This study examined the impacts of different landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corridors and adjacent ecosystems. It found that road verges had higher species richness than adjacent fields. Species richness was higher on soil slopes treated with the new post-guideline approach compared to the pre-guideline approach. On rock slopes, species richness did not differ significantly between the pre-guideline planted approach and the post-guideline natural recolonization approach. The soil seed bank contributed additional plant species, particularly on naturally recolonized slopes. Lower soil fertility was associated with higher species richness, suggesting the new landscape treatments help prevent establishment of invasive species.
This work package focuses on studying the impacts of different road landscape treatments on biodiversity within road corridors and adjacent ecosystems. It involves assessing how plant and animal diversity differs among road verges that used pre-guideline and post-guideline planting methods, and how road biodiversity interacts with surrounding landscapes. Field studies are analyzing the effects of landscape treatments along roads on species communities, habitat connectivity, and genetic variation. A long-term experiment is also testing how natural recolonization, hay strewing, and seed mixes influence biodiversity. The goal is to provide guidance on landscape designs that promote biodiversity in Irish road networks.
The document discusses strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency on dairy farms. It suggests capturing more nitrogen through increasing soil organic matter and vegetation. Some key strategies mentioned include intensifying forage productivity through species with large root mass and nitrogen uptake, diversifying crops to explore more nutrient resources, and improving nitrogen management practices to reduce excess available nitrogen and improve water use efficiency. The document examines ways to trim nitrogen inputs, tap into existing nitrogen flows, and plug nitrogen losses to achieve high and stable farm profitability while minimizing environmental footprint.
Forest restoration efforts in Singapore aim to:
1) Restore "non-forest" sites back to their former state by planting over 100,000 trees across sites like the Central Nature Reserve since 1991.
2) Establish viable habitat for native flora and fauna through maximum diversity planting methods using a variety of primary and secondary forest species.
3) Create green connectors and buffer zones by removing invasive weeds, assessing soil conditions, selecting native tree species, and maintaining planted sites for at least 5 years.
Rehabilitating degraded croplands for improved crop productivity and soil car...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Hatirarami Nezomba, from Soil Fertility Consortium for Southern Africa - Zimbabwe, in FAO Hq, Rome
Impact of Grazing on Prairie Soil Nutrient Levels and BiodiversityJordyn Arndt
The document provides background information on biological processes like the carbon and nitrogen cycles. It then summarizes several studies that examined the impact of bison grazing on tallgrass prairie ecosystems. One study found higher nitrogen levels and more forb diversity in grazed prairies. Another long-term study found few differences between grazed and ungrazed sites. The document outlines a study conducted at Belwin Conservancy measuring soil nutrients and plant diversity in grazed and ungrazed prairie plots. Preliminary results found no significant differences in soil carbon, nitrogen or organic matter between the plots.
Jonathan Davies: Priorities for Research in the Wetland Forests of BruneiWetlands International
The document outlines research priorities for the wetland forests of Brunei, including mangroves, freshwater swamp forests, peat swamp forests, and kerapah forests. It provides an overview of each forest type and their areas. Key research priorities identified include updating the status of mangrove forests, evaluating their economic value, studying diseases and rehabilitation strategies. For peat swamp forests, priorities are carbon dynamics, hydrological studies, economic valuation, vegetation studies, and rehabilitation techniques. The document recommends whole ecosystem studies to better understand these important wetland habitats.
This document provides an overview of Bundoran Farm, a 2,300 acre property in Albemarle County, Virginia. The farm contains productive pastureland and orchards, mature forests, streams, ponds, and historic buildings. The property has been carefully stewarded for decades through sustainable agricultural and forestry practices. The document discusses plans to establish a new type of rural community on the farm that balances limited residential development with long-term protection of the majority of the farm's agricultural and environmental resources through conservation easements.
This work package focuses on studying the impacts of different road landscape treatments on biodiversity within road corridors and adjacent ecosystems. It involves assessing how plant and animal diversity differs among road verges that used pre-guideline and post-guideline planting methods, and how road biodiversity interacts with surrounding landscapes. Field studies are analyzing the effects of landscape treatments along roads on species communities, habitat connectivity, and genetic variation. A long-term experiment is also testing how natural recolonization, hay strewing, and seed mixes influence biodiversity. The goal is to provide guidance on landscape designs that promote biodiversity in Irish road networks.
The document discusses strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency on dairy farms. It suggests capturing more nitrogen through increasing soil organic matter and vegetation. Some key strategies mentioned include intensifying forage productivity through species with large root mass and nitrogen uptake, diversifying crops to explore more nutrient resources, and improving nitrogen management practices to reduce excess available nitrogen and improve water use efficiency. The document examines ways to trim nitrogen inputs, tap into existing nitrogen flows, and plug nitrogen losses to achieve high and stable farm profitability while minimizing environmental footprint.
Forest restoration efforts in Singapore aim to:
1) Restore "non-forest" sites back to their former state by planting over 100,000 trees across sites like the Central Nature Reserve since 1991.
2) Establish viable habitat for native flora and fauna through maximum diversity planting methods using a variety of primary and secondary forest species.
3) Create green connectors and buffer zones by removing invasive weeds, assessing soil conditions, selecting native tree species, and maintaining planted sites for at least 5 years.
Rehabilitating degraded croplands for improved crop productivity and soil car...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Hatirarami Nezomba, from Soil Fertility Consortium for Southern Africa - Zimbabwe, in FAO Hq, Rome
Impact of Grazing on Prairie Soil Nutrient Levels and BiodiversityJordyn Arndt
The document provides background information on biological processes like the carbon and nitrogen cycles. It then summarizes several studies that examined the impact of bison grazing on tallgrass prairie ecosystems. One study found higher nitrogen levels and more forb diversity in grazed prairies. Another long-term study found few differences between grazed and ungrazed sites. The document outlines a study conducted at Belwin Conservancy measuring soil nutrients and plant diversity in grazed and ungrazed prairie plots. Preliminary results found no significant differences in soil carbon, nitrogen or organic matter between the plots.
Jonathan Davies: Priorities for Research in the Wetland Forests of BruneiWetlands International
The document outlines research priorities for the wetland forests of Brunei, including mangroves, freshwater swamp forests, peat swamp forests, and kerapah forests. It provides an overview of each forest type and their areas. Key research priorities identified include updating the status of mangrove forests, evaluating their economic value, studying diseases and rehabilitation strategies. For peat swamp forests, priorities are carbon dynamics, hydrological studies, economic valuation, vegetation studies, and rehabilitation techniques. The document recommends whole ecosystem studies to better understand these important wetland habitats.
