Abstract— The aim of this study was to characterize the carbon storage - Ec (Mg ha-1), carbon stratification ratio, carbon management index (CMI) in various systems use and management: a) Native forest (NF), b) improved pasture of Tanzania grass (TIP), c) degraded pasture of Tanzania grass (DP), d) hay area (H) with Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria sp) and e) Corn crop conventionally cultivated for 10 years (CTC). The experiment was conducted at Institute of Animal Science, at Sertaozinho, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates. The Ec, in Mg ha-1, adjusted variations in soil density, related to changes in land use were for native forest (112.9), improved pasture (81.6), system of conventional maize (78.2), field of hay (75.1) and degraded pasture (66.5). The highest values of carbon stratification (SR) were the forest (1.98), and lower in degraded pasture and conventional maize (1.10) - are considered poor in quality, while the improved pasture (1.28) and the area of hay (1.23 ) of media quality and while the forest considered great quality. For the different systems of use and management, low CMI values indicate a loss of soil quality related to native forest (100%), the values obtained in improved pasture (58%) indicate that there is potential for advances in the soil quality, adjusting grazing management and fertilization of annual replacement.
Jatropha-based alley cropping system’s contribution to carbon sequestrationInnspub Net
The study was conducted to evaluate the total carbon stocks sequestered in a Jatropha – based alley cropping system treated with varying fertilizer applications. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The alley was planted with corn in two seasons Treatments include control (no fertilizer), organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer applied to the alley crops. Findings showed that the treatments with fertilizer applications had higher carbon stock in the jatropha hedges. The carbon content of the corn stover was also higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied treatments. However, highest soil carbon content was shown in treatments applied with organic fertilizer (4.28 Ton ha-1). The inorganic fertilizer treatment had the lowest soil carbon content with a mean of 4.28 Ton ha-1. In terms of total carbon stock of the entire jatropha-based alley cropping system, there was a significant difference among treatments with organic fertilizer application having the highest mean of 7.79 Ton ha-1 while the inorganic treated plots had 6.53 Ton ha-1. The no fertilizer treatment had the least carbon stocks with 6.53 Ton ha-1. This recent study revealed that the jatropha-based alley cropping system is a potential land-use for carbon sequestration. This farming system needs to be promoted in upland areas to function not only as soil and water conservation measures but also as a possible remedy for global warming. Get the Abstract and full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/jatropha-based-alley-cropping-systems-contribution-to-carbon-sequestration/
Soil - Plant Nutrient Correlation Analysis of Maize Varieties at the Guinea S...IJEABJ
Field trials were conducted during the rainy season of 2008 and 2009 at the Institute for Agricultural Research farm in Samaru (110 11’ N, 70 38’E) within the northern Guinea savanna ecological zone of Nigeria to evaluate correlation relationships among soil, yield and yield quality of maize varieties. The objectives of the study are to correlate among soil, grain yield and grain composition. The treatments consisted of four rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150kgNha-1), two rates of micronutrients (0, cocktail mixtures) Cu, Fe, Zn, B and Mo and four maize varieties SAMMAZ 14, SUSUMA (QPM), SAMMAZ 11 and SAMMAZ 12 (normal maize) which gave a total of thirty-two (32) treatments. There was basal application of 60kgha-1P and 60kgha-1K. These treatments were tested in a randomized complete block design with three replications with a total of 96 plots respectively. The fertilizer treatments were factorially combined. Significant correlations were obtained between grain parameters and other yield parameters such as Stover (r= 0.669, P < 0.05); 1000grain weight (r= 0.617, P < 0.05); crude proteins (r= 0.364, P< 0.05) and total nitrogen in grain (r =0.993, P < 0.05). Grain yield also increased as soil pH (r =0.26, P < 0.01); TN (r =0.19, P < 0.01); Calcium (r =0.17, P <0.05); Zn (r =0.24, P < 0.01); Cu (r =0.31, P < 0.01) and B (r =0.49, P <0.05) increased while it decreased as crude protein (-0.39, P<0.05) of the grain decreased.
Residual sludge that results from the treatment of malt house effluents produced during the malting of barley in malt house (Argentina) was evaluated to determine its fertilising potential and capability for improving soil as a way to reuse or recycle this material. The Cabildo soil (Southwest of Buenos Aires Province), of the typic Argiustoll subgroup had a sandy clay-loam texture and was tested in this field experiments. This soil plots (4 m 2) were amended with equivalent malting sludges doses of 5, 15, and 25 Mg/ha. When biosolids, like malting sludges, are incorporated as an amendment, many micronutrients are provided. Chemical properties of the soil, particularly the pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), were improved. Dactylis glomerata L. were utilised as growing crop (forage) in this field test, productivity (Dry matter) and quality (protein %) gave results following 0,205 kg/m 2 and 11.94 % at control in comparison with 0,4 kg/m 2 and 15.15 % of amended soil. Calcium concentration in grasses was significantly different for control (4651 mg/kg-1) in comparison with high sludge dose (8907 mg/kg-1), the same trend was found with micronutrients like Copper and Molybdenum. This result from field test indicate that this residual sludge constitutes a suitable amendment for agricultural soils, increasing quality and productivity of Dactylis glomerata L and improving several soil properties.
Variability in the physicochemical properties of soils of different land uses form from the same lithology was studied. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 – 20 cm) and subsurface (20 – 40 cm) depths from three land use namely fallow land, continuous cultivated land and mechanic village land. The soils were air dried, sieved with 2 mm sieve and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Relationship between selected soil properties were determined using correlation analysis. Results showed that the textures of the studied soils were not affected by land use practices. Bulk density increased with increase in depth with fallow land recoding the lowest values of 0.86 g/cm3 (0.-20 cm depth) and 1.06 g/cm3 (20 – 40 cm depth). Land use types significantly (P = 0.05) affected soil chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable cations with the highest values recorded in fallow land, followed by palm plantation and the least was continuous cultivated land. There were slight variations among soil properties in the three land use types studied. Significant positive and negative correlations existed and some soil properties. Good soil management practices such as organic fertilization, zero tillage and mulching is recommended especially in continuous cultivated lands.
Jatropha-based alley cropping system’s contribution to carbon sequestrationInnspub Net
The study was conducted to evaluate the total carbon stocks sequestered in a Jatropha – based alley cropping system treated with varying fertilizer applications. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The alley was planted with corn in two seasons Treatments include control (no fertilizer), organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer applied to the alley crops. Findings showed that the treatments with fertilizer applications had higher carbon stock in the jatropha hedges. The carbon content of the corn stover was also higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied treatments. However, highest soil carbon content was shown in treatments applied with organic fertilizer (4.28 Ton ha-1). The inorganic fertilizer treatment had the lowest soil carbon content with a mean of 4.28 Ton ha-1. In terms of total carbon stock of the entire jatropha-based alley cropping system, there was a significant difference among treatments with organic fertilizer application having the highest mean of 7.79 Ton ha-1 while the inorganic treated plots had 6.53 Ton ha-1. The no fertilizer treatment had the least carbon stocks with 6.53 Ton ha-1. This recent study revealed that the jatropha-based alley cropping system is a potential land-use for carbon sequestration. This farming system needs to be promoted in upland areas to function not only as soil and water conservation measures but also as a possible remedy for global warming. Get the Abstract and full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/jatropha-based-alley-cropping-systems-contribution-to-carbon-sequestration/
Soil - Plant Nutrient Correlation Analysis of Maize Varieties at the Guinea S...IJEABJ
Field trials were conducted during the rainy season of 2008 and 2009 at the Institute for Agricultural Research farm in Samaru (110 11’ N, 70 38’E) within the northern Guinea savanna ecological zone of Nigeria to evaluate correlation relationships among soil, yield and yield quality of maize varieties. The objectives of the study are to correlate among soil, grain yield and grain composition. The treatments consisted of four rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150kgNha-1), two rates of micronutrients (0, cocktail mixtures) Cu, Fe, Zn, B and Mo and four maize varieties SAMMAZ 14, SUSUMA (QPM), SAMMAZ 11 and SAMMAZ 12 (normal maize) which gave a total of thirty-two (32) treatments. There was basal application of 60kgha-1P and 60kgha-1K. These treatments were tested in a randomized complete block design with three replications with a total of 96 plots respectively. The fertilizer treatments were factorially combined. Significant correlations were obtained between grain parameters and other yield parameters such as Stover (r= 0.669, P < 0.05); 1000grain weight (r= 0.617, P < 0.05); crude proteins (r= 0.364, P< 0.05) and total nitrogen in grain (r =0.993, P < 0.05). Grain yield also increased as soil pH (r =0.26, P < 0.01); TN (r =0.19, P < 0.01); Calcium (r =0.17, P <0.05); Zn (r =0.24, P < 0.01); Cu (r =0.31, P < 0.01) and B (r =0.49, P <0.05) increased while it decreased as crude protein (-0.39, P<0.05) of the grain decreased.
Residual sludge that results from the treatment of malt house effluents produced during the malting of barley in malt house (Argentina) was evaluated to determine its fertilising potential and capability for improving soil as a way to reuse or recycle this material. The Cabildo soil (Southwest of Buenos Aires Province), of the typic Argiustoll subgroup had a sandy clay-loam texture and was tested in this field experiments. This soil plots (4 m 2) were amended with equivalent malting sludges doses of 5, 15, and 25 Mg/ha. When biosolids, like malting sludges, are incorporated as an amendment, many micronutrients are provided. Chemical properties of the soil, particularly the pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), were improved. Dactylis glomerata L. were utilised as growing crop (forage) in this field test, productivity (Dry matter) and quality (protein %) gave results following 0,205 kg/m 2 and 11.94 % at control in comparison with 0,4 kg/m 2 and 15.15 % of amended soil. Calcium concentration in grasses was significantly different for control (4651 mg/kg-1) in comparison with high sludge dose (8907 mg/kg-1), the same trend was found with micronutrients like Copper and Molybdenum. This result from field test indicate that this residual sludge constitutes a suitable amendment for agricultural soils, increasing quality and productivity of Dactylis glomerata L and improving several soil properties.
Variability in the physicochemical properties of soils of different land uses form from the same lithology was studied. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 – 20 cm) and subsurface (20 – 40 cm) depths from three land use namely fallow land, continuous cultivated land and mechanic village land. The soils were air dried, sieved with 2 mm sieve and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Relationship between selected soil properties were determined using correlation analysis. Results showed that the textures of the studied soils were not affected by land use practices. Bulk density increased with increase in depth with fallow land recoding the lowest values of 0.86 g/cm3 (0.-20 cm depth) and 1.06 g/cm3 (20 – 40 cm depth). Land use types significantly (P = 0.05) affected soil chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable cations with the highest values recorded in fallow land, followed by palm plantation and the least was continuous cultivated land. There were slight variations among soil properties in the three land use types studied. Significant positive and negative correlations existed and some soil properties. Good soil management practices such as organic fertilization, zero tillage and mulching is recommended especially in continuous cultivated lands.
