fixation can occur through both biological and non-biological means, with biological nitrogen fixation involving symbiotic associations between plants and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms like Rhizobium bacteria.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
SlideShare is a global platform for sharing presentations, infographics, videos and documents. It has over 18 million pieces of professional content uploaded by experts like Eric Schmidt and Guy Kawasaki. The document provides tips for setting up an account on SlideShare, uploading content, optimizing it for searchability, and sharing it on social media to build an audience and reputation as a subject matter expert.
The Global Soil Partnership was launched in 2011 by FAO to improve global governance of soil resources and ensure healthy productive soils. Its vision is to guarantee soils support food security and ecosystem services amid increasing human demands. Key challenges include soil degradation and low awareness/investment. The partnership's pillars of action center on sustainable management, investment, research, data sharing, and guidelines. Regional partnerships in Asia, MENA, and Latin America are establishing networks and priorities. The partnership aims to place soils at the forefront of sustainable development discussions through events like the World Soil Day and Global Soil Week.
This document discusses agricultural drivers of deforestation and whether intensifying agriculture can spare forests through the Borlaug hypothesis. It summarizes that while intensification has increased production in some areas, deforestation has also increased to expand agricultural area. Intensification is not a magic bullet and different regions show different outcomes. The document argues intensification of agriculture is necessary but not sufficient for forest protection, and multiple policy instruments are needed. It reflects on debates around sparing vs sharing approaches to agriculture and forests.
This document discusses land use policies in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda. It notes that both "land sparing" through agricultural intensification and "land sharing" through community participation are needed in multifunctional landscapes. The history of the park involved a colonial top-down approach that polarized communities and led to unsustainable management. Later approaches to sharing, like beekeeping and revenue sharing, were not fully satisfactory. Both incentives for intensification and genuine rights-based approaches at local scales are argued to be important for balancing food and conservation objectives in these types of areas.
Presentation by Sara Namirembe,World Agroforestry Centre, at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 1, Session 3: A case of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. http://www.agricultureday.org
This document provides information about the Global Soil Partnership (GSP). It discusses the importance of soils, current challenges with soil management, and the need for a global partnership to address soil degradation. The GSP aims to improve global governance of soil resources to ensure healthy and productive soils. Its goals are to develop stakeholder capacities, facilitate knowledge exchange, and promote sustainable soil management. The key elements proposed for the GSP include an open partnership of organizations, an intergovernmental technical panel, and regional partnerships to implement activities at national and local levels. Progress made so far includes establishing working groups, planning for the Rio+20 conference, and starting regional soil information systems and partnerships.
This document presents a vision for climate-smart agriculture (CSA). It discusses what CSA is, potential mitigation and adaptation options in CSA, and the path forward. Key points include: CSA aims to support food security, adaptation, and low emissions; mitigation options include practices like alternate wetting and drying in rice and improved nitrogen use efficiency; adaptation relies on technology, knowledge, risk management, and transformative changes; moving forward requires analytical tools to evaluate trade-offs and support integrated decision making at multiple levels.
Presentation by Mike McGahuey (Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Advisor, USAID) and Jerry Glover (Senior Sustainable Agricultural Systems Advisor, USAID) at the May 15, 2013 event "Natural Resource Management and Food Security for a Growing Population". For more information visit: http://www.wri.org/event/2013/05/natural-resource-management-and-food-security-growing-population
The document discusses natural resources and their management. It notes that natural resources are stocks that exist in the environment that are scarce and economically useful. It outlines three key concerns around natural resource management: overuse of renewable resources, depletion of nonrenewable resources, and overburdening of the environment's capacity to absorb pollution. The document then provides examples and context around forests, minerals, fossil fuels, and their importance. It discusses challenges like deforestation and outlines frameworks and guidelines around sustainable management of natural resources in the ASEAN region.
This document discusses natural resources and their management. It covers several key topics:
1. Natural resources include materials found in nature that are scarce and economically useful, either in their raw state or after minimal processing.
2. Sustainable management of natural resources is important to avoid overusing renewable resources or depleting nonrenewable resources without sufficient replacement. Pollution must also be managed to avoid damaging the environment.
3. Forests, water, land, and minerals are some of the natural resources discussed in the Philippines context, along with challenges around their management and the push for more sustainable practices.