This document provides an overview of Bundoran Farm, a 2,300 acre property in Albemarle County, Virginia. The farm contains productive pastureland and orchards, mature forests, streams, ponds, and historic buildings. The property has been carefully stewarded for decades through sustainable agricultural and forestry practices. The document discusses plans to establish a new type of rural community on the farm that balances limited residential development with long-term protection of the majority of the farm's agricultural and environmental resources through conservation easements.
This document provides a brief history of Bundoran Farm, a 2,300 acre property in Albemarle County, Virginia. It describes how the land was likely cultivated by the indigenous Monacan people prior to European settlement. Early settlers grew tobacco but lacked understanding of sustainable farming practices. The land is now ideal for apple orchards and pasturelands. Bundoran Farm has been carefully stewarded for decades through sustainable management of forests, pastures, and orchards.
Permaculture Design Project for Wild Meadows Farm prepared for Permaculture Certificate Course 2005. Reviews permaculture principles and applies to 195 acre PA farm. Reviews farm characteristics and includes one and 5 year plan for transition to organic management and permaculture management
Irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Ve...Joanna Hicks
The document summarizes research on irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Vertisol soil in Queensland, Australia. It discusses major agricultural challenges related to land degradation, water scarcity, and inefficient irrigation systems. The objectives are to evaluate irrigation performance of existing permanent raised bed farming systems and identify potential for lateral wetting front infiltration. Data was collected on two farms to measure advance curves, runoff, and soil moisture movement across beds. Results show advance times varied between irrigations due to soil conditions. Irrigation management strategies were found to impact current performance and potential water savings were identified.
Landscape Sustainability - University of NebraskaFarica46m
This document describes how to design sustainable landscapes using three categories of design principles: aesthetic, functional, and environmental. Aesthetic principles ensure the landscape is visually appealing, while functional principles address usability. Environmental principles focus on enhancing the landscape microclimate, increasing biodiversity, reducing resource use, and maximizing resource reuse. Implementing even a few of these sustainable design principles can benefit the environment and reduce maintenance costs for homeowners.
The document discusses wetland forests in Brunei Darussalam. It notes that wetland forests make up 30% of Brunei's forests and are home to over 1,300 tree species. However, these ecosystems are endangered due to threats like logging, agriculture expansion, and forest fires. The degradation of peatland forests in particular has led to substantial carbon losses. There is an urgent need for multi-sectoral efforts to protect these vital ecosystems through policies that promote sustainable development and establish markets for environmental services to conserve Brunei's wetland forests.
Tracking sand dune transformation before, during and after sand dune mining,...Richard Thackway
Unmodified landscapes are transformed by the removal of vegetation prior to, during sand mining and through restoration, after mining. Bridge Hill Ridge is presented as a case study for the application of a standardised national system (VAST-2) to account for ecological changes before, during and after mining. Bridge Hill Ridge is a high coastal sand dune, part of the Myall Lakes National Park, NSW. A reference state was defined for the unmodified unmined Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) and smooth barked apple (Angophora costata) open forest, comprising ten ecological characteristics, integrated with 22 indicators. This information provided the basis for assessing change and trend over time in regard to mining and restoration. Relevant sources of ecological data and information pertaining to the ten ecological characteristics and 22 indicators were compiled and analysed relative to the reference states. Key researchers and land managers who had worked on the site were contacted and interviewed. A field visit was conducted in mid-January 2014 to validate assessment of change and trend, almost 40 years after mine restoration. The effects of land management practices, i.e. mining and restoration, upon the unmodified Eucalypt open forest plant community were assessed relative to the reference state to determine the relative change and trend in the ten ecological characteristics and 22 indicators over time. Reporting standardized indicators helps land managers and other decision makers to understand the nature of change and trend in regard to predicted future states; to make adjustments in rehabilitation activities (e.g. hydrological interventions, control of weeds and feral animals, mitigation of wildfire, and management of people). The benefits of integrated monitoring and reporting using a standardised report card provides a simple tool to inform inform stakeholders of progress towards agreed target/s of vegetation structure, species composition and regenerative capacity (landscape function).
Planning and Installing a Xeriscape Landscape - Fargo, North DakotaFiona9864
This document provides information on planning and installing a water-efficient xeriscape landscape. It discusses the 7 key steps: 1) planning and site assessment, 2) preparing the site, 3) selecting appropriate plants, 4) planting techniques, 5) turfgrass selection, 6) applying mulch, and 7) efficient irrigation. The goal is to create an attractive landscape using native and adapted plants that require little watering once established. Proper maintenance such as mowing turf at appropriate heights and fertilizing is also discussed to ensure the landscape thrives with less water, fertilizer and other inputs over time.
1) The document discusses using compost in vineyards to support soil quality and balanced vine growth according to traditional viticulture principles.
2) It notes that while compost contributes indirectly to soil quality, heavy applications of more than 10 tons per acre can encourage surface rooting in vines, which is undesirable.
3) The best use of compost is to foster nutrient recycling from vineyard residues supplemented with minimal additional inputs, in line with the concept of site-specific management.
A monitoring program is needed to help guide an adaptive management strategy for a landscape that is being experimentally altered. The program will measure physical and biological processes like soil erosion and biodiversity impacts. Data like rainfall interception, water flow, erosion rates, and habitat availability for key species will be collected using tools like pluviometers, notch weirs, runoff plots, erosion pins, and nest boxes to track changes from the landscape alterations. This will provide insights to optimize outcomes like the water cycle, crop strategies, forest structure, and recovery of open habitat flora and fauna.
I. MINED LANDS RECLAMATION USING LEGUME-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN THE TALENSI...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study investigated the use of leguminous plants in the reclamation of mined and degraded lands in some small scale mining areas in the Talensi and Nabdam Districts in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The treatments tested in the field experiments were: sole cropped groundnut (A), sole cropped soybean (B), sole cropped Bambara groundnut (C), groundnut intercropped with soybean (D) and groundnut intercropped with Bambara groundnut (E). Generally the experimental treatments performed poorly on the degraded lands when compared with control plots (undisturbed fields) in two seasons. However, during the second year the performance of the various treatments on the degraded land was better than that in the first year. Groundnut plus soybean was considered the best treatment because it resulted in the best improvement in soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. It also gave the best land equivalent ratio (LER).
Presentation on " Tara Coal Block of CMDC IFFCO Coal Limited for Diversion" made before the Forest Appraisal Committee (FAC), Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India
This document summarizes a research project on understanding and enhancing soil ecosystem services and resilience in UK grasslands and croplands. The project will:
1) Survey paired natural and intensified agricultural sites across the UK to quantify impacts on soil biodiversity, ecosystem services, and resilience to climate change.