Phosphorus recycling is a emerging problem in organic farming due to deterioration of rock phosphate sources from earth. There is a need for usage of alternative sources for P requirement by knowing their environmental impacts.
Development and rainfed paddy soils potency derived from lacustrine material ...NurdinUng
Rainfed paddy soils that are derived from lacustrine and include of E4 agroclimatic zone have many unique properties and potentially for paddy and corn plantations. This sreseach was aimed to: (1) study the soil development of
rainfed paddy soils derived from lacustrine and (2) evaluate rainfed paddy soils potency for paddy and corn in Paguyaman. Soil samples were taken from three profiles according to toposequent, and they were analyzed in laboratory. Data were analyzed with descriptive-quantitative analysis. Furthermore, assessment on rainfed paddy soils potency was conducted with land suitability analysis using parametric approach. Results indicate that all pedon had evolved with B horizons structurization. However, pedon located on the summit slope was more developed and intensely weathered than those of the shoulder and foot slopes.The main pedogenesis in all pedons were through
elluviation, illuviation, lessivage, pedoturbation, and gleization processes. The main factors of pedogenesis were climate, age (time) and topography factors. Therefore, P1 pedons are classified as Ustic Endoaquerts, fine, smectitic,
isohypertermic; P2 as Vertic Endoaquepts, fine, smectitic, isohypertermic; and P3 as Vertic Epiaquepts, fine, smectitic,
isohypertermic. Based on the potentials of the land, the highest of land suitability class (LSC) of land utilization type (LUT) local paddy was highly suitable (S1), while the lowest one was not suitable with nutrient availability as the limiting factor (Nna). The highest LCS of paddy-corn LUT was marginally suitable with water availability as the limiting factor (S3wa), while the lower LSC was not suitable with nutrient availabily as the limiting factor (Nna).
Effect of crop residue management on soil qualityRAJESWARI DAS
Crop residue management is very important for environmental safety as well as agricultural sustainability. Hence this presentation is dealing with various crop residue management options especially in rice based cropping system and its effect on soil quality.
Effect of organic and inorganic amendments for enhancing health of ravinous s...Harihar8
The experiment will be conducted in earthen pots ( medium size ) and the amendments will be applied to each pot as per treatment there will be 12 treatment in three replications and there will be 36 pots in all. The soil of ravines will be filled ( 7.5 kg ) will be incubated at field moisture content for one month to complete the soil reaction / decomposition. After one month the seeds (10) of testing crop (oat) will be placed and after harvest of the crop soil will be analyzed for different physio-chemical properties.
Protection of soil from the loss of organic carbon by taking into account ero...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Sergio Saia, from CREA – Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Valorization of shea caterpillar droppings (Cirina butyrospermi Vuillet) in t...Innspub Net
Works on park lands show that shea tree is a widespread species in the fields in Burkina Faso. There are caterpillars which are rich in proteins and throw out important quantity of dejection on the soil surface. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of droppings produced by caterpillars and their chemical quality in Koumbia area. The amount of dejection was determined on small plots and expressed as amount of dry matter (DM). Chemical analyzes have focused on the major elements (C, N, P and K). Our results show an average production of 19.34 kg for an average area of 68.47 m2 under a shea tree. We also observe that the production of caterpillar droppings is a function of the shea trees density and fluctuate between 440 and 3 775 kg ha-1. The data of chemical analyzes show that caterpillar droppings have high content of carbon (477.7 g kg-1) and nitrogen (10.8 g kg-1) and low content of phosphorus (0.3 g kg-1) and potassium (0.9 g kg-1). The amounts of C and N that caterpillar droppings are likely to bring, show that they can cover between 56 and 484 % of annual loss of soil C and fully compensate exports N of major crops (cotton, maize, sorghum) of the study area. The valorization of caterpillar droppings is therefore a way of ecological management of soil fertility of shea parks. However, the C/N (44) of caterpillar droppings suggests further agronomic investigations.
Growth and yield of rice plant by the applications of river sand, coconut and...NurdinUng
The research aimed to study effect the application of river sand (RS), coconut coir (CC), and banana coir (BC) on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Ustic Endoaquert. The research was carried out in a green house using 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design. The RS factor consists of three treatment levels which were 0% RS, 25% RS, and 50% RS. Meanwhile, the CC and BC consist of three treatment levels, where each level were 0 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1 and 20 Mg ha-1. The results showed that RS, CC and BC applications did not have significant effect on plant height. On the other hand, all ameliorant applications had significantly increase leaf length and the highest percentage increasing was in BC (13.49%). The leaf numbers and tiller numbers had relatively similar pattern, except BC that had significantly increased leaf numbers by 77.69% and amount of tiller numbers by 49.45%. Furthermore, for yield components, RS, CC and BC applications had significant increased panicle numbers by 37.76%. It was only RS and BC that increased panicle lenght and the best increasing of 26.82% on RS. Meanwhile, the BC application only increased the rice grain numbers.
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
Effect application of sea sand, coconut and banana coir on the growth and yie...NurdinUng
The research was aimed to study effect application of sea sand (SS), coconut coir (CC) and banana coir (BC) on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted at Ustic Endoaquert soil. The pot experiment was carried out using a factorial design with 3 factors. The first factor was SS consisted of three levels i.e.: 0%, 25%, and 50%. The second and third factors were CC and BC, each consisted of three levels i.e.: 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1. Application of SS and BC significantly increased leaf length where the highest increasing percentage was 16.47% which was achieved at 25% SS application. Their effect on leaf numbers and tiller numbers were relatively not similar pattern where leaf number only increased about 65.52% by BC application, while tiller numbers only increased about 10.77% by SS application. Furthermore, the application of CC and BC significantly increased panicle numbers to 29.53% and 29.05%, respectively compared to control. All ameliorants significantly increased panicle numbers, but the best was CC with the increasing up to 46.49% at 20 Mg ha-1 CC compared to SS or BC application. However, only coconut coir significantly increased the rice grain numbers.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.14
ABSTRACT- The physico-chemical properties of four lands use types in Akokwa of Ideato North, Imo State, Nigeria
were determined. The land use patterns were fallow land (FL), cassava continuously cultivated land (CL), Oil palm
plantation (OPL) and Yam plot (YL). Composite samples were collected from various depths (0 -15 cm, 15 – 30 cm,
30 – 45 cm) across these land use patterns and analyzed in the laboratory. Data generated were subjected to analysis of
variance. Results obtained showed significant difference (P≤0.05) in soil bulk density, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen
(TN), available phosphorus (Av. P) and ECEC across the four land use types. The bulk density value was highest at
30 – 45 cm depth by CL (1.93 g/cm3), followed by YL (1.89 g/cm3), OPL (1.70 g/cm3) and FL (1.68 g/cm3). The TN
content of the soil was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (0.25%) while the lowest was found in the CL plot (0.03%).
The soil Av. P content was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (9.63 mg/kg) while the lowest value was obtained in CL
plot (1.16 mg/kg). The values of OC at the depths of 0 – 15 cm, 15 – 30 cm and 30 – 45 cm in the FL (1.03%, 0.49%.
0.45%) were found to be significantly different (P≤0.05) from the CL (0.39%, 0.15%, 0.13%) land use type. Results
obtained showed that different land use types have varying effects on soil physical and chemical properties. The fallow
land had on the surface (0 – 15 cm) the highest content of soil chemical properties and lowest bulk density. Therefore,
farmers may periodically fallow their lands to build up organic matter, stabilize soil aggregates, improves nutrient cycles
for sustainable productivity.
Key-words- Land use, Soil chemical properties, Bulk density, Fallow land, Cassava land, Yam land, Oil palm land
Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Penetration towards the Head of the Handölan Valle...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— With a climate-change perspective, this study focuses on the recent history and performance of the much separated pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tree and forest lines in a mountain valley in the southern Swedish Scandes. Historical records define quite accurately these “lines” by the early 20th century and mid-1970s. Their subsequent dynamic performances have been surveyed up to the present day. Both lines are currently positioned within the subalpine mountain birch forest belt (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii). Consequently, their past, present and future changes rely on the evolution of the birch forest matrix. Between the early 20th century and the mid-1970s, the position of the pine forest- and tree lines remained fairly stable. Conspicuously, the forest line population densified in accord with early-20th century climate warming, although with a stagnant position. In great contrast, the tree line, i.e. scattered solitary, fast-growing and vigorous trees, has shifted up-valley 135 m through the birch forest belt to a position about 12 km south of the position by the mid-1970s. It is hypothesized that the vast separation of forest- and tree line relates to the presence of the subalpine birch forest belt. This contention is supported by vigorous growth of outlier pine trees, predominantly in birch forest gaps and a treeline gradually rising towards the south in the valley. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that, with present-day climatic conditions, the potential pine forest line is much south (and higher) of its present position within the competing birch forest belt. In the case of future climate warming, this forest range is anticipated to be realized. That would be a return to the situation during the early- and mid- Holocene, when pine dominated the upper tree line ecotone and the birch belt was poorly developed.
The Link between the User´s Health and Deficiencies in the Physical Indoor En...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this project we study a school building where users for many years have complained about health problems. The symptoms reported are often nonspecific and are also common among the population in general, such as headache, fatigue, mucosal and skin problems. The purpose of this project is to investigate whether physical deficiencies in the indoor environment can be identified by measurements that can be linked to the health problems that users complain about. The starting point is to use a working model that not only seek damages in the building itself as the cause of the problems, but considering all polluting factors affecting the air environment. The measurement results, both the survey and the study of the physical measurements, show that there are problems with the air environment in the school building. The study shows that a link has been identified, that is the physical measurements show deficiencies in the air environment that is directly linked to the health problems that users complain about. Through a program of action a significant improvement of the indoor environment has been achieved, since the unhealthy emissions have been eliminated. Dry air prevails most of the year in the school building, below 40% and periodically below 20%. The cause of the dry air, are the air flows that the ventilation system creates. In Sweden the authorities pose far-reaching demands on the ventilation flow, causing technological systems installed to create these air flows. This would however go beyond the framework of this project.
Pen Farming in A Small River: Its Impact on Fish Production and Economic Cond...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Present study was conducted in the river Chota Bhagirathi in Malda district of West Bengal to assess the productivity of fish-pens and its impact on economic condition of the pen farmers. Fifteen pen farmers were selected for the study and their age ranged from 25-40 yrs. Among them 53.33% were 31-35 yrs old and 33.33% were within 36-40 yrs. Individual pen farming area varied from 3.0 ha to > 6.0 ha in the river Chota Bhagirathi. According to the size, pens were categorized into three groups: small pen (3.0-4.5 ha), medium pen (4.6-6.0 ha) and big pen (> 6.0 ha). Small pen farmers contributed 40.00%, medium pens 33.33% and big pens 26.67% of the total pen farming area in the river. The lease amount of pens varied according to pen area. Maximum fish production achieved from P1 (3281 kg/ha/year), P7 (3333 kg/ha/year), P8 (3444 kg/ha/year), P9 (3225 kg/ha/year) and P10 (3279 kg/ha/year) compared with other pens. P1 (Rs. 1,14,474 ha/year) earned highest profit and P8 (Rs. 1,06,771 ha/year) was second highest among 15 pens. Among the selected pen farmers, 73.33% were from non-fisherman community and only 26.67% from original fisherman folk.