Ephraim Maduhu NKONYA " Exploiting provision of land economic productivity w...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document discusses land degradation as a global problem, providing statistics on the percentage of global land area degraded from 1981-2003. It then examines why some poor countries have not experienced significant land degradation, highlighting the roles of strong customary institutions, ecological knowledge, economic returns from nomadic pastoralist systems, and government effectiveness. Lessons are discussed around investing in traditional institutions, recognizing all economic values from ecosystems, and balancing environmental and development priorities. The challenges of sustainable land management practices in developing countries are also reviewed.
Reducing deforestation and implementing sustainable land-use are major challenges in the Peruvian Amazon, where the socio-economic development of smallholder migrant farmers and the attraction of private investment forlarge-scale agriculture, oil extraction and mining, together with the construction of roads, are part of government strategy to integrate the region in the growing national economy. This study considers the potential of intervening in the configuration and structure of the agricultural mosaic, combining avoided deforestation, reforestation and tree enrichment in the landholdings of smallholder cacao farmers of the Ucayali region. Due to favorable international prices and public and private investments, the last 10 years has seen a rapid proliferation of producers’ associations that have become important players in local development. Besides connecting farmers to the market and providing agricultural services, associations are important in the process of land allocation and titling, in lobbying for infrastructure and services for settlers, and ultimately in determining land-use trajectories, including deforestation and forest degradation. Cacao producers’ associations have also played an important role in promoting the certification process and, more recently, access to the voluntary carbon market. For all these reasons, such associations are a suitable entry-point for interventions affecting land-use at the landscape-level.
Increased agricultural production through both intensification and extensification is a major driver of the current biodiversity crisis. As a response, two contrasting approaches have been advocated: ‘land sparing’, which minimizes demand for farmland by increasing yield, and ‘land sharing’, which boosts densities of wild populations on farmland but decreases agricultural yields. While these approaches have been useful in drawing attention to the impact of meeting the growing global demand for agricultural products on biodiversity, they have been driven mainly by conservation ecologists, and have often overlooked important issues related to farming. As agronomists with practical experience in developing, testing and scaling alternative forms of agriculture in some of the most biodiversity-rich areas of Latin America, Eastern and Southern Africa and South Asia, we are pointing in this paper at what we see as being two major limitations of the land sparing/sharing framework: (1) the reliance on yield-density relationships that focus on trade-offs and overlook synergies between agriculture and biodiversity, and (2) the overemphasis on crop yield, neglecting other metrics of agricultural performance which may be more important to local farmers, and more strongly associated with positive biodiversity outcomes. It is our hope that this paper will stimulate other agricultural scientists to contribute to the land sparing/sharing framework, in order to develop together with conservation ecologists viable solutions for both improved agricultural production and biodiversity conservation.
Presentation by David Lamb on alternative methods for tropical forest restoration. Besides large scale reforestation activities, David Lamb argues to look for smaller scale silvicultural alternatives as well which are more suitable for farmers.
Soil organisms play an important role in carbon sequestration through processes like decomposition, humification, aggregation, and symbiosis. The document discusses how soil microbes and fauna contribute to tearing and cutting fresh litter, decomposition, and increasing soil carbon levels. Studies show soil carbon is correlated with forests and fallow lands that have high abundance and diversity of soil organisms. Increasing soil organisms can accelerate biological nitrogen fixation and decomposition, helping to sequester more carbon in soil and increase agricultural productivity.
Land use and community composition of arbusscular mycorrhizal fungi mabira fo...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
A Presentation made by the Ugandan team During the Closing Conference of the Conservation and Sustainable management of the Below Ground Biodiversity Project
Changes in the diversity of assemblages of ground foraging ants in response t...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
A Presentation made by the Ugandan team During the Closing Conference of the Conservation and Sustainable management of the Below Ground Biodiversity Project
El documento presenta los resultados de un proyecto financiado por el FMAM sobre la conservación y manejo sostenible de la biodiversidad del suelo. Muestra gráficas del número de nematodos encontrados en 300 gramos de suelo por uso de suelo y localidad, con mayores cantidades en selva y menor en maizal. Los sitios con mayor número de nematodos fueron San Fernando y López Mateos.
El documento presenta los resultados de un proyecto financiado por el FMAM sobre la conservación y manejo sostenible de la biodiversidad del suelo. Muestra gráficas del número de nematodos encontrados en 300 gramos de suelo por tipo de uso de suelo y localidad, con mayores cantidades en selva y menor en maizal.