2) Use mesocosm experiments to test the resilience of soil biodiversity and functions to environmental change under different land management intensities.
3) Develop process-based and spatial models to scale relationships between soil biodiversity and ecosystem services under scenarios of environmental change.
A modelling approach to explore the impact of root distribution and citrate r...Joanna Hicks
This presentation outlines a modeling approach to explore the impact of root distribution and citrate release on phosphorus use efficiency in crops. It discusses the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) and its existing capabilities to simulate crop response to soil phosphorus levels. It then reviews current understanding and data on citrate release from plant roots and its impact on phosphorus use efficiency. The presentation proposes new model developments to enable APSIM to simulate the effects of citrate efflux on phosphorus uptake. It will then demonstrate simulated responses of wheat growth and phosphorus uptake to varying levels of citrate efflux.
Growing Natural Capital to Develop Resilient Dryland Farm Landscapes - New Ze...Fujita64g
Farmers in the Starborough Flaxbourne region of New Zealand are developing more resilient farm landscapes through sustainable management practices. The Starborough Flaxbourne Soil Conservation Group was formed when farmers realized current practices were unsustainable due to drought and erosion. The group worked with farmers to develop new strategies including matching livestock and feed production to climate and soils, establishing shelterbelts and native vegetation, reducing grazing pressure, and creating farm reserves. These practices aim to grow natural capital through increased plant and tree cover while maintaining viable farming operations.
Xeriscape Principles - Castle Pines North, Douglas County, Colorado Simm846q
The document discusses the principles of xeriscape gardening, which focuses on landscaping that conserves water. It outlines 7 principles: 1) developing a landscape plan, 2) reducing high water use areas like turf, 3) using a sensible approach to soil amendments, 4) selecting appropriate drought-tolerant plants, 5) mulching soil, 6) irrigating efficiently, and 7) maintaining the landscape to conserve resources. The document provides details and examples for each principle to help gardeners in Colorado address the challenges of low humidity, drying winds, and fluctuating temperatures through water-wise landscaping techniques.
This document discusses identifying target environments in rice breeding for rainfed ecosystems. It outlines factors to consider such as rainfall patterns, soil types, drought and submergence risks when delineating target populations of environments (TPEs). Methods described for grouping locations into TPEs include using crop models, environmental parameters, currently grown varieties, statistical analysis and GIS. The document provides examples of how locations in India have been categorized into favorable and unfavorable environments based on varietal performance and yield rankings. It also presents results from an analysis of genotype by environment interactions across multiple locations in India.
The document discusses rainbow water, which refers to recycled atmospheric inputs that benefit water supply. It notes that blue water traditionally focuses on rivers and uses, while grey water added pollution. Green water realized the importance of upper watersheds and forests. Rainbow water closes the hydrological cycle and sees evapotranspiration as recycling. The document includes an agenda for a workshop with blocks on new scientific insights, relating findings to climate policy and negotiations, and priorities for linking science to climate action.
Nutrient management as a component of southern pine plantation Silviculture
What limits a site’s productive potential?
What are the growth impacts due to fertilization?
Do treatment responses carry over to the next rotation?
Restoring Degraded Land after Oil, Gas and Mining OperationGPFLR
This document discusses restoring degraded land after oil, gas, and mining operations in Indonesia. It outlines the functions of tropical rainforests, factors that cause deforestation, potential resources found under forests, and the impacts of mining/oil operations on forests and land. These operations can expose soil, remove vegetation and biodiversity, and make the land erodable and marginal. The document recommends restoring native plant species, improving wildlife habitat, soil productivity and stability. It provides guidelines for land rehabilitation, species selection, soil amendments, monitoring success criteria, and lessons learned for recovering degraded land.
This document examines the effect of timber treatment on the nutrition of native pastures in the Alice River tableland region. Over 23 sites, the nutritive values of nitrogen and phosphorus in desirable perennial grasses were sampled three times per year and analyzed. The results showed no significant difference in nutritive values between cleared and virgin sites, and no decline in pasture quality over time. Nutritive values varied seasonally, increasing after rainfall when nutrients were mobilized. Buffel grass had higher nitrogen and phosphorus levels compared to native species. The study found no evidence that clearing timber reduced pasture nutrition on these soils.
This document provides a brief history of Bundoran Farm, a 2,300 acre property in Albemarle County, Virginia. It describes how the land was likely cultivated by the indigenous Monacan people prior to European settlement. Early settlers grew tobacco but lacked understanding of sustainable farming practices. The land is now ideal for apple orchards and pasturelands. Bundoran Farm has been carefully stewarded for decades through sustainable management of forests, pastures, and orchards.
Permaculture Design Project for Wild Meadows Farm prepared for Permaculture Certificate Course 2005. Reviews permaculture principles and applies to 195 acre PA farm. Reviews farm characteristics and includes one and 5 year plan for transition to organic management and permaculture management
Irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Ve...Joanna Hicks
The document summarizes research on irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Vertisol soil in Queensland, Australia. It discusses major agricultural challenges related to land degradation, water scarcity, and inefficient irrigation systems. The objectives are to evaluate irrigation performance of existing permanent raised bed farming systems and identify potential for lateral wetting front infiltration. Data was collected on two farms to measure advance curves, runoff, and soil moisture movement across beds. Results show advance times varied between irrigations due to soil conditions. Irrigation management strategies were found to impact current performance and potential water savings were identified.
Landscape Sustainability - University of NebraskaFarica46m
This document describes how to design sustainable landscapes using three categories of design principles: aesthetic, functional, and environmental. Aesthetic principles ensure the landscape is visually appealing, while functional principles address usability. Environmental principles focus on enhancing the landscape microclimate, increasing biodiversity, reducing resource use, and maximizing resource reuse. Implementing even a few of these sustainable design principles can benefit the environment and reduce maintenance costs for homeowners.
The document discusses wetland forests in Brunei Darussalam. It notes that wetland forests make up 30% of Brunei's forests and are home to over 1,300 tree species. However, these ecosystems are endangered due to threats like logging, agriculture expansion, and forest fires. The degradation of peatland forests in particular has led to substantial carbon losses. There is an urgent need for multi-sectoral efforts to protect these vital ecosystems through policies that promote sustainable development and establish markets for environmental services to conserve Brunei's wetland forests.
