The document discusses Swine Flu in pregnancy. It begins with an introduction defining Swine Flu and noting its spread globally. It then covers the epidemiology of the H1N1 virus, including transmission, incubation period, communicability and seasonality. It defines suspected, probable and confirmed cases and lists populations at highest risk of severe illness, including pregnant women. It discusses potential complications of Swine Flu in pregnancy and recommended investigations, prevention through vaccination, treatment using Oseltamivir, supportive care and discharge policies.
The placenta is said to be retained when it is not expelled from the uterus even 30 minutes after the delivery of the baby
Manual placenta removal is a procedure to remove a retained placenta from the uterus after childbirth.
Mannual removal of placenta is done under GA.
Patient placed in lithotomy position
Bladder is catheterized
Uterus Transplantation Utx (obstetric and gynecology) D.A.B.M
Is the surgical procedure whereby a healthy uterus is transplanted into an organism of which the uterus is absent or diseased.
As part of normal mammalian sexual reproduction, a diseased or absent uterus does not allow normal embryonic implantation, effectively rendering the female infertile.
This phenomenon is known as Absolute Uterine Factor Infertility (AUFI).
Uterine transplant is a potential treatment for this form of infertility.
Uterus is a dynamic, complex organ. It is hugely blood-flow dependent.
More than 116,000 Number of men, women and children on the national transplant waiting list as of August 2017.
33,611 transplants were performed in 2016.
20 people die each day waiting for a transplant.
every 10 minutes another person is added to the waiting list.
The placenta is said to be retained when it is not expelled from the uterus even 30 minutes after the delivery of the baby
Manual placenta removal is a procedure to remove a retained placenta from the uterus after childbirth.
Mannual removal of placenta is done under GA.
Patient placed in lithotomy position
Bladder is catheterized
Uterus Transplantation Utx (obstetric and gynecology) D.A.B.M
Is the surgical procedure whereby a healthy uterus is transplanted into an organism of which the uterus is absent or diseased.
As part of normal mammalian sexual reproduction, a diseased or absent uterus does not allow normal embryonic implantation, effectively rendering the female infertile.
This phenomenon is known as Absolute Uterine Factor Infertility (AUFI).
Uterine transplant is a potential treatment for this form of infertility.
Uterus is a dynamic, complex organ. It is hugely blood-flow dependent.
More than 116,000 Number of men, women and children on the national transplant waiting list as of August 2017.
33,611 transplants were performed in 2016.
20 people die each day waiting for a transplant.
every 10 minutes another person is added to the waiting list.
Artificial Intelligence in OBGYN Keynote Address on 19th March 2022 at MOGS...Niranjan Chavan
Artificial Intelligence in OBGYN Keynote Address at the Mumbai ObGyn Society Golden Jubilee Annual Conference held at Hotel Trident, Nariman Point, Mumbai, India.
LSCS is the most common obstetric procedure but it can be very difficult to manage in cases of previous LSCS, low lying placenta, and PPH. please check out the youtube links to the videos embedded in this PPT.
ADHESIOLYSIS DURING LSCS https://youtu.be/2Hv80v3yu20
BLADDER DISSECTION https://youtu.be/6qsaTJ1yRUY
RECTUS SHEATH ADHESIOLYSIS https://youtu.be/SryJHjuGsME
VECTIS IN FLOATING HEAD DURING LSCS https://youtu.be/3PECperU8Cw
BREECH DELIVERY https://youtu.be/i-LcmTNNVvU
TRANSVERSE LIE WITH IUFD https://youtu.be/hG28uqpkdpU
CONJOINT TWINS https://youtu.be/KLR7D6wkf38
LSCS IN PLACENTA PREVIA https://youtu.be/dNKQwt4KhVY
SYSTEMATIC PELVIC DEVASCULARISATION https://youtu.be/UwSH6V6GBVw
Definition-
The destructive operations are designed to diminish the bulk of the fetus so as to facilitate easy delivery through the birth canal
types
Craniotomy
Eviceration
Decapitation
Cleidotomy
CRANIOTOMY
Definition
It is an operation to make a perforation on the fetal head to evacuate the contents followed by extraction of the fetus
DECAPITATION
Definition
It is a destructive operation whereby the fetal head is severed from the trunk and the delivery is completed with the extraction of the trunk and that of the decapitated head per vaginam
CLEIDOTOMY
Definition
The operation consist of reduction in the bulk of the shoulder girdle by division of one or both the clavicles
Indications
Dead fetus with shoulder dystocia
Procedure
The clavicles are divided by the embryotomy scissors or long straight scissors introduced under the guidance of left two fingers placed inside the vagina
Episiotomy slideshare by dr alka mukherjee & dr apurva mukherjee msalka mukherjee
Normal birth can cause tears to the vagina and the surrounding tissue, usually as the baby's head is born, and sometimes these tears extend to the rectum. These are repaired surgically, but take time to heal. To avoid these severe tears, it is recommended making a surgical cut to the perineum with scissors or scalpel to prevent severe tearing and facilitate the birth. This intervention, known as an episiotomy, is used as a routine care policy during births in some countries. Both a tear and an episiotomy need sutures, and can result in severe pain, bleeding, infection, pain with sex, and can contribute to long term urinary incontinence.