Phosphorus recycling is a emerging problem in organic farming due to deterioration of rock phosphate sources from earth. There is a need for usage of alternative sources for P requirement by knowing their environmental impacts.
Development and rainfed paddy soils potency derived from lacustrine material ...NurdinUng
Rainfed paddy soils that are derived from lacustrine and include of E4 agroclimatic zone have many unique properties and potentially for paddy and corn plantations. This sreseach was aimed to: (1) study the soil development of
rainfed paddy soils derived from lacustrine and (2) evaluate rainfed paddy soils potency for paddy and corn in Paguyaman. Soil samples were taken from three profiles according to toposequent, and they were analyzed in laboratory. Data were analyzed with descriptive-quantitative analysis. Furthermore, assessment on rainfed paddy soils potency was conducted with land suitability analysis using parametric approach. Results indicate that all pedon had evolved with B horizons structurization. However, pedon located on the summit slope was more developed and intensely weathered than those of the shoulder and foot slopes.The main pedogenesis in all pedons were through
elluviation, illuviation, lessivage, pedoturbation, and gleization processes. The main factors of pedogenesis were climate, age (time) and topography factors. Therefore, P1 pedons are classified as Ustic Endoaquerts, fine, smectitic,
isohypertermic; P2 as Vertic Endoaquepts, fine, smectitic, isohypertermic; and P3 as Vertic Epiaquepts, fine, smectitic,
isohypertermic. Based on the potentials of the land, the highest of land suitability class (LSC) of land utilization type (LUT) local paddy was highly suitable (S1), while the lowest one was not suitable with nutrient availability as the limiting factor (Nna). The highest LCS of paddy-corn LUT was marginally suitable with water availability as the limiting factor (S3wa), while the lower LSC was not suitable with nutrient availabily as the limiting factor (Nna).
Effect of crop residue management on soil qualityRAJESWARI DAS
Crop residue management is very important for environmental safety as well as agricultural sustainability. Hence this presentation is dealing with various crop residue management options especially in rice based cropping system and its effect on soil quality.
Effect of organic and inorganic amendments for enhancing health of ravinous s...Harihar8
The experiment will be conducted in earthen pots ( medium size ) and the amendments will be applied to each pot as per treatment there will be 12 treatment in three replications and there will be 36 pots in all. The soil of ravines will be filled ( 7.5 kg ) will be incubated at field moisture content for one month to complete the soil reaction / decomposition. After one month the seeds (10) of testing crop (oat) will be placed and after harvest of the crop soil will be analyzed for different physio-chemical properties.
Protection of soil from the loss of organic carbon by taking into account ero...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Sergio Saia, from CREA – Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Valorization of shea caterpillar droppings (Cirina butyrospermi Vuillet) in t...Innspub Net
Works on park lands show that shea tree is a widespread species in the fields in Burkina Faso. There are caterpillars which are rich in proteins and throw out important quantity of dejection on the soil surface. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of droppings produced by caterpillars and their chemical quality in Koumbia area. The amount of dejection was determined on small plots and expressed as amount of dry matter (DM). Chemical analyzes have focused on the major elements (C, N, P and K). Our results show an average production of 19.34 kg for an average area of 68.47 m2 under a shea tree. We also observe that the production of caterpillar droppings is a function of the shea trees density and fluctuate between 440 and 3 775 kg ha-1. The data of chemical analyzes show that caterpillar droppings have high content of carbon (477.7 g kg-1) and nitrogen (10.8 g kg-1) and low content of phosphorus (0.3 g kg-1) and potassium (0.9 g kg-1). The amounts of C and N that caterpillar droppings are likely to bring, show that they can cover between 56 and 484 % of annual loss of soil C and fully compensate exports N of major crops (cotton, maize, sorghum) of the study area. The valorization of caterpillar droppings is therefore a way of ecological management of soil fertility of shea parks. However, the C/N (44) of caterpillar droppings suggests further agronomic investigations.
Growth and yield of rice plant by the applications of river sand, coconut and...NurdinUng
The research aimed to study effect the application of river sand (RS), coconut coir (CC), and banana coir (BC) on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Ustic Endoaquert. The research was carried out in a green house using 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design. The RS factor consists of three treatment levels which were 0% RS, 25% RS, and 50% RS. Meanwhile, the CC and BC consist of three treatment levels, where each level were 0 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1 and 20 Mg ha-1. The results showed that RS, CC and BC applications did not have significant effect on plant height. On the other hand, all ameliorant applications had significantly increase leaf length and the highest percentage increasing was in BC (13.49%). The leaf numbers and tiller numbers had relatively similar pattern, except BC that had significantly increased leaf numbers by 77.69% and amount of tiller numbers by 49.45%. Furthermore, for yield components, RS, CC and BC applications had significant increased panicle numbers by 37.76%. It was only RS and BC that increased panicle lenght and the best increasing of 26.82% on RS. Meanwhile, the BC application only increased the rice grain numbers.
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
Effect application of sea sand, coconut and banana coir on the growth and yie...NurdinUng
The research was aimed to study effect application of sea sand (SS), coconut coir (CC) and banana coir (BC) on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted at Ustic Endoaquert soil. The pot experiment was carried out using a factorial design with 3 factors. The first factor was SS consisted of three levels i.e.: 0%, 25%, and 50%. The second and third factors were CC and BC, each consisted of three levels i.e.: 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1. Application of SS and BC significantly increased leaf length where the highest increasing percentage was 16.47% which was achieved at 25% SS application. Their effect on leaf numbers and tiller numbers were relatively not similar pattern where leaf number only increased about 65.52% by BC application, while tiller numbers only increased about 10.77% by SS application. Furthermore, the application of CC and BC significantly increased panicle numbers to 29.53% and 29.05%, respectively compared to control. All ameliorants significantly increased panicle numbers, but the best was CC with the increasing up to 46.49% at 20 Mg ha-1 CC compared to SS or BC application. However, only coconut coir significantly increased the rice grain numbers.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.14
ABSTRACT- The physico-chemical properties of four lands use types in Akokwa of Ideato North, Imo State, Nigeria
were determined. The land use patterns were fallow land (FL), cassava continuously cultivated land (CL), Oil palm
plantation (OPL) and Yam plot (YL). Composite samples were collected from various depths (0 -15 cm, 15 – 30 cm,
30 – 45 cm) across these land use patterns and analyzed in the laboratory. Data generated were subjected to analysis of
variance. Results obtained showed significant difference (P≤0.05) in soil bulk density, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen
(TN), available phosphorus (Av. P) and ECEC across the four land use types. The bulk density value was highest at
30 – 45 cm depth by CL (1.93 g/cm3), followed by YL (1.89 g/cm3), OPL (1.70 g/cm3) and FL (1.68 g/cm3). The TN
content of the soil was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (0.25%) while the lowest was found in the CL plot (0.03%).
The soil Av. P content was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (9.63 mg/kg) while the lowest value was obtained in CL
plot (1.16 mg/kg). The values of OC at the depths of 0 – 15 cm, 15 – 30 cm and 30 – 45 cm in the FL (1.03%, 0.49%.
0.45%) were found to be significantly different (P≤0.05) from the CL (0.39%, 0.15%, 0.13%) land use type. Results
obtained showed that different land use types have varying effects on soil physical and chemical properties. The fallow
land had on the surface (0 – 15 cm) the highest content of soil chemical properties and lowest bulk density. Therefore,
farmers may periodically fallow their lands to build up organic matter, stabilize soil aggregates, improves nutrient cycles
for sustainable productivity.
Key-words- Land use, Soil chemical properties, Bulk density, Fallow land, Cassava land, Yam land, Oil palm land
Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Penetration towards the Head of the Handölan Valle...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— With a climate-change perspective, this study focuses on the recent history and performance of the much separated pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tree and forest lines in a mountain valley in the southern Swedish Scandes. Historical records define quite accurately these “lines” by the early 20th century and mid-1970s. Their subsequent dynamic performances have been surveyed up to the present day. Both lines are currently positioned within the subalpine mountain birch forest belt (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii). Consequently, their past, present and future changes rely on the evolution of the birch forest matrix. Between the early 20th century and the mid-1970s, the position of the pine forest- and tree lines remained fairly stable. Conspicuously, the forest line population densified in accord with early-20th century climate warming, although with a stagnant position. In great contrast, the tree line, i.e. scattered solitary, fast-growing and vigorous trees, has shifted up-valley 135 m through the birch forest belt to a position about 12 km south of the position by the mid-1970s. It is hypothesized that the vast separation of forest- and tree line relates to the presence of the subalpine birch forest belt. This contention is supported by vigorous growth of outlier pine trees, predominantly in birch forest gaps and a treeline gradually rising towards the south in the valley. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that, with present-day climatic conditions, the potential pine forest line is much south (and higher) of its present position within the competing birch forest belt. In the case of future climate warming, this forest range is anticipated to be realized. That would be a return to the situation during the early- and mid- Holocene, when pine dominated the upper tree line ecotone and the birch belt was poorly developed.
The Link between the User´s Health and Deficiencies in the Physical Indoor En...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this project we study a school building where users for many years have complained about health problems. The symptoms reported are often nonspecific and are also common among the population in general, such as headache, fatigue, mucosal and skin problems. The purpose of this project is to investigate whether physical deficiencies in the indoor environment can be identified by measurements that can be linked to the health problems that users complain about. The starting point is to use a working model that not only seek damages in the building itself as the cause of the problems, but considering all polluting factors affecting the air environment. The measurement results, both the survey and the study of the physical measurements, show that there are problems with the air environment in the school building. The study shows that a link has been identified, that is the physical measurements show deficiencies in the air environment that is directly linked to the health problems that users complain about. Through a program of action a significant improvement of the indoor environment has been achieved, since the unhealthy emissions have been eliminated. Dry air prevails most of the year in the school building, below 40% and periodically below 20%. The cause of the dry air, are the air flows that the ventilation system creates. In Sweden the authorities pose far-reaching demands on the ventilation flow, causing technological systems installed to create these air flows. This would however go beyond the framework of this project.