Tracking sand dune transformation before, during and after sand dune mining,...Richard Thackway
Unmodified landscapes are transformed by the removal of vegetation prior to, during sand mining and through restoration, after mining. Bridge Hill Ridge is presented as a case study for the application of a standardised national system (VAST-2) to account for ecological changes before, during and after mining. Bridge Hill Ridge is a high coastal sand dune, part of the Myall Lakes National Park, NSW. A reference state was defined for the unmodified unmined Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) and smooth barked apple (Angophora costata) open forest, comprising ten ecological characteristics, integrated with 22 indicators. This information provided the basis for assessing change and trend over time in regard to mining and restoration. Relevant sources of ecological data and information pertaining to the ten ecological characteristics and 22 indicators were compiled and analysed relative to the reference states. Key researchers and land managers who had worked on the site were contacted and interviewed. A field visit was conducted in mid-January 2014 to validate assessment of change and trend, almost 40 years after mine restoration. The effects of land management practices, i.e. mining and restoration, upon the unmodified Eucalypt open forest plant community were assessed relative to the reference state to determine the relative change and trend in the ten ecological characteristics and 22 indicators over time. Reporting standardized indicators helps land managers and other decision makers to understand the nature of change and trend in regard to predicted future states; to make adjustments in rehabilitation activities (e.g. hydrological interventions, control of weeds and feral animals, mitigation of wildfire, and management of people). The benefits of integrated monitoring and reporting using a standardised report card provides a simple tool to inform inform stakeholders of progress towards agreed target/s of vegetation structure, species composition and regenerative capacity (landscape function).
Planning and Installing a Xeriscape Landscape - Fargo, North DakotaFiona9864
This document provides information on planning and installing a water-efficient xeriscape landscape. It discusses the 7 key steps: 1) planning and site assessment, 2) preparing the site, 3) selecting appropriate plants, 4) planting techniques, 5) turfgrass selection, 6) applying mulch, and 7) efficient irrigation. The goal is to create an attractive landscape using native and adapted plants that require little watering once established. Proper maintenance such as mowing turf at appropriate heights and fertilizing is also discussed to ensure the landscape thrives with less water, fertilizer and other inputs over time.
1) The document discusses using compost in vineyards to support soil quality and balanced vine growth according to traditional viticulture principles.
2) It notes that while compost contributes indirectly to soil quality, heavy applications of more than 10 tons per acre can encourage surface rooting in vines, which is undesirable.
3) The best use of compost is to foster nutrient recycling from vineyard residues supplemented with minimal additional inputs, in line with the concept of site-specific management.
A monitoring program is needed to help guide an adaptive management strategy for a landscape that is being experimentally altered. The program will measure physical and biological processes like soil erosion and biodiversity impacts. Data like rainfall interception, water flow, erosion rates, and habitat availability for key species will be collected using tools like pluviometers, notch weirs, runoff plots, erosion pins, and nest boxes to track changes from the landscape alterations. This will provide insights to optimize outcomes like the water cycle, crop strategies, forest structure, and recovery of open habitat flora and fauna.
I. MINED LANDS RECLAMATION USING LEGUME-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN THE TALENSI...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study investigated the use of leguminous plants in the reclamation of mined and degraded lands in some small scale mining areas in the Talensi and Nabdam Districts in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The treatments tested in the field experiments were: sole cropped groundnut (A), sole cropped soybean (B), sole cropped Bambara groundnut (C), groundnut intercropped with soybean (D) and groundnut intercropped with Bambara groundnut (E). Generally the experimental treatments performed poorly on the degraded lands when compared with control plots (undisturbed fields) in two seasons. However, during the second year the performance of the various treatments on the degraded land was better than that in the first year. Groundnut plus soybean was considered the best treatment because it resulted in the best improvement in soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. It also gave the best land equivalent ratio (LER).
Presentation on " Tara Coal Block of CMDC IFFCO Coal Limited for Diversion" made before the Forest Appraisal Committee (FAC), Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India
This document summarizes a research project on understanding and enhancing soil ecosystem services and resilience in UK grasslands and croplands. The project will:
1) Survey paired natural and intensified agricultural sites across the UK to quantify impacts on soil biodiversity, ecosystem services, and resilience to climate change.
2) Use mesocosm experiments to test the resilience of soil biodiversity and functions to environmental change under different land management intensities.
3) Develop process-based and spatial models to scale relationships between soil biodiversity and ecosystem services under scenarios of environmental change.
A modelling approach to explore the impact of root distribution and citrate r...Joanna Hicks
This presentation outlines a modeling approach to explore the impact of root distribution and citrate release on phosphorus use efficiency in crops. It discusses the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) and its existing capabilities to simulate crop response to soil phosphorus levels. It then reviews current understanding and data on citrate release from plant roots and its impact on phosphorus use efficiency. The presentation proposes new model developments to enable APSIM to simulate the effects of citrate efflux on phosphorus uptake. It will then demonstrate simulated responses of wheat growth and phosphorus uptake to varying levels of citrate efflux.
Growing Natural Capital to Develop Resilient Dryland Farm Landscapes - New Ze...Fujita64g
Farmers in the Starborough Flaxbourne region of New Zealand are developing more resilient farm landscapes through sustainable management practices. The Starborough Flaxbourne Soil Conservation Group was formed when farmers realized current practices were unsustainable due to drought and erosion. The group worked with farmers to develop new strategies including matching livestock and feed production to climate and soils, establishing shelterbelts and native vegetation, reducing grazing pressure, and creating farm reserves. These practices aim to grow natural capital through increased plant and tree cover while maintaining viable farming operations.
Xeriscape Principles - Castle Pines North, Douglas County, Colorado Simm846q
The document discusses the principles of xeriscape gardening, which focuses on landscaping that conserves water. It outlines 7 principles: 1) developing a landscape plan, 2) reducing high water use areas like turf, 3) using a sensible approach to soil amendments, 4) selecting appropriate drought-tolerant plants, 5) mulching soil, 6) irrigating efficiently, and 7) maintaining the landscape to conserve resources. The document provides details and examples for each principle to help gardeners in Colorado address the challenges of low humidity, drying winds, and fluctuating temperatures through water-wise landscaping techniques.
This document discusses identifying target environments in rice breeding for rainfed ecosystems. It outlines factors to consider such as rainfall patterns, soil types, drought and submergence risks when delineating target populations of environments (TPEs). Methods described for grouping locations into TPEs include using crop models, environmental parameters, currently grown varieties, statistical analysis and GIS. The document provides examples of how locations in India have been categorized into favorable and unfavorable environments based on varietal performance and yield rankings. It also presents results from an analysis of genotype by environment interactions across multiple locations in India.
The document discusses rainbow water, which refers to recycled atmospheric inputs that benefit water supply. It notes that blue water traditionally focuses on rivers and uses, while grey water added pollution. Green water realized the importance of upper watersheds and forests. Rainbow water closes the hydrological cycle and sees evapotranspiration as recycling. The document includes an agenda for a workshop with blocks on new scientific insights, relating findings to climate policy and negotiations, and priorities for linking science to climate action.