El documento presenta los resultados de un proyecto financiado por el FMAM sobre la conservación y manejo sostenible de la biodiversidad del suelo. Muestra gráficas del número de nematodos encontrados en 300 gramos de suelo por uso de suelo y localidad. Los mayores números se encontraron en selva y los menores en maizal. Por localidad, los mayores números fueron en San Fernando y los menores en Carranza.
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexicoCSM _BGBD biodiversity
This study analyzed litter decomposition rates in different land uses in Mexico's Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve. Litter bags were placed in forest, agricultural, and pasture sites with varying levels of vegetation cover. After 6 months, the remaining litter weight and carbon/nitrogen content were measured. Pastures generally had the fastest decomposition rates, while maize crops were slowest. The site with the most vegetation cover (Lopez Mateos) saw slower decomposition than areas with less cover. Land use and litter quality influenced decomposition rates more than differences in vegetation cover alone. Further study is needed to understand the effects of microclimate and soil fauna on decomposition in this threatened protected area.
Nematode community structure as influenced by land use and intensity of culti...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document appears to be a table containing numerical data across multiple rows and columns with labels such as "Table 3 C", "Land use", "Plantation forest", "Coffee", "Maize", "Napier", and "Natural forest". The table includes values such as "113 23 44" and labels such as "LSD (p<0.05))" and "benchmark sites". The data seems to be measuring and comparing different variables such as nematode maturity index across various land uses.
Diversity and ecology of macrofauna in land use mosaics embu and taita distri...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This study evaluated the effect of different land use types on macrofauna diversity in Embu and Taita, Kenya. Soil samples were collected using various methods to study macrofauna groups such as earthworms, termites, ants, and beetles. The results showed that macrofauna density was generally higher in arable systems than forests. Forests had higher densities of millipedes and woodlice than agroecosystems. Low diversity and density were found in coffee, tea, and mixed agricultural systems. Some macrofauna groups correlated with soil chemical properties. Embu had lower macrofauna diversity than Taita. The study demonstrated that land use intensification can impact macrofauna diversity
Diversity of ant species across a gradient of land use types in western ghats...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
The study examined ant diversity across different land use types in Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Pitfall traps were used to sample ants in natural forest, grassland, cardamom plantation, acacia plantation, coffee plantation, and paddy fields during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. A total of 13 ant species were found, with the highest diversity in natural forests and lowest in paddy fields. Species composition and abundance varied between land use types and seasons. Pheidole was the most abundant genus across all sites.
Abundance and diversity of azotobacter and po4 solubilizing microorganisms i...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This study examined the abundance and diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azotobacter) and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms in different land use types in Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. The highest populations of Azotobacter and phosphate-solubilizing fungi were found in natural forests, while the lowest populations were found in grasslands and paddy fields. For phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, the highest populations were observed in natural forests and grasslands, and the lowest were in cardamom plantations. The results indicate that native ecosystems like natural forests harbor greater populations of these soil microorganisms important for nutrient cycling compared to agricultural systems.
Studies on microbial inoculation in the preparation of phospho compost using ...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document discusses a study on using microbial inoculation to prepare phospho-compost from forest leaf litter. The study involved inoculating leaf litter with a microbial consortium including Trichurus spiralis, Trichoderma harzianum and Pleurotus sp. and comparing it to a control. Results found that the inoculated compost had higher organic carbon, total nitrogen, and NH4-N levels than the untreated control, indicating that microbial inoculation aided in the decomposition process and enriched the compost nutrients.
Farming practices and soil health arbsucular mcorrhizal fungi (amf) in maize ...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
1) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread soil fungi that form symbiotic relationships with up to 80% of plant species and play key roles in ecosystem and agricultural soil health.
2) A study examined the effects of different soil management practices like inoculation with AMF, application of manure or mineral fertilizers, on maize yield, AMF colonization levels, and soil health in a low-fertility tropical soil.
3) The results showed that AMF inoculation enhanced maize yield only when combined with farmer practices using manure or mineral fertilizers, and all management practices maintained high levels of AMF colonization, indicating they did not negatively impact
Soil fauna and nutrient management for improving agricultural production thro...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
1) Farmers in Oumé, Côte d'Ivoire are facing decreasing soil fertility due to deforestation for cocoa and coffee farms. A study evaluated the effects of 9-month legume fallows using Pueraria phaseoloides and Cajanus cajan on soil properties, soil fauna, and subsequent maize growth.
2) The study found that legume fallows increased earthworm densities and diversity compared to a natural fallow control. Phytoparasitic nematode densities were also lower under legumes.