Pen Farming in A Small River: Its Impact on Fish Production and Economic Cond...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Present study was conducted in the river Chota Bhagirathi in Malda district of West Bengal to assess the productivity of fish-pens and its impact on economic condition of the pen farmers. Fifteen pen farmers were selected for the study and their age ranged from 25-40 yrs. Among them 53.33% were 31-35 yrs old and 33.33% were within 36-40 yrs. Individual pen farming area varied from 3.0 ha to > 6.0 ha in the river Chota Bhagirathi. According to the size, pens were categorized into three groups: small pen (3.0-4.5 ha), medium pen (4.6-6.0 ha) and big pen (> 6.0 ha). Small pen farmers contributed 40.00%, medium pens 33.33% and big pens 26.67% of the total pen farming area in the river. The lease amount of pens varied according to pen area. Maximum fish production achieved from P1 (3281 kg/ha/year), P7 (3333 kg/ha/year), P8 (3444 kg/ha/year), P9 (3225 kg/ha/year) and P10 (3279 kg/ha/year) compared with other pens. P1 (Rs. 1,14,474 ha/year) earned highest profit and P8 (Rs. 1,06,771 ha/year) was second highest among 15 pens. Among the selected pen farmers, 73.33% were from non-fisherman community and only 26.67% from original fisherman folk.
Sulfentrazone and Flumetsulam herbicides caused DNA damage and Instability in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Boral 500® (sulfentrazone as active ingredient) and Scorpion® (flumetsulam as active ingredient) are herbicides widely used in Brazil´s soybean crops. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classificated them as non-carcinogenic and no mutagenic, but literature shows that often this classification is misguided. Allium cepa assay was chosen to evaluate these herbicides, once it analyzes the frequency of micronuclei (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and the mitotic index (MI). Four concentrations of each herbicide (50, 75, 100 and 125 %) were tested in triplicate using distilled water (negative control) and methyl methanesulfonate (positive control) as controls. Three experimental repetitions were realized. Boral 500® showed a higher MI in all concentrations, and higher CA and MN in the 75%, 100% and 125% concentration, with no recovery. Scorpion® showed a higher MI, CA and MN in 100% and 125% concentration, with recovery only for MI and CA. Both herbicides showed mutagenic damage and increased proliferative capacity in Allium cepa. So on, these herbicides should be revaluated as mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for responsible agencies.
Abstract— Thermally Simulated Depolarization Current measurement is an excellent but not widely used method for identifying relaxation processes in polymers. The TSDC method is used here to analyze the molecular movements in biopolymers. Differential Scanning Calorimetry is a technique used to measure thermal properties of polymers based on the rate at which they absorb heat energy compared to a reference material. The two techniques take advantage of the energy changes involved in the various phase transitions of certain polymer molecules. This allows for several properties of the material to be ascertained; melting points, enthalpies of melting, crystallization temperatures, glass transition temperatures and degradation temperatures. The examined biopolymer films are made from biological materials such as proteins and polysaccharides. These materials have gained wide usage in pharmaceutical, medical and food areas. The uses of biopolymer films depend on their structure and mechanical properties. This work is based on three types of alginate, and gelatin films. The films were prepared by casting. The casting technique used aqueous solutions in each case of sample preparation. The manufacturing process of the sodium alginate and gelatin films was a single stage solving process, and for the calcium alginate and alginic acid have a chemical reaction process.
Effect of temperature on biodegradation of textile dyeing effluent using pilo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the effect of temperature on treatment of real textile dyeing effluent using pilot scale two-phase Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor with sago effluent as co-substrate under recycle mode. The temperature of the reactor was varied viz. 35, 40, 45 and 50 0C. The feed of the reactor was 30% of methanogenic outlet recycled and 70% of 70/30 (sago/textile dyeing effluent) mixing ratio were given at the bottom of the reactor. The reactor was operated at 24 h of HRT. The performance of the bioreactor was evaluated by monitoring the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), removal of color, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and biogas production. The overall COD and color removal were achieved maximum of 98.4% and 99.3% respectively. Based on temperature, the biogas production (0.512 m3/d) was maximum at 450C. From the VFA and alkalinity ratio values obtained indicate that the reactors were operated under steady state. The results shows, that the sago and textile dyeing effluent have wide variation in their characteristics were treated on combination, whereas the recycle ratios maintain the stability of reactor. This new technology supports the effective utilization of sago effluent in destruction of dyeing effluent; the optimum temperature for efficient reactor operation was 450C.
Characterization of Solid Silicone Fertilizer Produced by Hydrothermal Proces...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Wastes from agriculture or sewage systems have several properties, such as huge volume, high humidity, and high organic compositions. According to the past studied, sugarcane exocarp, peanut shells and rice husk contain high silicon content. Chemical conversion of biomass feedstock will enhance usage and provide value to agricultural waste. In this research, we applied hydrothermal carbonization to rice husk waste biomass to produce silicon-doped biochar carbon material. From SEM/SEX, FT-IR and XRD results, The silicon content of the synthesized carbon materials changed with increase in carbonization temperature. In addition, the averaged silicon content in carbon material was found:sugarcane exocarp to be 3.27wt %, peanut shells to be 3.01wt %, rice husks to be 7.26wt %. The silicon content of synthesized carbon materials changed with the carbonization temperature. It was speculated that due to silicon content of rice husk, peanut shells and sugarcane exocarp, Raw materials dissolve into reaction water bath and might have bonded to the surface of carbide whilst in hydrothermal carbonization processes. Silicon content of agriculture wastes through hydrothermal carbonization was found to be feasible for the production of silicon-doped Biochars carbon materials. It is suggested that this method be used for recycling of high carbon content waste material for the production of carbon materials. Recycled silicon doped biochars can be used as a base fertilizer for growing vegetables, organic soil conditioner, and also improve the added value of agriculture. Silicon containing biomasses are feasible methods for the recovery and recycling and processing of agricultural waste. Therefore, this study using agricultural waste sugarcane exocarp, peanut shells and rice husk raw carbon silicon fertilizer raw materials production, cultivation hypokalemia, hyponatremia high silicon vegetables Accord research of patients with hyperkalemia (kidney disease).
Induction of Alternaria blight resistance using in vivo and in vitro mediated...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Rapeseed-mustard crops in general, show low average productivity due to the prevalence of various biotic and abiotic stresses. Among biotic stresses, Alternaria blight caused by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. is an important and a widespread destructive disease. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate Alternaria blight resistant mutants in the susceptible variety ‘Jayanti’ of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) using in vivo and in vitro mutagenic techniques. Dry and uniform coloured seeds were mutagenised by gamma rays (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110kR) in 60Co gamma cell and Ethyl Methyl Sulphonate (EMS, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%). About 46 mutants in M2 generation were isolated which showed segregation for Alternaria brassicae resistance. Ten mutants showed very less sporulation intensity along with less halo and concentric ring diameter. Screening of different mutagenised population under Alternaria-sick plots resulted in the isolation of two mutants viz., P(4)2 in 80kR and P13 in 100kR doses exhibiting moderate resistance/tolerance (PDI <25.0 %, scale 2) compared to the parental check ‘Jayanti’. The resistance of theses mutants was further confirmed by in vitro studies using cultural filtrate and detached leaf techniques. The Alternaria blight tolerant mutants also exhibited dwarfness and earliness in comparison to parental variety while the yield potential of both tolerant mutants remained at par with the checks used in the study. Thus, the induced mutagenesis through irradiation and EMS treatments could be effectively used for the induction of Alternaria blight tolerance and the isolated mutants can be the potential genetic stocks for breeding Ethiopian mustard lines with tolerance to Alternaria blight coupled with earliness and dwarfness.
Study on Distribution of Microbial and Diazotrophic Azotobacter Population in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The current scenario encounters the steady demand of food supply and the application of fertilizer is become an indispensable in modern agriculture. Hence, the present study is focused on distribution of microbial and diazotrophic Azotobacter population in rhizosphere soil sample. Total microbial population viz, bacteria, fungi, actiomycetes and diazotrophic Azotobacter were enumerated from five different rhizosphere soil samples and compared the distribution of diazotrophic Azotobacter with other three microbial groups. The results of enumeration of total microbial population reveals that comparatively the bacterial population found to be higher followed by Azotobacter population in various rhizosphere soil. Based on the predominant growth, five Azotobacter strains (one isolate from each sample) were isolated and authenticated through morphological and biochemical characteristics.
Prevalence of pathogens and microbiological quality of milk marketed in the r...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Current study evaluates the sanitary quality and the presence of pathogens of crudeand processed bovine milk samples. Fifty-five samples from five municipalities in the Recôncavo da Bahia region were analyzed between May and July 2015. Psichrotrophic, mesophilic and thermophile rates were counted by depth plating method in standard agar; HiCrome ™ selective ECC was employed to quantify total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli O157: H7 was identified with fast method Singlepath®- E. coli O157. Staphylococcus aureuspopulation was estimated with Petrifilm ™ plates and Listeria monocytogeneswas identified by Singlepath L'Mono® kit. There was a greater contamination and presence of pathogens in the raw milk when compared to processed milk. However, total coliformswere detected in 14.28 %,Escherichia coliin 7.14 % and Escherichia coli O157: H7 in 2.04 % of processed milk. The enforcement by authorities against the illegal sale of raw milk and the monitoring of steps in milk production up to marketing should be mandatory.
Nutritive compounds from leaves of Moringa oleifera L. and beans of Vigna ung...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - The nutritive compounds of the shoots of Borassus aethiopum M. consumed in Côte d'Ivoire is not yet revealed whereas popularization of this plant’s basis food recipes is planned. The current study investigates the nutritive parameters of new shoots of Borassus aethiopum M., leaves of Moringa oleifera L. and beans of Vigna unguiculata W. in order to improve their valorization. Initially, samples of Palmyra are processed into meal, while powders are produced from those of Moringa and Cowpea. Then, seven nutritive traits performed from these derived products allow comparison of the studied food resources. The work showed a great divergence (P<.01) between the samples relating to the whole parameters. Thus, the leaflets powder of Moringa is more provided in ash (4.19±.05 g/100 g), lipids (8.35±.01 g/100 g) and fibers (5.74±.01 g/100 g) than samples resulting from Cowpea and Palmyra. On the other hand, the powder of Cowpea beans highlights the greatest proteins content (27.24±.13 g/100 g); whereas the meal deriving from shoots of Palmyra represents the most significant source of carbohydrates, either fermented (84.10±.11 g/100 g) or unfermented (83.79±.10 g/100 g). The meal of Palmyra is also richer in soluble sugars (5.19±.01 to 5.23±.01 g/100 g), moister (9.90±.03% to 10.03±.04%) and has the most significant caloric energy value (315.03±.10 to 315.41±.10 kcal/100 g).
The new shoots tubers, leaves and beans of respective Palmyra, Cowpea and Moringa plants are with diverse nutritive composition. Their uses in composite food formulations could contribute in preservation of the biodiversity, to ensure food safety for populations and to address the poverty and wilderness concerns.