Nutrient management as a component of southern pine plantation Silviculture
What limits a site’s productive potential?
What are the growth impacts due to fertilization?
Do treatment responses carry over to the next rotation?
Restoring Degraded Land after Oil, Gas and Mining OperationGPFLR
This document discusses restoring degraded land after oil, gas, and mining operations in Indonesia. It outlines the functions of tropical rainforests, factors that cause deforestation, potential resources found under forests, and the impacts of mining/oil operations on forests and land. These operations can expose soil, remove vegetation and biodiversity, and make the land erodable and marginal. The document recommends restoring native plant species, improving wildlife habitat, soil productivity and stability. It provides guidelines for land rehabilitation, species selection, soil amendments, monitoring success criteria, and lessons learned for recovering degraded land.
This document examines the effect of timber treatment on the nutrition of native pastures in the Alice River tableland region. Over 23 sites, the nutritive values of nitrogen and phosphorus in desirable perennial grasses were sampled three times per year and analyzed. The results showed no significant difference in nutritive values between cleared and virgin sites, and no decline in pasture quality over time. Nutritive values varied seasonally, increasing after rainfall when nutrients were mobilized. Buffel grass had higher nitrogen and phosphorus levels compared to native species. The study found no evidence that clearing timber reduced pasture nutrition on these soils.
This document evaluates roadside vegetation for erosion control in West Virginia. It summarizes:
1) Typical issues with roadsides in WV include rock falls, bare slopes, erosion, and poor vegetative growth due to variable soil types, elevation changes, and steep slopes.
2) The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of current reclamation methods and improve practices to provide better vegetative cover to prevent erosion. Sites across multiple locations, soil types, seed mixtures, slopes, aspects, and climates were sampled.
3) Results showed 30% of sites had excellent cover over 90% while 24% had poor cover under 50%. Only 55% met the 70% cover requirement. Soil nutrient levels and
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Join a lively conversation about tapping the power of one of our chief assets in the climate struggle: the soil. The panel will discuss the role of farming in adapting to climate change: how vineyards and working lands can contribute to the recovery of resilient landscapes in the face of increasing climatic instability, how mycorrhizal networks regulate nutrient and energy flows, and how those networks are affected by farming practices. The group will also share practical experience on implementing practices on-farm to build soil, increase organic matter and improve the overall health of the landscape on your own property.
This document reports on a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield and yield components of shallot (Allium cepa L.) in two districts of Ethiopia. Five rates of nitrogen (0-132 kg/ha) and six rates of phosphorus (0-240 kg/ha) were applied in a factorial experiment. The treatment of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus resulted in the highest marketable yield (23 tons/ha), total yield (23.45 tons/ha), and average bulb weight (88.8 g). While plant height, marketable yield, and total yield were not significantly different among most nitrogen rates, the combination
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield of shallot in Ethiopia. Five levels of nitrogen (0, 72, 92, 112, 132 kg/ha) and six levels of phosphorus (0, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240 kg/ha) were applied to shallot plants. The highest marketable yield of 23 tons/ha was obtained with the application of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus. This treatment combination of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus was recommended for shallot production in the study area.
This document discusses crop wild relatives and the importance of their genetic resources. It notes that crop wild relatives can serve as a source of novel traits for crop improvement. They share a common ancestry with crops and their genes can be used in traditional breeding. However, many crop wild relatives face threats from climate change and land use changes. The document presents a methodology for analyzing gaps in crop wild relative collections. This involves determining priority taxa, sampling deficiencies, potential distributions, environmental coverage and gaps. The approach aims to prioritize geographic areas for further collecting of crop wild relatives.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with Ailanthus excelsa trees across eight districts in western Rajasthan, India. A total of 25 AM fungal species from five genera (Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, Sclerocystis, and Scutellospora) were identified. Glomus was the most common and diverse genus. Glomus fasciculatum and G. mosseae were the most prevalent species infecting A. excelsa roots. AM fungal diversity and root colonization varied between sites and correlated with soil properties like pH, organic
This document discusses various methods for assessing soil quality and health, including the use of indicators and indices. It proposes that a combination of indicators capturing different soil properties and functions are needed to adequately characterize soil quality, as no single attribute can reflect all soil functions. Several specific soil quality indices are described, including the soil microbiological degradation index, general soil quality index, carbon management index, and QBX index, each of which synthesizes multiple indicator measurements into an overall score. Challenges in selecting appropriate indicators and designing sampling methods are also noted.
Crop wild relatives are an important source of genetic diversity for food crops. They can provide traits for increasing crop yields, quality, and stress tolerance. However, many crop wild relatives face threats from climate change and habitat loss that put their long-term survival at risk. A gap analysis was conducted to assess ex situ conservation collections and distribution models of crop wild relatives to determine priority areas for further collecting efforts to capture their remaining genetic diversity. Over 400 taxa were analyzed to identify high, medium, and low priority species for focus on filling conservation gaps.
Southeastern Ecology and Evolution Conference 2012, Clemsontdilan
Reinstein, Z., Albright, K., Enright, R., Surasinghe, T., and Baldwin, R. (2012). Riparian land-use as a predictor of salamander diversity in stream ecosystems in Upstate SC. Southeastern Ecology and Evolution Conference, Clemson University, Clemson, SC.
Ecological and Genetic Variation Among Populations of Boechera caeruleamontan...M Denniey Snyder
This study examined two rare plant taxa, Boechera vivariensis and B. caeruleamontana, found in Dinosaur National Monument and surrounding areas in Utah and Colorado. Genetic, morphological, and soil analyses were conducted on populations of B. caeruleamontana at multiple sites. The results showed low genetic diversity between sites with one site, Jones Hole, being most distinct. Only B. caeruleamontana was found, suggesting B. vivariensis is rarer than previously known. Most sites showed evidence of inbreeding and need conservation efforts to prevent invasive species encroachment to protect the rare taxa.
Highlight of small ruminant production system in Bale, Southeastern EthiopiaILRI
The document discusses small ruminant production systems in Bale, Ethiopia, noting that the region has significant sheep and goat populations that are important to livelihoods but face challenges including feed shortages, disease pressures, and poor infrastructure. It outlines research at the Sinana Agricultural Research Center focusing on forage improvement, animal health and production studies to develop solutions addressing the major constraints limiting small ruminant productivity in the area.