3) Maize yields were higher on legume fallow plots compared to the control, though not significantly for grain yield. Total biomass and 100
Diversity of termites along a gradient of land use type in a tropical forest ...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
(1) This study assessed termite diversity along a land use gradient in central western Côte d'Ivoire, including primary forest, fallow land, and areas subjected to different agricultural practices. Termite diversity decreased with increasing land use intensity.
(2) Cluster analysis identified three groups - primary forest and fallow had the highest diversity, moderately disturbed areas had intermediate diversity, and annual crop land had the lowest diversity.
(3) The highest species richness was found in fallow land and primary forest, while annual crop land had the fewest species. Termite diversity can indicate land use changes, with some termite groups adapted to disturbed areas and others characteristic of undisturbed habitats.
Termites diversity along a gradient of land use in a tropical forest margin, ...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This study assessed termite diversity along a land use gradient in mid-west Côte d'Ivoire. Termite samples were collected from different agroecosystems using standardized methods. Results showed that termite species richness decreased from natural habitats to more intensive agricultural systems. Cluster analysis grouped habitats into three categories based on termite composition: primary and secondary forests, fallows and older agricultural systems; transitional agricultural systems; and annual cropland. The study contributes to understanding how termite diversity responds to changes in land use and habitat modification.
Land use changes the structure of soil bacterial communities in the western a...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This study assessed the impact of land use changes on soil bacterial communities in the Western Amazon. Soil samples were collected from forest, secondary forest, crops and pasture land. Bacterial communities were analyzed using genetic techniques. The results showed that land use changes significantly altered the structure of soil bacterial communities through impacts on soil attributes like pH and nutrient levels. While many factors influenced community composition, differences in soil properties driven by land use were major determinants of bacterial community structure in this region.
OP25:Soliciting for prominence of belowground biodiversity conservation and m...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
1) The document reviews Uganda's policy framework for belowground biodiversity conservation and identifies gaps in coverage of belowground biodiversity.
2) Key findings include that while several policies address environmental conservation, coverage of belowground biodiversity is minimal. Four policy briefs were developed to address this.
3) Challenges to effective belowground biodiversity conservation in Uganda include lack of awareness, political interference, delays in policy ratification, and inadequate research and infrastructure. Recommendations focus on strengthening the policy framework and increasing capacity for belowground biodiversity management.
The document discusses the need for a national policy on the conservation and sustainable management of below ground biodiversity (BGBD) in Kenya. It provides justification for such a policy by explaining how reduced BGBD decreases agricultural productivity and resilience. It notes that over 90% of crop varieties and 5% of animal breeds are lost each year. The document outlines gaps in existing policy and the benefits a new policy could provide. It analyzes situational factors and proposes a strategic framework with the vision, mission, goals and specific objectives for a BGBD policy in Kenya.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3Data Hops
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace. Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERP
OP24:ECONOMIC VALUE OF MANAGING BGBD: THE CASE OF RHIZOBIUM AND TRICHODERMA SPP
1. 5/27/2010
Introduction
ECONOMIC VALUE OF MANAGING BGBD: THE CASE
OF RHIZOBIUM AND TRICHODERMA SPP • Agriculture remains the engine of growth in
SSA (>30%GDP: 80% employment)
• Opportunities for increasing agric production
in the region eroded by
in the region eroded by
– High population growth
Julius Okello & Zachary Gitonga
– Productive land already in use
University of Nairobi
• Existing land is exhausted from overuse
Introduction contd… Introduction contd...
• Overview Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation committing
– Soil is an important agricultural resource
$198 million to the effort (TSBF,2009)
Abuja heads of state at fertilizer summit
– Soil fertility management a prerequisite for
declaration: increase fertilizer use to 50Kg/Ha by
sustainable agriculture and food security
sustainable agriculture and food security
2015
– FAO: Soil biodiversity (hence soil biological
• Why the big push?