Episiotomies—incisions made between the vagina and anus during childbirth—have long been a topic of debate among clinicians, researchers and advocates. Outdated clinical guidelines previously recommended the routine use of episiotomy to avoid natural vaginal tearing. Over the past two decades, a growing body of literature and increased advocacy efforts have led to a general consensus that episiotomy should not be conducted as a standard practice. Nevertheless, in many parts of the world, the majority of women still undergo episiotomy during childbirth.
In women where no instrumental delivery is intended, selective episiotomy policies result in fewer women with severe perineal/vaginal trauma.
induction of labor Refers to the process of artificial initiation of uterine contractions before their spontaneuos onset, leading to cervical dilatation and effacement and delivery of the baby.
The term usually refers to procedures carried out in the third trimester but occasionally to gestations more than the legal definition of fetal viability (24 weeks)
Uterine prolapse (also called descensus or procidentia) means the uterus has descended from its normal position in the pelvis farther down into the vagina.Cervicopexy is fertility conserving surgical management of prolapse.
Artificial Intelligence in OBGYN Keynote Address on 19th March 2022 at MOGS...Niranjan Chavan
Artificial Intelligence in OBGYN Keynote Address at the Mumbai ObGyn Society Golden Jubilee Annual Conference held at Hotel Trident, Nariman Point, Mumbai, India.
LSCS is the most common obstetric procedure but it can be very difficult to manage in cases of previous LSCS, low lying placenta, and PPH. please check out the youtube links to the videos embedded in this PPT.
ADHESIOLYSIS DURING LSCS https://youtu.be/2Hv80v3yu20
BLADDER DISSECTION https://youtu.be/6qsaTJ1yRUY
RECTUS SHEATH ADHESIOLYSIS https://youtu.be/SryJHjuGsME
VECTIS IN FLOATING HEAD DURING LSCS https://youtu.be/3PECperU8Cw
BREECH DELIVERY https://youtu.be/i-LcmTNNVvU
TRANSVERSE LIE WITH IUFD https://youtu.be/hG28uqpkdpU
CONJOINT TWINS https://youtu.be/KLR7D6wkf38
LSCS IN PLACENTA PREVIA https://youtu.be/dNKQwt4KhVY
SYSTEMATIC PELVIC DEVASCULARISATION https://youtu.be/UwSH6V6GBVw
Definition-
The destructive operations are designed to diminish the bulk of the fetus so as to facilitate easy delivery through the birth canal
types
Craniotomy
Eviceration
Decapitation
Cleidotomy
CRANIOTOMY
Definition
It is an operation to make a perforation on the fetal head to evacuate the contents followed by extraction of the fetus
DECAPITATION
Definition
It is a destructive operation whereby the fetal head is severed from the trunk and the delivery is completed with the extraction of the trunk and that of the decapitated head per vaginam
CLEIDOTOMY
Definition
The operation consist of reduction in the bulk of the shoulder girdle by division of one or both the clavicles
Indications
Dead fetus with shoulder dystocia
Procedure
The clavicles are divided by the embryotomy scissors or long straight scissors introduced under the guidance of left two fingers placed inside the vagina
Episiotomy slideshare by dr alka mukherjee & dr apurva mukherjee msalka mukherjee
Normal birth can cause tears to the vagina and the surrounding tissue, usually as the baby's head is born, and sometimes these tears extend to the rectum. These are repaired surgically, but take time to heal. To avoid these severe tears, it is recommended making a surgical cut to the perineum with scissors or scalpel to prevent severe tearing and facilitate the birth. This intervention, known as an episiotomy, is used as a routine care policy during births in some countries. Both a tear and an episiotomy need sutures, and can result in severe pain, bleeding, infection, pain with sex, and can contribute to long term urinary incontinence.