Potential of Entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis as Plant Growth Promotin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Bacillus thuringiensis has been used as an effective bioinsecticide because it produces the proteins Cry and Cyt, which are highly toxic to insects in certain situations. However, recently, B. thuringiensis was used as a biological control agent that can suppress plant disease. In this study, the antagonistic activities of B. thuringiensisAS17 japonensisand AS18 kurstaki against the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) were examined using a dual culture technique. Furthermore, B. thuringiensis strains suppressed the development of wilt symptoms caused by FOL in tomato plants. After inoculating six strains of B. thuringiensis suspension following inoculation of FOL, the development of wilt symptoms became less than control, especially with B. thuringiensisAS17 japonensis and AS20 CR371-H. Furthermore, we proved that B. thuringiensis strains are plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that can promote plant growth. Seed germination and shoot elongation were promoted by treating the tomato seeds with a bacterial culture filtrate and a bacterial suspension.
Abstract— This research focuses primarily on the causes, consequences and ways of mitigating the ongoing fresh water pollution problems among Akure communities. Surface water quality of River Ala, which cut across the town of Akure was assessed and three locations (3) were chosen spatially to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities capable of changing the quality of river water. Water samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and it was observed that variations exists in the quality of the sampled waters and impaired to different degrees using WHO drinking water standards for the selected parameters. Leo road (Ala 3) has the highest dissolved solids, which shows that the dumping of waste to the water bodies might have caused the higher occurrence; the PH was low in Ala 3 and high in Ala 1 (Oke-Ijebu) with 6.9 and 7.4 respectively. The water is coloured, total alkalinity total hardness, iron and turbidity were found to be above the WHO standard, therefore not suitable for domestic use.
Determination of 8-Hydroxy-2 Deoxyguanosine in Pseudomonas Fluorescens Freeze...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Oxidative DNA damage is involved in the f cell death induced by freeze-dried powder during storage. Cell 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is widely accepted as a biomarker of the “freeze-dried bacteria” oxidative DNA damage. The aim of this study was to introduce a method for determination 8-oxodG in cell freeze-dried samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In the tested range of 0.5 µmol L-1 to 1.0 nmol L-1, the calibration curve was linear (r2=0.9995) and the limit of detection was 0.05 µmol L-1. The used method did not allow highlighting the presence in the samples of the 8OH within the limits of detection. A more successful method (more sensitive) would be needed to detect possibly the 8OH.
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Poverty Status of Farmers In Kabba/Bunu Loc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Poverty as a scourge is multi-dimensional in scope and needs concerted efforts to resolve. The study focused on the effect of yam-based farming on poverty status of farmer in Kabba/Bunu Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Kogi State, Nigeria.
Specifically, the objectives were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of yam farmers in the study area, determine the effects of yam-based farming on their economic status, examine their level of poverty and examine the determinants of poverty status. Data for the study was obtained from a well-structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents selected from the study area. Data analysis was done using simple descriptive statistics, poverty line analysis and logit model, the hypothesis was tested using t-test statistics.
The results showed that without income from yam production 68.5% of the respondents were below the poverty line while 31.5% of the respondents were above poverty line. But with yam production, the annual income of the respondents significantly scaled up (P < 0.05) with the proportion of the poor and non-poor being 29% and 71% respectively: Respondent perceived benefits derivable from yam-based production at (mean ≥ 3.00); were absence of hunger in the households (mean ≤ 4.42); affording better medical services (mean 4.26); ability to pay school fees (mean = 4.07) and payment of house rents (mean 3.44) among others. Finally, the results also revealed that three variable in the logit regression model were significant in explaining variation in the poverty status of the farming households. These are farm size, income from yam-based production and non-farming activities. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business and youth should be empowered in rural areas for farming.
Effect of fly ash on Crop Production around coal-fired thermal power plant in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The fly ash emitting from Kolaghat thermal power plant (KTPP), India, is affecting the crop production in the vicinity of power plant. Use of NPK fertilizers for cereal crops has increased by 0-50% in the surrounding area (<4km)><4km)><4km)><4km) of KTPP. Site-specific crop adaptation, resources management, organic farming and good agricultural practices can nourish the agricultural sustainability and improve the socio-economic status in the affected area of coal-fired thermal power plant in rural India.
Abstract— The aim of the present investigation was to assess the suitability of textile mill effluent (TME) (untreated) at different concentrations (Control, 2.5, 5, 15, 25, 50 75, and 100%) for irrigation purposes. Effect of textile mill effluent on seed germination, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, number of leaves, total leaf area, number of root nodules and pigments of chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll of cow pea was studied at 15th DAS of seedlings. All morphological growth parameters, pigment contents, were found to increase at 5% textile mill effluent concentration and it decreased from 10% effluent concentration onwards. So these results reflect that the textile mill effluent is toxic to crop and it can be used for irrigation purpose after a proper treatment with appropriate dilution.
Interspecific Variation in Salt Tolerance of Some Acacia Species at Seed Germ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Germination of seeds from six Acacia species was evaluated under salt stresses using five treatment levels: 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400mM of NaCl. Corrected germination rate (GC), germination rate index (GRI) and mean germination time (MGT) were recorded during 10 days. The results indicate that germination was significantly reduced in all species with the increase in NaCl concentrations. However, significant interspecific variation for salt tolerance was observed. The greatest variability in tolerance was observed at moderate salt stress (200 mM of NaCl) and the decrease in germination seems to be more accentuated in A. cyanophylla and A. cyclops. Although, A. raddiana, remains the most interesting, it preserved the highest percentage (GC = 80%) and velocity of germination in all species studied in this work, even in the high salt levels. This species exhibits a particular adaptability to salt environment, at least at this stage in the life cycle, and could be recommended for plantation establishment in salt affected areas. On the other hand, when ungerminated seeds were transferred from NaCl treatments to distilled water, they recovered largely their germination without a lag period, and with high speed. This indicated that the germination inhibition was related to a reversible osmotic stress that induced dormancy rather than specific ion toxicity.
Waste Management of Temple Floral offerings by Vermicomposting and its effect...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The safe and environmentally harmonious management of solid wastes becomes a major issue in many cities of developing nations .Enormous production of solid wastes coupled with poor management system, results in a significant environmental degradation..In India at most of the religious places a huge tonnage of solid waste is generated largely during functions, worships, ceremonies and festivals. The quantity of flower waste generated by few major temples of Jaipur city was assessed. In present study different proportions of mixture of cattle dung and floral wastes were taken and performed vermicomposting process using Eisenia foetida earth worm species. The bioconversion ratio i.e., waste into vermicompost was found to be high in 50:50 and 60:40 proportion. Soil was kept as control throughout the study. After Vermicomposting process analysis of various physical and chemical parameters was done. It was found that 25◦C temperature, 8.0 pH, 1-2mm particle size , 60% moisture content, black colour, odourless,0.88 bulk density were optimum parameters. Vermicomposting resulted in lowering of EC, C: N ratio, C : P ratio and increase in nitrogen, phosphorus , potassium , Calcium , Magnesium and sulfur. In the pot culture studies of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants (using prepared floral waste vermicompost as fertilizer) various growth parameters like mean stem diameter, mean plant height, mean leaf number, mean length of roots, yield/plant showed good enhancement of growth .The results indicate that integrated effect of all the nutrients present in flower waste vermicompost results in the increased growth and yield of tomato plants and also played a crucial role in improving soil properties, as compared to control. Thus, vermicomposting of temple flower waste is an excellent and ecofriendly method to get valuable products which will lead to a healthier and waste free environment.
PhD research presentation at the workshop of the Climate Food and Farming Network, Dec. 2-4 at Aarhus University, Foulum. The Climate Food and Farming Network is an initiative of Copenhagen U., Aarhus U., and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
Green waste compost with wood ash additive improves physico-chemical and biol...AI Publications
A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste wood ash compost on a tropical acid soil. Four types of compost (prepared with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of wood ash prior composting) were used to amend an Oxisol from the centre region of Cameroon. The different composts were mixed with the soil in 1/4 proportions (w/w); the experimental design was a completely randomized block with three replicates per treatment. The different treatments were planted with soybean (Glycine max L.) for three month growing period. Compost amendment increased the soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Bacterial and fungal biomass together with cellulase and protease activities also increased in amended soil. Following soil chemical, physical and chemical parameters, plant growth and yield also improved in compost treated sols. However, compost prepared with 15% wood ash additive showed trends of inhibition of the soil microbiota. It can be concluded that green waste wood ash compost could be used as a suitable soil fertilizer for tropical acid soils, although precautions are to be taken when using these composts prepared with addition of wood ash ≥ 15%.
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Miguel Taboada, from INTA - Argentina, in FAO Hq, Rome
2 ijhaf dec-2017-3-effect of biochar issued fromAI Publications
Cassava is an important food crop cultivated (75%) by smallholder farmers. However, yields are very low and rarely exceed 17tons/ha-1. A study was carried out at Nkolbisson in the humid forest zone (HFZ) of Cameroon to assess the effect of three types of biochar issued from Cassava (CSb), Ricehusk (RHb), and Corncob (CCb) on the root yield of variety 8034 cassava cultivated along a soil fertility gradient. The biochars were produced using an Elsa pyrolysis technology with carbonisation time of 50-58mins and temperature ranging from 400-6500C. Twelve 8m2 plots were constructed in three sites from the higher elevated, moderately elevated and flat fields.The biochars were applied at 20t.ha-1in three replicationsin a completely randomized design.Results showed that the biochars were high in nutrients containing 4.17-18.15g.kg-1 N, 22.26-42.51 mg.kg-1 P, 2.48-4.18 cmol.kg-1 K and pH (H2O: 7.78-10.81) and were significantly higher than the no-input soil containing 0.79g.kg-1 N, 7.41mg.kg-1 P, 1.42 cmol.kg-1 K and pH (5.68). Cassava root yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in RHb plots (23.22 t.ha-1) than CCb (20.53 t.ha-1), CSb (18.67 t.ha-1) and the no-input soil (16.13 t.ha-1). The addition of biochar particularly RHb, increasednutrient uptake in cassava leaves and roots compared with theno-input soil. The study concludes that biochars with higher N, Pand K content tend to increase cassava root yield and suggestsincreasing the quantity of biochar to 40t/ha-1or continuous application in combination with other farming options such as poultry manure, compost or mineral fertilizer tomaximize cassava productivity given the benefits of biochar.
Climate change mitigation and agricultural development scenarios for the high plains of Eastern Colombia
Poster presented at the 3rd Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpellier.