processes) key maintaining soil fertility
– Soil improvement techniques (via use
• Increased attention to soil fertility issues in Africa manure, composting) affected by falling supply of
AGRA launched new soil health program targeting cattle manure
4.1 million farmers – Declining per capita land holding limiting other
techniques (rotation, fallowing, no tillage)
Land and soil degradation Drivers of Land and soil degradation
• Land and soil degradation : decline in land quality • Biophysical causes
further driven by natural processes and human – Soil erosion, salinization, leaching
activity • Social‐economic causes
– Loss of ecosystem goods & services (regulation of – Subsistence agriculture (continuous cultivation: low
y g y pp p
hydrological cycle, support production & CO2 organic input)
sink, Biodiversity loss ) – Low income levels/poverty ‐ results in soil mining
– Continuous cultivation – no fallowing – Land tenure systems & property right regimes (discourages
– Movement to marginal fragile lands investment in conservation efforts)
– Population pressure (farming hillside, marginal (ASAL)
• current land degradation trends could render two‐ areas)
thirds of Africa's croplands effectively non‐productive – Political causes
by 2025 with severe ecological, economic and social • Policy formulation and legislation
consequences (UN 2004) • Land allocation
1
2. 5/27/2010
Drivers of Land and soil degradation Drivers of Land and soil degradation
• Poverty • Land tenure systems and property rights
– There is a strong link between the prevalence of land
degradation and the incidence of rural poverty, – rural HH with insecure rights are less likely to
– the poorest rural communities in SSA tend to be located in invest in ensuring their future productivity
the ecologically fragile and degraded areas
g y g g – Undefined PR has lead to encroachment of water
Undefined PR has lead to encroachment of water
– Poor people cannot afford to forgo short‐term production shed areas and forests
for the sake of long term sustainability
– low incomes hence low investment in soil improvement
techniques and overdependence on natural resources
• Poor access to advisory support services on sustainable
land mgt practices, alternative land use
Role of BGBD in addressing land and
The other path…
The other path... soil degradation
• This report examines the role micro and • Reduced reliance on organic fertilizers BNF
macrofauna can play in maintaining soil health – Improvement of soil fertility by adding N & P from
and crop yields the biosphere
• It examines the benefits and costs of using
It examines the benefits and costs of using – Increase in soil organic matter due to large
Increase in soil organic matter due to large
beneficial microfauna in agriculture amounts of biomass characteristic of certain
improved varieties;
• Focuses on: – Reduction in soil erosion‐induced nutrient losses
– Rhizobium due to increase in SOM.
– Trichoderma
Beneficial soil micro & macro‐organisms Beneficial Rhozobium
• Several soil‐based micro & macro organism confer benefits
to agriculture • There are diverse species of beneficial Rhizobium
• Micro‐organisms: Trichoderma, Rhizobium, Micorhiza etc in the soils
– Some act as biopesticides and biofertilizer • These arise from two sources:
– For instance Trichoderma spp
– Resident populations existing in soil
Resident populations existing in soil
• Macro‐organisms:
Hymenoptera, Coleaptera, Oligocheata, Orthoptera, Arenae – Populations commercially introduced as inoculants
etc • The MIRCEN project (UoNairobi) isolated several
– examples include nematodes, earthworms, ants species of Rhizobium from Kenya soils
– Improve soil physical condition (structure, aeration)
– “soil engineers” • Examples include R. leguminosarum bv viciae, R.
• These organism are prevalent in Kenyan soils leguminosarum bv phaseoli, R. tropici, etc
• Here, we focus on Rhizobium and Trichoderma
– But emphasize that macro‐organism are equally important
2
3. 5/27/2010
Economic value of Rhizobium
CB of Rhizobium on cowpeas: Pakistan
• In Vietnam: Replacing fertilizer N with Rhizobial
Treatment Total variable Gross returns Net returns BCR
cost
inoculants saved farmers money (A$50‐60
Io 6220 8828 2608 1.42 million/yr) in input costs
I1 6308 12220 5912 1.94
I2 6308 12925 6617 2.05
• In Kenya, studies document benefits of Rhizobium
PKS +Io 8501 13249 4748 1.56 – Oti
Otieno et al find that Rhizobium can substitute for N in
t l fi d th t Rhi bi b tit t f N i
PKS+I1 8589 16520 7931 1.92 common beans under wet conditions
PKS+I2 8589 16523 7934 1.92
Source: Sarker et al., 2001
– Woomer et al: yield increase in soy/common beans
Io: No biofertilizer; I1; Biofertilizer type 1, I2: Biofertilizer type2 , PKS =chemical – Onduru et: Rhizobium can augment yields from P
fertilizer
• Use of biofertilizer gives significantly higher net returns than when not used application in dry areas
•Net returns higher when biofertilizer is combined with chemical fertilizer
•BCR highest when biofertilizer is used alone due to low unit cost
Economic benefit of Rhizobium: evidence Economic benefit of Rhizobium: evidence
from Kenya from Kenya
Mean total grain yield (Kgha‐2) of grain legumes under different Rhizobial inoculation response by legumes (Kgha‐1)
nitrogen sources during the long season of 2005 Test crop Site Uninoculated Inoculated % increase
fertilizer Manure Rhizobium Control
Soya beans Homabay 2520 3570 42
Lablab 3.04 2.78 3.06 2.98
Kabete 1021 1613 58
Common bean 2.72 2.63 2.65 2.43
Mtwapa 2333 3850 65
Green gram 1.57 2.58 2.64 1.80
Common beans Kabete 2151 2640 26%
Lima beans 3.05 2.90 2.65 2.56
Mean 2.24 2.14 2.16 2.09
Source: Woomer et al., 1996
Source: Otieno et al., 2009
Rhizobium inoculation improves legume yields and reduce Average pulses yield in Kenya estimated at 286 Kgha‐1 (FAO, 1995)
Bean Inoculation with appropriate rhizobium + agronomic practices can fix
need for inorganic fertilizers (Cheminingw’a 2009) sufficient N hence no need for inorganic fertilizers
Rhizobium inoculant market penetration in Kenya only 0.3%
BC of Rhizobium on cowpeas in Kenya: Onduru
et al 2008 BC of Rhizobium use in cowpeas contd...