Episiotomies—incisions made between the vagina and anus during childbirth—have long been a topic of debate among clinicians, researchers and advocates. Outdated clinical guidelines previously recommended the routine use of episiotomy to avoid natural vaginal tearing. Over the past two decades, a growing body of literature and increased advocacy efforts have led to a general consensus that episiotomy should not be conducted as a standard practice. Nevertheless, in many parts of the world, the majority of women still undergo episiotomy during childbirth.
In women where no instrumental delivery is intended, selective episiotomy policies result in fewer women with severe perineal/vaginal trauma.
induction of labor Refers to the process of artificial initiation of uterine contractions before their spontaneuos onset, leading to cervical dilatation and effacement and delivery of the baby.
The term usually refers to procedures carried out in the third trimester but occasionally to gestations more than the legal definition of fetal viability (24 weeks)
Uterine prolapse (also called descensus or procidentia) means the uterus has descended from its normal position in the pelvis farther down into the vagina.Cervicopexy is fertility conserving surgical management of prolapse.
The new virus has made the jump from pigs to humans and has demonstrated it can also pass from human to human. This is why it is demanding so much attention from health authorities. The virus passes from human to human like other types of flu, either through coughing, sneezing, or by touching infected surfaces, although little is known about how the virus acts on humans.
Lecture by Dr. Naji Aoun, Infectious diseases specialist, Hotel Dieu, held at Le Bristol Hotel, Sept. 28, 2009 under the sponsorship of LIONS Midtown Club and Hoffmann-La Roche
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are classified as upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) or lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs). The upper respiratory tract consists of the airways from the nostrils to the vocal cords in the larynx, including the paranasal sinuses and the middle ear.
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
Hello friends i am BSc Nursing intern.This presentation of mine covers almost each and every aspect related to swine flu.Hope it will help you to increase your knowledge regarding the topic.Looking forward to your feedback.Thank you
In the last 42 days, Six deaths and 421 cases of swine flu have been reported from 28 districts of the state. Here's what you need to know about the disease.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. INTROUCTION
The term “Swine flu” has recently been used
incorrectly to refer to the seasonal influenza A
(H1N1) virus which infects humans.
Influenza A [H1N1], was reported from
Mexico on 18th March, 2009 and rapidly
spread to all the continents.
On June, 2009 the Pakistan health ministry
confirmed the country’s first swine flu case in
a young boy of 14 years old (Dawn News).
3. Epidemiology
AGENT
The Influenza A (H1N1) virus.
Transmission
The transmission is by droplet infection and fomites.
- 70% hand to hand - 30% direct droplet
Incubation Period
1-7 days.
Communicability
From 1 day before to 7 days after the onset of symptoms. If illness persists
for more than 7 days, chances of communicability may persist till resolution
of illness.Children may spread the virus for a longer period.
Seasonality
Peak during winter and temperate region.
4. Suspected case
A suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) virus
infection is defined as:
A person with acute febrile illness (fever ≥ 38 C)
with sore throat, cough,headache and myalgia.
5. Probable case
A probable case of influenza A (H1N1) virus
infection is defined as a person who meets
criterion of suspected case and in addition
has anyone of the followings:
History of close contact with a person who is
a confirmed case of influenza A(H1N1) virus
infection, in last 7 days,
Or has at least 3 of the warning signs
6. Confirmed case
A confirmed case of influenza A (H1N1) virus
infection is defined as a person with an acute
febrile respiratory illness with laboratory
confirmed influenza A (H1N1) virus infection by
one or more of the following tests:
Real Time PCR (PCR available at NIH) - During first
5 days of illness
viral culture – during first 5 days of illness
Four-fold rise in influenza A (H1N1) virus specific
neutralizing antibodies in a paired sample after
6th day of illness.
7.
8. The H1N1v virus tends to affect the younger
population, i.e. those below the age of 60
years, and that the majority of people who
suffer from it tend to experience mild flu
symptoms.
9. Risk of severe illness is highest in:
Pregnant women especially during second &
third trimester.
Pregnant women have been noted to have a 4
times higher risk of being hospitalized for
complications compared to the non-pregnant
population.
Children less than 2 years of age.
People with chronic lung disease including
asthma.
10. Complications
Influenza in pregnancy is associated with
increased risk of adverse pregnancy
outcomes such as
spontaneous abortion
preterm birth
fetal distress.
The risk of complications in newborn infants
increases, if their nutritional status is poor
and fluid intake is low because of prolonged
vomiting, diarrhoea, or inability to feed
12. ROUTINE INVESTIGATIONS
CBC, LFTs, RFTs, Coagulation profile, X-ray
Chest, CT scan ( when required. )
Diagnosis is confirmed using highly sensitive,
confirmatory real-time RT-PCR assays exist
for rapid identification of H1N1.