Read more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/3rd-global-science-conference-%E2%80%9Cclimate-smart-agriculture-2015%E2%80%9D#.VRurLUesXX4
Limiting factors for pasture and cereal production in marginal soils of the s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Typical soils of Southwestern Buenos Aires Province were evaluated to determine quality and capability for cereal and forage production having in mind potential improvements due to amendment with organic residual from agroindustrial wastes process. Studied soils from Mollisol order were, Argiudoll and Argiustol suborder, of marginal area of Pampa Argentina. The organic matter content of those soils corresponded to weakly humic soils which shows the transition from the Pampas zone to the semi-arid zone and indicates a major limiting factor. Granulometric analyses were similar, with a sandy loam texture for the Tres Arroyos soil and a borderline sandy silt loam for the Cabildo soil. Anycase the results were below the limit that indicates salinity problems. Low availability of essential micronutrient like Copper and Molibdenum were another limiting factor of the Tres Arroyos soil, where the cultivation of winter grains, such as wheat and barley is very important for regional economy. The availability of the micronutrients Zn and Cu are strongly dependent on the soil pH; therefore, the more alkaline the conditions (such as for the Cabildo soil), as a limiting factor mainly for cereals sensitive to Cinc deficiencies like maize and sorghum. Soils from this marginal areas of the Pampas (Argentina), could be improved with respect to the factors that limit soil quality and productivity.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
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Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
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Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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Impact of Agricultural Management on Quality of Soil, Carbon Storage and Carbon Stratification
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Page | 93
Impact of Agricultural Management on Quality of Soil, Carbon
Storage and Carbon Stratification
Paulino VT1
, Teixeira EMC2
, Lucena MAC3
, Miguel ANV4
, Duarte KMR5
1,3,5
Institute of Animal Science IZ, Agricultural Secretary - APTA, Nova Odessa-SP, Brazil
2,4
Post-graduated Student, IZ, Brazil Animal Sustabainable Production, Institute of Animal Science, Brazil
Abstract— The aim of this study was to characterize the carbon storage - Ec (Mg ha-1
), carbon stratification ratio, carbon
management index (CMI) in various systems use and management: a) Native forest (NF), b) improved pasture of Tanzania
grass (TIP), c) degraded pasture of Tanzania grass (DP), d) hay area (H) with Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria sp) and e) Corn
crop conventionally cultivated for 10 years (CTC). The experiment was conducted at Institute of Animal Science, at
Sertaozinho, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates. The Ec, in Mg ha-1
,
adjusted variations in soil density, related to changes in land use were for native forest (112.9), improved pasture (81.6),
system of conventional maize (78.2), field of hay (75.1) and degraded pasture (66.5). The highest values of carbon
stratification (SR) were the forest (1.98), and lower in degraded pasture and conventional maize (1.10) - are considered poor
in quality, while the improved pasture (1.28) and the area of hay (1.23 ) of media quality and while the forest considered
great quality. For the different systems of use and management, low CMI values indicate a loss of soil quality related to
native forest (100%), the values obtained in improved pasture (58%) indicate that there is potential for advances in the soil
quality, adjusting grazing management and fertilization of annual replacement.
Keywords— Carbon management index, Carbon stratification ratio, Organic carbon.
I. INTRODUCTION
The different systems of agricultural exploration can change the deposition of plant residues on the soil and may increase or
decrease carbon storage in the soil, acting either as a source or a drain for carbon into the atmosphere (Cerri et al., 2009). The
adopted management system acts directly on the amount of carbon in the soil. Intensive soil tilling as used in conventional
agriculture enhances losses by erosion and causes macro aggregates to break into smaller units and favors the exposure of the
labile fraction of organic matter oxidants, causing its mineralization. This system also exposes residues to microbial action
and attacks by their enzymes, resulting in an increase of CO2 emissions (Bruce et al., 1999; Six et al., 1999).
Changes in land use may increase the losses of stored carbon, which may be bigger than its sequestration. The conversion of
grasslands into crop production causes losses in stored carbon varying from 14% to 33% (Soussana et al., 2010).
Furthermore the deposition of pasture residues, predominantly dead leaves, stems and roots with high C: N ratio represent an
average time of permanency usually long for the carbon stored in the soil, and grasslands can be considered overall as a
carbon sink (Goudriaan, 1992). A FAO report (2010) presents pastures (native and cultivated) as the second largest potential
sink of global carbon sequestration (C), with ability to drain 1.7 billion tons of C per year from the atmosphere, followed by
forests, whose estimated capacity reaches 2 billion tons of C per year. Brazil, with about 197 million ha of pastures, stands as
the country with the largest capacity for contribute to mitigating global warming through biological carbon sequestration
(Braga, 2006; Corsi and Goulart, 2006), by recovering degraded areas, using a crop-livestock integrated system.
Common examples of change in the land use are forests turned into pastures for grazing or into conventionally cultivated
crops. The conversion of forests into pastures with adequate management can enhance carbon storage, but if pastures were
poorly managed it will induce C losses; however the conversion of native vegetation to conventional agriculture invariably
reduces C stocks (Carvalho, 2010).
The use of appropriate management grazing practices, especially the replacement of soil fertility, enables the accumulation of
C in the soil at a rate of 0.3 t of C. ha-1
. year - 1
, which corresponds approximately to the mitigation of 1 t of CO2 equivalent
ha-1
year-1
. This value, quite conservative, would be enough to nullify approximately 80% of the annual emission of methane
from an adult beef cattle, estimated at 57 kg which is equivalent to 1.42 tons of CO2 (57 kg CH4 . year-1
x 25 potential global
warming gas = 1.42 t CO2-eq) (Machado et al., 2011).
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Page | 94
The quantification of C stocks in the soil can point out the most appropriate land use and which can be more efficient and
environmental-friendly. The different uses for grasslands (improved pastures, hay areas, corn silage areas) could be used to
partially mitigate greenhouse gas emissions on ranches that raise beef cattle. The variations in labile and recalcitrant fractions
of organic matter change with alterations in land use. The labile fraction is highly sensitive to changes in management, and
represents an important nutrient reservoir, releasing them in the short term for plants, as well as energy and C to
microorganisms in the soil (Conte et al., 2011; Silva et a.l, 2011). Moreover, recalcitrant fractions, especially humic
substances, act as regulators of chemical and biological soil and plant processes (Loss et al., 2010) and are important to the
sequestration of atmospheric C (Mendonça and Silva, 2007). Carbon Management Index (CMI) can be used as an indicator
of the quality of soil management, enabling its evaluation, whether the quality of the soil is improving or not: higher CMI
values indicate soil of higher quality (Blair et al. 1995; Campos et al, 2011). IMC can be used to measure changes in soil
organic matter, and considers aspects of labile organic matter, making it possible to compare the changes that occur in total
organic C and labile C indifferent land use systems (Loss et al., 2011).
The stratification ratio of carbon (SR) is the ratio between the stock of soil organic carbon in two distinct layers, the surface
usually with strong influence of soil management practices, and the adjacent layer, which is less affected by agricultural
operations (Franzluebbers, 2002). Higher SR values suggest better soil quality. The values of SR in degraded soils of
temperate climates are usually less than 2.0. For tropical soils studies relating SR and retention of organic matter and soil
quality are rare.
The objective In this study was to evaluate changes in carbon stocks, as well as in the carbon management index, in an
Eutroferric Red Latosol soil under different land use and several management systems: Forest, artificial degraded pasture
with Panicum sp. var. Tanzania, improved artificial pasture with Panicum sp. cv. Tanzania, hay area, and conventionally
managed corn crop in the municipality of Sertaozinho, at São Paulo State, Brazil.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1 Study area
The study was conducted at the Institute of Animal Science - IZ, Agencia Paulista de Tecnologia do Agronegocio (APTA) at
Advanced Technology Research Center of Agribusiness Beef Cattle (21 10' S, 48 5' W) in the municipality of Sertaozinho,
Sao Paulo State (Brazil). The climate is tropical humid -Aw - Köppen-Geiger, with an average annual temperature of 24 C
and average annual rainfall of 1,312 mm (Figure 1).
2.2 Treatments and Experimental Design
The land uses were: a) Native forest (NF), b) improved pasture of Tanzania grass (TIP), c) degraded pasture of Tanzania
grass (DP), d) hay area with Brachiaria sp. (H) and e) Corn crop conventionally cultivated for 10 years (CTC). The
historical of these areas are presented in Table 1.
The experimental period was from October 2008 to March 2010. The experimental design was a randomized block design,
with five replicates per treatment. For each land use every division was made searching its “homogeneity”; to provide better
control the samples were taking in pairs in each situation. The areas within each system had the same topographical and
edaphoclimatic conditions, differing only in land use. Samples were taken in the trenches at the depth of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm,
10-20 cm, 20-30 cm and 30-40 cm for measurements of organic carbon in each different land use and soil management
system. For evaluation of soil density, three undisturbed samples were collected in each system and depth (0-5, 5-10, 10-20,
20-30 and 30-40 cm), with the aid of a 100 cm3
volumetric ring, according to EMBRAPA (1997). In the corn areas, sampling
was performed after the grain harvest. In all systems of land use and management, the plant residues were removed from the
soil surface before the samples were collected.
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Page | 95
FIGURE 1. LONG-TERM MONTHLY MEANS OF PRECIPITATION (BARS) AND TEMPERATURE (LINE +
SYMBOL)) AT THE INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SERTAOZINHO (SÃO PAULO
STATE, BRAZIL).
2.3 Soil Analysis
The soils of the experimental areas were classified as Eutroferric Red Latosol (EMBRAPA 1999) clayey, and had the
following composition: grading 70.1% clay, 10.0% fine sand, 0.16% coarse sand and 18.0% silt. Soils collected were
characterized physically and chemically. Each replicate consisted of three sampling points for each treatment at the layers of
0 to 20 cm (Table 2).
TABLE 1
HISTORICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE STUDIED SITES: NATIVE FOREST (NF), IMPROVED PASTURE
(TIP), DEGRADED PASTURE (DP), FIELD HAYING (H) AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE CORN (CTC), STORY OF
LAND USE ON EUTROFERRIC RED LATOSOL, SERTAOZINHO (SP).
Use systems History soil areas
Native Forest (NF)
Reserve Augusto RUSCHI – transition between the biomes Atlantic Forest and
Savannah Atlantic forest, aged 100 years, away from the savannah biome by 800
meters.
Tanzania improved pasture
(IP)
Field seeded with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, 20 years old under semi-
intensive grazing and use 0.7 to 1.2 animal unit per hectare per year and soil fertility
management. Initial annual dose of 200 kg of fertilizer formula 00-20-00 and
topdressing with 300 kg per ha of formula 20-00-20 and a second topdressing
with300 kg per ha of formula 20-05-20.
Degraded pasture with Tanzania (DP)
Field seeded with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, established 20 years ago with
no defined management and without soil fertility management.
Field haying (H)
Field seeded with Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. Ex A. Rich.) RD Webster,
established 20 years ago, cutting hay annually, without nutrient reposition, but for
the last two years, when was annually top dressed with 300 kg per ha of formula
20-00-20.