The document summarizes a landscape restoration project in Doi Mae Salong, Thailand. It describes the location, land uses, threats, stakeholders and goals of the project. The project uses a participatory approach to land use planning and restoration, negotiating with local communities to avoid reforesting agricultural lands. Activities include planting over 800,000 trees, agroforestry demonstrations, improving irrigation and promoting ecotourism to reduce poverty and support sustainable land management. The overall goal is to improve forests, water, food, income and livelihoods through an integrated, multi-stakeholder approach.
This document discusses soil types and fertility management in Sri Lanka's dry zone. It describes the major soil types in the area, including Reddish Brown Earth (RBE) soils, Low Humic Gley soils, and issues affecting them like erosion, poor workability, and low fertility. It provides characteristics of RBE soils and discusses management practices to address depth limitations, erosion, workability, fertility, and irrigation on these soils. Salinity is also mentioned as a problem for some paddy soils in the dry zone, with causes and effects described.
This document discusses managing pasture ecosystems by considering the interactions between plants, animals, soil organisms, and nutrient cycles that are often invisible. As pasture managers, we harvest solar energy through plants and convert it to food and fiber through grazing animals, while maintaining nutrient cycling and soil health. A diverse community of soil organisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, arthropods, and earthworms cycle nutrients, aerate soil, hold water and support plant growth. Management aims to maintain this below-ground ecosystem through practices like maintaining soil organic matter, nutrient recycling, and grazing management. Understanding the soil food web allows for better holistic management of pasturelands.
Similar to Impacts of landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corridors and adjacent ecosystems - Rosalyn Thompson (20)
The webinar provided an overview of the EPA Research Call 2022. It covered the introduction to EPA Research 2030 and its focus on achieving environmental objectives. It then discussed the details of the 2022 research call, including the two open topics, application process and timeline, eligibility criteria, and types of funding available. The presentation concluded with guidance on the application process and financial rules, and a Q&A session to address any questions.
This document presents research on approaches to mitigate pollution from the herbicide MCPA (2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid) in water catchments used as drinking water sources. The research monitored MCPA concentrations spatially and temporally in an agricultural catchment in Ireland that supplies drinking water. Key findings include: MCPA concentrations exceeded drinking water limits and persisted in the system; concentrations increased downstream; and concentrations correlated positively with improved grassland and negatively with rough grazing land use. The research demonstrates the need for enhanced monitoring and questions the sustainability of certain land uses like improved grassland near drinking water sources.
This document discusses water quality issues in Ireland and solutions to address them. National water quality monitoring data shows 47% of rivers and 62% of estuaries are in unsatisfactory condition. The two most widespread problems are excess nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), with phosphorus and sediment issues impacting 60% of waters needing measures. Maps have been created to identify critical source areas for phosphorus and nitrogen losses from agriculture to target remediation efforts. Measures proposed include riparian buffers, wetlands, and nutrient management plans to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus at their sources and intercept transport pathways.
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This document discusses Ireland's National Action Plan to combat antimicrobial resistance (iNAP1) in the agricultural sector. It outlines the strategic objectives of iNAP1, which are to increase knowledge and awareness, enhance surveillance, reduce infection and disease spread, optimize antibiotic use, and support research and innovation. The document reviews some successes of iNAP1 including increased collaboration, awareness raising, and stakeholders taking action. It also discusses ongoing challenges like changing behaviors and maintaining consumer confidence. Learnings from iNAP1 emphasized the need for consistent messaging. Progress has included measurable outcomes like reduced antibiotic resistance in broiler chickens. The overall goal of iNAP1 and its successor iNAP2 is a reduction in the volume
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The document discusses the challenges of achieving a non-toxic environment and proposes key actions to develop a more sustainable chemicals policy. It notes that while regulations aim to keep chemical concentrations below toxic levels, biodiversity continues to decline and human exposures are rising. It argues for intensifying efforts like minimizing chemical releases, banning persistent chemicals, increasing green chemistry and monitoring. The goal is to ultimately reduce both ecological damage and human health impacts from chemicals in the environment.
On 25 November 2020 the EPA published Ireland’s Environment - An Integrated Assessment 2020 which provides an assessment of the overall quality of Ireland's environment, the pressures being placed on it and the societal responses to current and emerging environmental issues.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s rivers.
Ireland has more than 73,000 km of river channels. If placed end-to-end, they could encircle the Earth almost twice. Three-quarters of these channels are very small streams that typically flow into larger rivers.
Biological monitoring has been carried out in Irish rivers since 1971. The current national river monitoring programme covers more than 13,000 km of river channel.
The national monitoring programme is run by the EPA and focuses on the main river channels rather than the smaller streams. The programme includes more than 2,800 sites sampled for biology, with almost half of these being sampled for physical and chemical parameters.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring phytoplankton in Ireland's marine environment.
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Phytoplankton are tiny, free-floating plants found suspended in the world’s oceans. Their name comes from Greek and means ‘plant drifter’. They are carried along by ocean currents and are usually found floating near the surface of the water. Like all plants they need sunlight to grow.
The main sources of nutrients around Ireland’s coast are discharges from wastewater treatment plants and run off from agricultural land. Phytoplankton in the estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland are monitored by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) and the Marine Institute. They monitor phytoplankton to assess the quality (status) of our marine environment. They must do this as part of the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s marine environment.
Ecologically healthy marine waters are a valuable natural resource. They support a rich and diverse range of ecosystems, habitats and species, and they are also a source of food – from wild fisheries and aquaculture. They are also important for recreational activities and tourism.
Transitional and coastal waters are assessed under the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Having coordinated frameworks for water quality for all the water bodies in Ireland, and across Europe, allows us to compare our results with other countries. It allows us to see what works to help us make sure all our water bodies achieve at least ‘good’ status, and no deterioration occurs.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s lakes.
A total of 225 lakes are currently included as part of the national surface waters monitoring programme run by the EPA, this covers around 80% of the surface area of all lakes in Ireland.
This includes:
• all lakes greater than 50 hectares
• lakes that are used for supplying drinking water
• lakes that are of regional, local or scientific interest
This Plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring aquatic plants in Irish lakes.
Aquatic plants are good at showing if the quality of the water is good or bad and play an important role in lake ecology by providing food and a habitat for many smaller plants, animals and birds.
They also:
• provide shelter for young fish
• help to improve the clarity of the water
• help stabilise lake shore banks
• reduce the amount of sediment being suspended in the water
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitors these aquatic plants at more than 10,000 sites in over 200 lakes once every three years.