13. Confirmation of influenza A (H1N1) infection is through: Real time RT PCR
– from onset of symptoms through day 5 or Isolation of the virus in
culture - from onset of symptoms through day 5 or Four-fold rise in virus
specific neutralizing antibodies – after 6th day of symptoms.
For confirmation of diagnosis, clinical specimens such as nasopharyngeal
swab, throat swab, nasal swab, wash or aspirate and tracheal aspirate (for
intubated patients) are to be obtained.
The sample should be collected by a trained physician / microbiologist
preferably before administration of the anti-viral drug.
Keep specimens at 4°C in viral transport media until transported for
testing.
The samples should be transported to designated laboratories within 24
hours.
16. VACCINATION
It is preferable to vaccinate pregnant women
early in the influenza season, regardless of
gestational age using inactivated influenza
vaccine.
Live attenuated influenza vaccine is
contraindicated during pregnancy.
17. FDA has approved the H1N1 monovalent
vaccine as intramuscular injection
(inactivated) and an intranasal spray (Live).
Inactivated vaccine is administered to
individuals above 6 months. It is safe and
recommended for pregnant women.
FDA has approved 1 dose of Monovalent
Vaccine during pregnancy.
18. TREATMENT
Early implementation of
infection control precautions
to minimize nosocomial /
household spread of disease
Prompt
treatment to
prevent severe
illness & death.
Early identification and
follow up of persons at
risk
Isolation
facilities:
19. Medication
Oseltamivir is the recommended drug both for
prophylaxis and treatment.
If a person conforms to the case definition of
probable or confirmed, then he would be provided
Oseltamivir on attending physicians advised
preferably within 24-48 hrs of onset.
Dose for treatment is as follows:
By Weight:
<15kg 30 mg BD for 5 days
15-23kg 45 mg BD for 5 days
24-<40kg 60 mg BD for 5 days
>40kg 75 mg BD for 5 day
20. Supportive therapy
IV Fluids.
Oxygen therapy/ ventilatory support.
Antibiotics for secondary infection.
Vasopressors for shock.
Paracetamol or ibuprofen should be prescribed for
fever,myalgia and headache. Patient should be advised
to drink plenty of fluids. Smokers should avoid smoking.
For sore throat, short course of topical decongestants,
saline nasal drops, throat lozenges and steam inhalation
may be beneficial.
Salicylate / aspirin is contra-indicated in children with
influenza due to its potential to cause Reye’s syndrome.
The suspected cases should be constantly monitored for
lower respiratory tract infection and for hypoxia.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. RISK FACTORS FOR ICU ADMISSION:
Dyspnoea (strongly predictive of both death and ICU
requirement)
Requirement for supplemental oxygen (strongly
predictive of ICU care and death)
Pneumonia on admission (strongly predictive of
significant complications after admission including ICU
multi-organ support and death)
Heart rate in adults (the higher the pulse the greater the
chances of ICU care being required)
Altered conscious level
32. Discharge Policy
Patients who have responded to
treatment and are clinically stable - may
be discharged 24 hours of defervesce at
the discretion of attending physician
with total 5 days of Oseltamivir
treatment.
Chemoprophylaxis
It is advised for those contacts who are in
high risk group (with under lying systemic
diseases; extremes of age[<5 years and
65> years]
34. Breast feeding
Mothers should be encouraged to begin breastfeeding
within one hour of giving birth and to breastfeed
frequently.
Women who are breastfeeding will usually be given
Tamiflu if they need an antiviral medicine.
Infants who are not breastfed are more vulnerable to
infectious diseases, including severe respiratory tract
infection.
35. Care of the Newborn
Washing hands frequently with soap and
water and cleaning soiled surfaces to keep the
environment free from virus contamination,
especially since infants have a tendency to
place their hands in their mouths.
Adhering to respiratory etiquette—that is,
covering their mouth and nose, when
coughing or sneezing. If a tissue is used, it
should be discarded in a bin with a lid and
then hands should be washed.
Keeping newborn infants close to their
mothers.
36. Standard Operating Procedures
on Use of PPE
Personal Protection Equipment
PPE reduces the risk of infection if used correctly. It
includes:
• Gloves (nonsterile),
• Mask (high-efficiency mask) / surgical mask,
• Long-sleeved cuffed gown,
• Protective eyewear (goggles/visors/Face shields),
• Cap (may be used in high risk situations where
there may be increased aerosols),
• Plastic apron if splashing of blood, body fluids,
excretions and secretions is anticipated.