Conventional tillage corn (CTC)
Field in conventional tillage for 10 years. Base fertilization with 300 kg per ha of
formula 08-28-16 and top dressed with 300 kg per ha of formula 20-00-20.
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Page | 96
TABLE 2
ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR SOIL CHARACTERIZATION UNDER DIFFERENT LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS AT THE MUNICIPALITY OF SERTAOZINHO (SP).
Systems/Layers pH OM P K Ca Mg H+Al T V Ds
cm g kg-1
mg dm-3
_______mmolc Kg-1
_______ % kg dm-3
DP
0-5 4.5 43 4 1.2 5 5 64 75.2 14.9 1.35
5-10 4.3 33 21 0.8 7 4 80 91.8 12.9 1.35
10-20 4.2 32 16 0.9 6 4 85 95.9 11.4 1.31
IP
0-5 5.9 39 18 8.9 44 14 25 91.9 72.8 1.35
5-10 6.3 39 13 5.8 61 17 25 109 77.0 1.35
10-20 5.7 37 13 17 45 15 25 102 75.5 1.29
H
0-5 4.7 49 4 1.5 12 7 52 72.5 28.3 1.16
5-10 4.4 35 20 0.7 3 2 58 63.7 8.9 1.33
10-20 4.2 30 6 0.7 2 2 59 63.7 7.4 1.23
CTC
0-5 5.9 38 13 5.8 43 14 28 90.8 69.2 1.37
5-10 5.5 40 9 3.6 29 11 42 85.6 50.9 1.31
10-20 5.4 37 8 2.7 26 10 41 79.7 48.6 1.28
NF
0-5 6.4 73 6 4.8 12 3,4 90 110 18.3 1.01
5-10 4.7 41 9 1.8 24 11 88 125 29.5 1.22
10-20 4.9 38 9 1.9 25 10 90 127 29.1 1.21
Systems: DP - degraded pasture, IP – Tanzania improved pasture, H – Hay Field, CTC – conventional tillage corn
and NF – native forest. OM organic matter; T cation exchange capacity and base saturation V soil, soil density Ds
The samples were air-dried, homogenized, grounded and screened through a 100 mesh sieve and analyzed by dry combustion
(Nelson and Sommers, 1996) in the elemental analyzer LECO CN 2000 in the Laboratory for Environmental
Biogeochemistry (CENA-USP). The content of total C was determined by dry combustion in the elemental analyzer LECO
CN-2000. The isotopic ratio 13
C / 12
C in the soils of the pasture areas was obtained from the release of CO2 due to
combustion at 550° C of the soil sample, separated by gas chromatography and continuous flow determined in the mass
spectrometer Finnigan Delta Plus.
C stocks were calculated from the values of C and the values of the density of soil and soil layers (Equation 1) (Bernoux et
al., 1998).
E = Ds.h.C (Equation 1), where E is the carbon stock of the soil (Mg ha-1
); Ds, soil density; h, thickness of the sampled layer;
and C, the carbon content of the soil.
Because the samples were collected from the established layers, the calculation of inventory needed to be adjusted due to
variations in soil density after the change in land use. Therefore, the methodology described by Ellert & Bettany (1996) and
Moraes et al. (1996) was used to adjust the soil carbon to an equivalent soil mass, according to the calculations presented in
Sisti et al. (2004) (Equation 2).
Ec = Σn-iE + {[Mai - (ΣnMa - ΣnMr)] Ti}(2), where Ec is the corrected C stock by soil mass (Mg ha-1
); Σn-iE, the sum of the
stocks of layers without the last sampled layer; Mai, the soil mass of the last layer of sampled soil ; ΣnMa, the sum of the
total mass of sampled soil; ΣnMr, the sum of the mass of soil reference; and Ti, the content of C in the last sampled layers.
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Page | 97
After correcting the C stocks by the mass of soil sampled, it was possible to determine the annual rate of accumulation of C
in the soil, which was estimated based on changes in C stocks over time (Equation 3).
T C = (Ctx - Cti) / t (3), where TC is the rate of change of C stocks in the soil (Mg ha-1
yr-1
); Ctx, the stock of C in the final
time (Mg ha-1
); CTi, the C stock at the initial time (Mg ha-1
); and t, time (years).
The stratification ratio of carbon (SR) was calculated as proposed by Franzluebbers (2002): SR = Carbon Stocks in the
surface layer in (0 - 0.10m) / carbon stock in the adjacent layer (0.10 to 0.20 m).
The determination of the labile C (LC) was carried out on 1 g of soil screened in a sieve with a mesh of 0.210 mm, mixed in
a 50 mL centrifuge tube along with 25 ml of KMnO4 (0.033 mol L-1
). The solution was stirred horizontally at 130 rpm for
one hour and centrifuged at 960 g for five minutes. 100 uL of the supernatant was pipetted into test tubes of 10 ml of distilled
water. Samples were read in a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 565 nm, and the standard curve determined by LC
(Shang and Tiessen, 1997). The non-labile (CNL) was determined by the difference between the total organic carbon and C
labile.
The native forest was adopted as the reference system, and the Carbon Pool Index (CPI) was calculated as: CPI = cultivated
COT / COT reference. Based on changes in the proportion of CL (CL = lability / CNL) in the soil, we calculated the index of
lability (IL) IL = L grown / L reference. These two values were used to calculate the Carbon Management Index (CMI)
obtained with the equation: CMI =ICC x IL x 100, according to the methodology proposed by Blair et al., (1995).
2.4 Statistical analysis
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to detect differences among the studied areas. Because they are arranged in
different sampling sites, the means were compared using the test for multiple comparisons, Student-Newman-Keuls test -
SNK (p <0.05). The Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS (2010) program.
Analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis) was used to detect Significant Differences among treatments. The means were
statistically separated using the Student Newman-Keuls test (p <0.05).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The carbon content of the soil decreased (P <0.05) with increasing sampled depth for the areas under native vegetation,
pasture, conventional corn and hay area (Table 3). It was observed that the surface layers have the higher values, since there
is a tendency of accumulation of plant material on the soil surface. On the areas of conventional crop corn and hay field, the
adoption of a management that keeps the crop residues and any voluntary plant growth during the winter fallow,
incorporating everything into the soil just before a new crop is seeded (in the case of corn) or maintain a healthy root system
through cutting the aerial parts of the plants (as is the case for the hay field) resulted in carbon content in those treatments
slightly above the amount considered minimum and critical to the quality of the soils, which is 20.0 g kg-1
.
TABLE 3
CARBON CONTENT (G KG-1) IN DIFFERENT LAYERS OF SAMPLED SOILS UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS AT SERTAOZINHO – SP.
Layers
(cm)
Degraded
pasture (DP)
Conventional tillage
corn (CTC )
Hay field
(H)
Tanzania improved
pasture (IP)
Native
forest1
(NF)
0 – 10 22.1aB 22.7 aB 24.4 aB 22.8 aB 33.1 aA
10 – 20 15.5 bcA 19.2 abA 15.1 cA 18.8 bA 23.8 bA
20 – 30 12.2 cA 17.0 bA 14.0 cdA 16.3 cA 24.9 bA
30 – 40 12.4 cA 9.8 cA 11.1 dA 9.0 dA 18.3 cA
CV (%) 12.3 11.9 14.2 13.2 12.9
1
Biological Reserve Augusto RUSCHI – Atlantic forest biome in transition to cerrado. CV = coefficient of variation.
Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p < 0.05, with capital letters in the line comparing
systems and the lowercase letters in the columns comparing depths.
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Page | 98
The different land uses have no significant differences (P <0.05) in all layers except on the surface layer (0-10 cm) where
native forest had a higher carbon content. The organic matter in the surface layers bring as a result a significant effect on
nutrient cycling, aggregation, microbial activity, movement and storage of water and gas exchange with the atmosphere
(Cerri et al., 2009).
Our results are consistent with studies conducted by Oliveira et al. (2004) and Paulino et al. (2014b) which observed values
of organic matter that were significantly higher in surface layers in comparison to deeper layers. Kemper and Kock (1966)
indicated that many soils in the Western United States and Canada suffered significant decline in structural stability when the
soil organic carbon (SOC) was below 20 g kg-1
. Nevertheless, this value of 20 g kg-1
SOC (equivalent to ca. 34 g kg-1
organic
matter) is a critical threshold of soil quality. In tropical soils the organic matter have a faster turnover than temperate soils,
due to enhanced decomposition under the higher moisture and temperature regime of the tropics . Six et al. (2002) Paul &
Clark (1989) attributed the soil C increase subjected to more conservation tillage systems, similar to pasture, to two main
factors: 1) physical protection of the organic compounds against microbial decomposition, favored by the C occlusion in the
soil aggregates; and 2) chemical protection of organic compounds through their interaction with minerals and cations, which
hinders their decomposition. Soil organic matter values varying from 15.7 to 48.8 g kg-1
were described by several authors in
tropical conditions Siqueira Neto et al. (2010) and Trinidade et al (2007). The strategy of amending and fertilizing in
established pastures increased the amount of organic matter, mainly in the surface layers.
Carbon stocks in the soil were higher in native forest (112.9 Mg C ha-1
), followed by those of improved pasture (81.6 Mg C
ha-1
) mainly due to the input of organic matter on the soil surface (Table 4). When litter is kept as a soil cover in the forest ,
without burning or plowing preventing oxidation of organic matter, the microorganisms in the soil decompose organic
matter to an equilibrium, since decomposition is offset by fallen leaves, branches etc.
The average soil carbon stocks in the 0-40 cm layer in native forest cultivated in Atlantic forest biome (soil clayey with high
fertility) was superior to those reported by Perrin et al., (2014) in Amazonia Forest biome (soil sandy with low fertility).
Quesada et al. (2014) estimated that carbon stocks in the 0 – 2m soil depth correspondent to the more frequent range of
values (100-200 Mg ha-1
) in Amazonia. The values of carbon stocks in the conventional corn system, of 78.2 Mg C ha-1
is
related to the historic of the area, which was formerly a degraded pasture and was prepared for planting corn plowing and
harrowing; It was used fertilizer at a rate of 300 kg / ha of NPK formula 08-28-16 at seeding and 300 kg / ha of 20-00-20 in
topdressing; after harvest all plant material was incorporated into the soil. With regard to the pasture studied it was found a
smaller carbon stock (EC) in degraded pastures, pastures of Tanzania and in the hay field with Urochloa due to less return of
plant material to the soil in those areas, leading to lower values on carbon stocks.
TABLE 4
CARBON STOCK (MG HA-1) IN DIFFERENT LAYERS OF SAMPLED SOILS UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS AT SERTAOZINHO - SP.