Deception Control Rhizobium TSP Rhizobium+TSP
Grain yield (Kgha‐1) 1,100.00 1,175.0 1,387.5 1,700.0 • Benefits outweigh the costs of Rhizobium use
Gross income (KSh/ha) 22,059.50 23,562.3 27,850.6 34,117.3 • BC ratio for Rhizobium alone equals that of TSP
Cost of labour (KSh./ha) 10,760.00 10,800.0 10,840.0 10,800.0
• Combining TSP with Rhizobium gives highest
Rhizobium purchase
purchase 0.00
0 00 117.0
117 0 0.00
0 00 117.0
117 0
[KSh/ha] grain yields hence BC ratio
i i ld h i
TSP purchase [KSh./ha] 0.00 0.00 2,704.0 2,704.0
• Implies good performance when Rhizobium is
Seed purchase [KSh./ha] 1,500.00 1,500 1,500.0 1,500.0 used as a supplement to inorganic fertilizers
Total variable cost [KSh./ha] 12,260.00 12,417.0 15,044.0 15,121.0
Gross margin [KSh./ha] 9,799.50 11,145.3 12,806.6 18,996.3
Benefit cost ratio 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.3
3
4. 5/27/2010
Benefits of using Trichoderma Effect of Trichoderma on yields Taita
1.4
1.2
• Is both a biopesticide or biofertilizer
1
Yields [kgs]
• Biopesticide species: Trichoderma koningii and 0.8
Trichoderma harzianum 0.6
Y
• Trichoderma harzianum is abundant in Embu
i h d h i i b d i b 0.4 Wgt grains
Wgt straw
• A plant growth stimulator (biofertilizer): protects 0.2 Wgt litter
plants from destructive fungi 0
– Rhizoctonia solani Pythium, Sclerotia rolfsii
• Controls "damping off"—pre‐germination rot—
hence improves the germination rate Treatment
Trichoderma in Embu CB of Trichoderma
1.6 Wgt bean litter
1.4
Wgt grains • Experimental data suggests that benefits are
1.2
1 significant
0.8
0.6
• These studies however measure only the
0.4 tangible economic benefits
tangible economic benefits
0.2
0 • Intangible benefits (environmental
improvements) largely uncaptured
Why the poor adoption of beneficial
Implications
organisms?
• Odame (1997) lists a number of challenges the • The challenges listed above highlight the need for
MIRCEN project faced viz: strengthening the technology transfer aspects of the
projects create awareness, farmer education etc
– Focus on legumes while ignoring cereals
• Also suggests the need to also target cereals (the main
– Lack of focus on marginal areas
staple food crops in Kenya) and drylands
staple food crops in Kenya) and drylands
– Lack of awareness by farmers (i.e., poor outreach)
• In doing these, the costs of the technology needs to be
– Poor quality control (leading to poor nodulation) kept low to allow greater access by poorer smallholder
• These challenges still dog projects that promote farmers
use of beneficial organisms in Kenya • Commercialization may present efficient way to up the
• Despite commercialization of the Rhizobium production and sales, but may result in higher costs for
small farmers discourage use by such farmers
product (BIOFIX), use by farmers remain low
• Promote technology as GREEN – to horticulture industry
4