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This presentation was by Con McLaughlin, Donegal County Council and Andy Griggs, Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon District Council.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
This document discusses challenges and opportunities for restoring the Camac River in Dublin City while managing flood risk, supporting urban renewal, and adapting to climate change. The river suffers from channelization, loss of floodplains and wetlands, and lengthy culverts. Restoration requires tackling existing issues and avoiding new pressures. Opportunities include maximizing green space, rezoning industrial lands, and creating a greenway. Successful restoration requires considering the whole catchment and securing sufficient land, and balancing priorities like flood protection, development, and environmental goals. Planning tools like new zoning objectives can help protect land for restoration and climate adaptation.
More from Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland (20)
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Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
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Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on Blockchain
Impacts of landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corridors and adjacent ecosystems - Rosalyn Thompson
1. Impacts of Landscape Treatments on Plant
Species Richness within Road Corridors and
Adjacent Ecosystems
Rosalyn Thompson
University College Cork
SIMBIOSYS FINAL CONFERENCE
Dublin: 28th June 2012.
2. Road Verges: 3 Research Areas
1. Species richness:
(a) Road Verge vs. Adjacent Land.
(b) Pre-guidelines vs. Post-guidelines
2. Contribution of Soil Seed Bank
3. Nutrient status of Soil in Road Schemes
Preliminary Conclusions
3. Research in Context - Background
• 2006 NRA Produced Guidelines
• Landscaping of Verge area:
Move away from a high input/
horticultural approach to one
following an Ecological
Landscape Design approach.
• Opportunity in 2009 to study Pre- and Post-
guidelines sites.
4. Research in Context - How slopes were
landscaped
Traditionally, this involved:
• finishing engineering aspects
• covering with topsoil image: Lego
• treating with herbicide
Glenealy Landscaping
• applying fertilizer
• planting….
Ecowitch
A.C.E.S.
5. New Approach
• Use subsoil (soil slopes) or NO soil (rock/scree)
• Avoid herbicides and fertilizer
• Create Open Habitat Mosaics (OHM) incorporating
native species of local provenance: Soil Slopes.
Allow Natural Recolonisation (NR): Rock/scree Slopes.
Soil Slope (OHM) Rock/scree Slope (NR)
6. Species Richness:
Road Verge vs. Adjacent Land Use
Road Verges
Rock/Scree Slope Soil Slope Wider verge
Adjacent Fields
Margin Centre-improved grassland Centre-tillage
8. 1. Species Richness: All Road Sites
18
16
14
Mean no. of Species
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
KM west from Wexford
Road Verge Field Margin Field Centre
9. Species Richness on Road Verges:
Soil Slopes – All Species – Comparison of Treatments
Mean species
richness in
semi-natural
Including grasslands
all species
Treatments are
different (P< 0.05)
10. Species Richness on Road Verges:
Soil Slopes (II) - Comparison of Treatments
Mean species
Native richness in
species semi-natural
only
grasslands
Post Treatments are different to Both Pre
treatments (P< 0.05)
11. Species Richness Road Verges
Rock/scree (native species)
Early Summer only Early & Late Summer
Treatments are not
sig. different (P > 0.05)
12. 2. Below-ground plant community:
the contribution of the Soil Seed Bank
2010: Soil collected
spring following
plant survey.
Outdoor germination
2 seasons
13. Species recorded Rock face Glebe Co. Kerry (NR):
2009: Quadrats (Q); 2010: Soil Seed Bank Trial (SSB)
Species Q SSB Species Q SSB Species Q SSB
Aegopodium Geranium Epilobium
podagria. robertianum. parviflorum
Angelica Lythrum Hypericum
sylvestris salicaria humifusum
Athyrium filix Rubus Juncus effusus
lemina fruticosa
Elytrigia Teucrium Plantago major
repens scorodonia
Hedera Poa pratensis
Ulex europaeus
Juncus Scirpus
conglomeratus Cardamine setaceus
flexuosa
Lonicera Carex pendula Veronica
periclymenum persica
Rubus idaeus Epilobium Viola riviniana
ciliatum
Species Richness: Q = 8; Both = 5; SSB = 11; TOT = 24
14. 3. Soil Fertility
Subsoil
Topsoil
Grasslands with higher numbers of native plant
species require LOW soil fertility.
15.
16. Preliminary Conclusions
• Higher mean species richness in Road Verge than either
Margin or Centre of the adjacent field.
• Seed bank data important – particularly to NR.
• Topsoil nutrient status should be determined:
(low nutrient status may costs/effort involved in its
alternative disposal/incorporation)
• If POST-GUIDELINES treatments are producing results ≥
PRE-G then POST is to be adopted as the more sustainable
approach.
17. Acknowledgements
• SIMBIOSYS project (2007-B-CD-1-S1) is part of
the Science, Technology, Research &
Innovation for the Environment (STRIVE)
Programme 2007 – 2013, funded by the Irish
Government under the National Development
Plan 2007-2013 and administered by the
Environmental Protection Agency
18. With thanks to….
• Dr Pádraig Whelan (UCC), Professor Mark Emmerson
(QUB) - Supervisors
• Lisa Dolan (UCC) – Research Assistant
• Dr Nova Sharkey (TCD) – Research Assistant
• Máiread Kiely (UCC) Senior Technical Officer Plant Science
• Paul Green (Botanical Society of the British Isles)
• Steven Darby MSci (Chemistry)
• Louise Russell, Jovanna Arndt, Dearbhail McKenna, Simon Mills
– Field Assistants
• Mary Hamilton, Aisling O’Shea, Eimear Egan
– Greenhouse Assistants
• Dr Sonia Monteiro, Aisling O’Shea – Lab Assistants
• All our landowners
• Kerry, Cork, Waterford and Wexford City and County Councils
19. Soil Nutrients & Mean Species Richness (Season A).
Soil slopes: pre- and post-guidelines (i)
25
[P] mg/kg
20
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (g N/Kg dry wt)
MEAN s.r
15
10
5
0
R11-pre R12-post R13-pre R21-post R14-pre R6-post R20-pre R27-post R16-pre R25-post R17-pre R28-post R19-pre R7-post
Road Verge Sites (pre-guidelines = planted; post-guidelines = open habitat mosaic) east to west
[P] min. fertility [N] min. fertility
Dixie & Bisgrove (1996).
20. Soil Nutrients & Mean Species Richness (Season A).
Soil slopes: pre- and post-guidelines (ii)
25
[P] mg/kg
[N] g/kg
20
MEAN s.r
15
10
5
0
R12-post R0-pre R21-post R1-pre R6-post R23-pre R27-post R4-pre R25-post R9-pre R28-post R5-pre R7-post R8-pre
Road Verge Sites (pre-guidelines = standard grass seed mix; post-guidelines = open habitat mosaic) east to west
[P] min. fertility [N] min. fertility
Dixie & Bisgrove (1996).