Layers
(cm)
Degraded
pasture (DP)
Conventional tillage
corn (CTC )
Hay field
(H)
Tanzania
improved
pasture (IP)
Native
forest1
(NF)
0 – 10 23.1aB 22.2 cB 25.1 aB 27.0 aB 48.8 aA
10 – 20 16.8 bA 20.5 bA 20.7 bA 21.0 bA 23.8 bA
20 – 30 14.4 cBC 18.4 bAB 17.2 bC 17.9 cAB 24.5 bA
30 – 40 12.2 cA 16.8 cB 12.1 aB 15.7 cA 15.8 cB
Total stock 66.5 D 78.2 B 75.1 C 81.6 B 112.9 A
CV (%) 12.4 13.4 14.2 13.2 11.2
1
Biological Reserve Augusto RUSCHI – Atlantic forest biome in transition to Cerrado. CV = coefficient of variation.
Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p < 0.05 with capital letters in the line comparing
systems and the lowercase letters in the columns comparing depths. Differences were considered significant at P <
0.05.
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Page | 99
Grasses are important to increasing the storage and / or sequestration of carbon, especially in tropical areas where these
species are more resistant to degradation because of a higher fiber content (Carvalho et al., 2010), as long as there is no
limitations on the fertility of the soil for a high vegetal mass productivity, a fact that just happened on improved fertilized
pasture, when the vegetal residues and especially the root systems present continuous renovation and high rhizosphere effect.
Several studies with pastures in different soil management at Brazil presented values from 40.7 to 75.1 Mg ha-1
(Paulino et
al., 2014a). These data corroborate D`Andréa et al. (2004) who worked with Urochloa.
Considering the total carbon stock in soil organic matter and that 1.0 ton of C is equivalent to 3.6 tons of CO (IPCC, 2007)
and comparing the degraded pasture, the conventional cultivated corn area, and the hay area with the improved pasture, there
were emissions or no sequestering of CO2 of 54.4, 12.2 and 23.4 Mg ha-1
, respectively. On the other hand, comparing the
different land uses: Tanzania grass in degraded pasture, hay field with Urochloa brizantha, conventional cultivated corn,
and improved pasture area, with the values of the forest – savanna transition biome (used as the reference value and / or
higher value of carbon stock) it was observed total values of 167.4; 136.4; 125.3 and 113.0 Mg ha-1
of CO2 emitted or not
sequestered respectively.
The total area of cultivated pastures in Brazil is about 150 million ha, with most of them presenting signs of early
degradation mainly due to the lack of fertilization. The recovery of 15 million hectares or 10% of the area of degraded
pasture with the use of lime and fertilizer and the implementing of a crop-livestock integration system in 4 million hectares
would increase the average stock rate from 0.4 AU ha-1
to 3.0 AU ha-1
with a conventional tillage corn a significant effect on
the beef and dairy cattle herds without the need to open new areas for ranching or farming. In addition it would expand the
potential mitigation of greenhouse gases in the range of 100 and 125 million Mega grams of CO2 equivalent, ensuring
conservation of soil, water and wildlife (Moraes et al., 2012). It was verified that the management of fertilizer on the farm at
Sertaozinho increased the productivity of the pasture, increased vegetal residues and hence carbon storage, especially in
comparison to degraded pasture with the improved one.
The losses (%) of carbon stored in the soil to the atmosphere for the different land uses systems that replace the native forest,
to the depth of up to 40 cm, were 41.1%; 33.5%; 30.7% and 27.7 % for the degraded pasture of Tanzania grass, the hay field,
the conventional cultivated corn and the improved pasture, respectively. These values were higher than those obtained by
Houghton (2005a) that found values for losses in carbon stock between 12-25% on degraded pastures and improved pastures
replacing native forests.
Productive alternatives may become interesting if the environmental cost were added to the traditional model of agriculture,
and are feasible in the proposed new development models, such as agro forestry (SAF) and crop-livestock integration.
However, both the storage capacity, and the sequestering are compromised with the exchange of the original vegetation by
agropastoril systems (Lindoso, 2009).
The comparison of the land uses showed the biggest values of labile carbon stocks (CL) in the forest (21.9 Mg ha-1
),
followed by improved pasture and hay field with 11.7 to 9.4 Mg ha-1
respectively. The corn system and degraded pasture had
stocks of CL of 8.4 and 5.3 Mg ha-1
, either similar or lower than the others. The largest differences occurred on the stock in
the topsoil, where the native forest had higher levels of labile carbon. There was a decrease in CL stocks with depth; only in
improved pastures stocks remained higher below 10 cm and were higher than the degraded pasture or conventional cultivated
corn (Figure 2). The average values of labile organic C were 8; 11; 13; 16 and 22%, for the degraded pasture, conventional
cultivated corn, hay field, improved pastures and native forest, respectively. In aerated soils under subtropical climate, this
labile fraction of OM is usually 10-20% of the stock of organic C (Bayer, 2006; Vieira et al., 2007).
Regarding the stratification ratio of carbon (SR) the highest values were found in native forest (1.98) and the lowest in
degraded pasture and conventional cultivated corn (1.10). The SR has a linear relationship with the soil quality index. The
critical values for tropical soils are not well known yet, but a value of 1.5 has previously been reported for subtropical soils
(Lal, 2010 and Canalli et al., 2010). Canalli et al., (2010) evaluating the quality of management in areas of no-till, suggested
that in systems with low quality management and SR values <1.0 in soils, turning conventional tillage to no-till would bring
SR values from 1.0 to 1.2. If the no-till system was used to its optimal it would increase SR from 1.2 to 1.5 and in a high
quality soil SR would reach values > 1.5. In this study and using this criterion, degraded pasture, and conventional cultivated
corn would be considered of poor quality, while the improved pasture area and hay field of good quality and forest would be
considered of excellent quality (Figure 2). Franzuebbers (2010) reports the high SR directly gives the soil a higher superficial
quality, increasing water infiltration in the soil layer, the aggregates stability and retention of nutrients.
8. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Page | 100
FIGURE 2: STRATIFICATION CARBON RATE (C STOCK IN THE SURFACE LAYER 0 - 0.10M / CARBON STOCK
IN THE ADJACENT LAYER 0.10 TO 0.20 M) FOR THE DIFFERENT LAND USES: DEGRADED PASTURE (DP),
IMPROVED PASTURE (IP), HAYING (H), CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE CORN (CTC) AND NATIVE FOREST (NF).
The carbon management index (CMI) values for the different land use systems shown that the native forest had a higher CMI
and it was used as the reference value = 100, which decreased significantly in improved pasture (58%) and even more in
degraded pasture (23%), while for the hay field and conventional tillage corn CMI values were in between the improved and
degraded pastures, with 44% and 40%, respectively (Figure 3). Higher CMI values were related to higher deposition of plant
residues in the soil, providing carbon sequestration; otherwise inadequate management determines lower CMI (Portugal et
al., 2008). These results highlight the importance of labile carbon in evaluations of CMI, where forest and improved pasture
showed higher values than the degraded pasture.
FIGURE 3: CARBON MANAGEMENT INDEX - CMI FOR THE DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEMS AND SOIL
MANAGEMENT: DEGRADED PASTURE (DP), IMPROVED PASTURE (IP), HAYING (H), CONVENTIONAL
TILLAGE CORN (CTC) AND NATIVE FOREST (NF), AT SERTAOZINHO (SP).
According to Moraes et al., (2012) the recovery of 15 million hectares or 10% of the area of degraded pasture, only by using
fertilizers and the crop-livestock integration, would increase the stock rate average in several Brazilian regions to about 3 AU
ha-1
, with significant effect on the beef and dairy cattle herds, without the need for opening new areas for agriculture or
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
DP IP H CTC NF
0 – 10 cm
10 – 20 cm
20 -30 cm
30 - 40 cm
Carbon management index – CMI
9. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Page | 101
livestock production. In addition, it would expand the potential mitigation of greenhouse gases in the range of 100 and 125
million Mega grams of CO2 equivalent, also ensuring conservation of soil, water and wildlife.
The use of varieties of cultivated grasses such as Urochloa sp. and Panicum second Thornton and Herrero (2010) are good
from the standpoint of reduction of GHS emissions per unit of production since, besides allowing an increase in the number
of animals in comparison to native pastures, are able o sequester atmospheric carbon, incorporating it into the soil because of
the abundance of the root system.
Carvalho et al. (2010) observed that the conversion of native forest to pasture can cause the removal of atmospheric CO2, but
the magnitude of this removal occurs differently depending on soil fertility and the use or not of inputs. In that study, the
authors found that non-degraded cultivated pastures, maintained in fertile soils showed an accumulation of carbon
(accumulation of 0.46 Mg C ha-1
yr-1
), while the cultivated pastures in soils of low fertility had lost carbon, depending on the
degree of degradation (losing from 0.15 to 1.53 Mg C ha-1
yr-1
, in the non-degraded and degraded pastures, respectively).
Soil organic carbon stock and its change with time and depth are key indicators of agricultural productivity potential and
environmental health. This is because soil organic matter is a reservoir of biologically derived nutrients, a mediator of soil
structural development, and a regulator of nutrient flux to the atmosphere and to receiving water streams. Perennial
agricultural systems of pastures and woodlands often contain greater soil organic carbon than annually cultivated cropping
systems (Paulino et al., 2014b and Franzluebbers, 2015).
On the other hand, the conversion of these non-degraded pastures in agriculture (soy or sorghum) released on average 1.44
Mg C ha-1
yr-1
to the atmosphere. In the same study, it appears that the crop-livestock integration system, however,
sequestered atmospheric C, with accumulation rates ranging from 0.82 to 2.58 Mg ha-1
yr-1
, with the accumulation rate
depending on the crop, weather, and for how long the area is already in the system (Carvalho et al., 2010).
Pasture fertilization and integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems are recommended as best practice to replace nutrients to the
soil while the investment can be covered by the sale of grain. Literature relates that pasture carrying capacity increases from
0.5 AU (450 kg LW) ha-1
under degraded condition to 2.5 AU ha-1
in ICL. The improved pasture production and to increases
soil C stocks, but the impact of the system on N2O and CH4 emissions should also be accounted for. With the respective
stocking rates it was possible to estimate emissions on a per hectare basis. Carcass production (CWE) was 43 % higher with
the ICL system compared to the degraded conditions. The area required to rear the herd under ICL was 80 % lower. The C-
footprint for 1 kg CWE was reduced by approximately 45 %. The C accumulated in the soil and wood/tree biomass would
help to compensate emissions for about 10 to 20 years (Alves et al., 2015).
IV. CONCLUSION
A land use systems and the soil management decreased the carbon inventory in comparison to native forest.
The areas used as hay fields, conventional corn crop and degraded pastures showed lower carbon management index (CMI)
values which indicates lost of soil quality in comparison to native forest.
The use of fertilizers and adequate management recovered pastures which presented expressive increase in carbon
accumulation and enhanced the CMI.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Institute of Animal Science ( IZ/APTA-SAA) for support provided by this research.
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