21.
22. Pre-guideline planting…
• Incorporated non-native species which are out of
context or have an urbanizing effect
Fagus sylvatica Purpurea Cotoneaster horizontalis
Copper Beech Wall or Rock Cotoneaster
• …some of which are now invasive
23. Community Stability
Sorenson β-Diversity Score
for each site
Using Sørensen Pair Treatment Score
7 PL 0.29
similarity index 3 NR 0.33
8 NR 0.38
8 PL 0.39
2c 6 NR 0.4
β= 6 PL 0.5
4 PL 0.5
S1 + S2 4 NR 0.55
5 PL 0.57
7 NR 0.57
3 PL 0.59
0 = dissimilar 5 NR 0.63
1 = identical 2 PL 0.63
2 NR 0.67
1 PL 0.7
1 NR 0.7
24. Data Collection: Above-ground plant
community
2009:
above-ground plant communities surveyed
Two 2m x 2m quadrats (adjacent to carabid pitfall
traps)
25. Plant Communities & Invasion Resistance
Above-ground plant communities:
• 93 species of higher plants and ferns
PL 34 35 21 NR
• 87 “Native” 4 Non-native (2 undetermined)
Below-ground plant communities
• 17 additional species
PL 4 2 11 NR
4 = Non-native
26. Study Design
• Study area N25/N22 primary route
• 310km east to west transect
• 8 pairs of rock/scree sites
• Each pair: 1 x pre- and 1 x post-guidelines
• Similar in age, aspect and geographical location
27. Invasion Resistance
• Above-ground: Non-native Species = 4
Acer Aegopodium Cotoneaster sp. Crocosmia x
pseudoplatanus podagraria Cotoneaster Crocosmiiflora
Sycamore Ground elder Montbretia
• Potential threats
• Rate of invasion: PL = 0.125m-1 NR = 0.5m-1
28. Potential benefits of the Natural
Recolonization (NR) approach…
Reduced environmental impacts
Lower fertility → prevents establishment of
(alien) invasive species.
No importation of soils / plants / pests
Reduced management of a hazardous area
including vegetation
Reduced financial costs
30. Species Richness on Road Verges:
Soil Slopes (II) - Comparison of Treatments
Native
species Pre-Guidelines
only
Post-guidelines
Treatments are
different (P> 0.05)
31. Species Richness on Road Verges:
Rock/Scree Slopes - PRE-POST
(PLANTED – NATURAL RECOLONISATION)
18
16
14
Mean Species Richness
Mean species richness
12
12
10
Planted
NR
8
Species richness
10
6
4
8
2
0
pair 1 pair 2 pair 3 pair 4 pair 5 pair 6 pair 7 pair 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6
Sites
Sites by pairs
a.Planted b.NR
PL NR Treatment
Treatment
Sites grouped by treatment: Sites arranged by pairs
PL planted
NR natural recolonisation PL NR
Editor's Notes
Within the Road Transport research there are several areas of research, which in addition to those here include Invasion Resistance by Alien (or non-native) species. This research is on going.However, NOW I will present some preliminary results to the following 3 Questions: 1. How species-rich are the road verges in comparison to the adjacent field? Is there any difference to those communities which were created prior to the 2006 guidelines to those which followed the new guidelines.2. What is happening in the below-ground plant community? It is one thing to survey the plants you can see, but do you gain any further insight by studying the soil seed bank>3. What is the nutrient status of the soil which inevitably gets moved around when roads get built?
So you may have heard about these guidelines this morning from Padraig…………Produced in 2006 cover many aspects on the creation and landscaping of the road corridor – including the landscaping of the road verge where there has been a move away from a high input approach in terms of TIME / MATERIALS / (MONEY!), to a low-input one which would better reflect the wider landscape.In 2009 the opportunity arose to study road landscaping treatments of a similar age – some of which had followed the old practices, others which had adhered to the new guidelines.
PLANTING: Garden favourites – Many of them Non-native …..which may look lovely in an urban setting, but have the effect of urbanising the countryside and furthermore some of which have now been found to be highly invasive once they have escaped their original confines.
The new approach includes the use of subsoil – as this normally has a lower nutrient level than farmland which has had various applications of fertilizers over the years – some of which can persist for years, especially if there is no crop (including grass) to use it to grow. Fertilizers can also be avoided as you are not trying to establish garden plants. Herbicides are another chemical introduction which is costly and potentially hazardous which can be omitted. TWO of the POST-GUIDELINES treatments which are now being adopted are: OHM on soils slopes (and also wider verges) and Natural Recol on Rock or scree slopes.
So, how did we do this? Basically we took 3 types of engineered road verge…….. I surveyed the plants whilst you can see Erin augering a hole for her pitfall traps and Lisa putting down a sand bed for mammal tracks…One of the unique elements in the design of this project was, not only its large scale, but the fact that we investigated the adjacent field as well the road verge. In that adjacent field we took the MARGIN and then we went in to the CENTRE of the filed.
Here you can see the East-West transect (all 310km of it) which follows the N25/N22 corridor. IN ADDITION we have 20 Non-roaded Reference Points along the transect: 10 for Semi-natural grassland; 10 for Improved Grassland.
Looking at ALL Road sites east to west: In general, The pink line is above the yellow and blue lines, meaning that OVERALL the road verges have a higher mean species richness than either the centre of the field (which is what you would expect, as these tend to be highly managed) and the MARGIN of the field.
BUT focussing on the ROAD VERGES< HOW DO the post-guidelines sites stack up against the pre-guidelines sites? If we look at species richness as a whole, then you can see that the post-guidelines sites have a higher species richness that the pre-guidelines ones.THE Dotted line that you can see represents the average species richness found in the semi-natural grassland sites – the mean of the reference sites along the east-west transect. So the mean of the post-guidelines sites is matching that in terms of species numbers.
However, arguably, looking at species richness alone is a bit of a blunt instrument, as what we are interested in are the NATIVE SPECIES which will act as resources for many of our beneficial insects which pollinate our crops or consume agricultural pests, in addition to being our natural cultural heritage.So having stripped out the aliens (non-native species), the statistical model was re-run….and we got the same result i.e. the post-guideline sites were significantly different to, not only the pre-guidelines overall, but BOTh types of treatments. There was no significant difference between the 2 pre-guidelines sites.
Before the non-native species were removed, the species richness – particularly on the Planted treatments……The lower species richness on the Natural Recol is understandable as plants are ONLY arriving from the surrounding area – the envt can be harsh, there is little soil and there can be high exposure to the elements.However, EVENTUALLY, these communities should develop in to ones which reflect the wider landscape.