The document discusses H1N1 influenza A virus. It describes the virus's pathogenesis, including that it is an RNA virus belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family. Major changes in surface proteins HA and NA can lead to antigenic shifts and pandemics, while minor changes cause antigenic drift and localized outbreaks. The 2009 H1N1 strain was a novel quadruple reassortant virus. Clinical presentation is usually similar to seasonal flu but gastrointestinal symptoms may be more common. Treatment involves oseltamivir, zanamivir or peramivir. Vaccination is recommended for at-risk groups.
Clinical Case Management of Outbreaks of Influenza-Like Ashraf ElAdawy
1. The document provides guidelines for the clinical case management of outbreaks of influenza-like illness (ILI), including definitions, assessment, and treatment recommendations.
2. It defines ILI and outlines criteria for classifying patients into mild, mild but high-risk, or severe ILI. Patients are assessed for symptoms, risk factors, and disease progression over 72 hours.
3. Treatment recommendations include symptomatic care for mild ILI, antivirals for mild ILI in high-risk groups, and antivirals in a hospital for severe ILI. Laboratory testing and hospital admission are based on illness severity and risk status.
Interim guide to novel coronavirus infection 2019 n covMEEQAT HOSPITAL
This document provides an interim guide on the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that was first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019. It discusses coronaviruses in general and the epidemiology, transmission, incubation period, clinical features, treatment, and case definitions for 2019-nCoV. Guidelines are provided on infection prevention and control, surveillance, laboratory diagnosis, management, reporting, and travel recommendations. The document aims to guide healthcare professionals in understanding and responding to the emerging 2019-nCoV outbreak.
This document discusses hospital-acquired pneumonia (HCAP) and the nurse's role in prevention. It describes a case study of a 68-year-old man presenting with symptoms of pneumonia including cough, shortness of breath, and fever. Key risk factors for this patient include age, recent hip fracture, and chronic illnesses like diabetes and hypertension. The document outlines signs and symptoms of HCAP, treatment options including antibiotics and oxygen therapy, and the importance of infection control practices like hand hygiene in prevention.
The document provides guidelines for dealing with cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). It discusses what MERS-CoV infections may look like clinically, including symptoms like fever, cough and shortness of breath. It provides criteria for who should be tested for MERS-CoV, such as those with severe acute respiratory illness who have traveled to the Middle East. It also outlines appropriate infection control measures, like droplet and contact precautions, to prevent transmission in healthcare settings. Currently there is no antiviral treatment available for MERS-CoV.
Recent evidence and guidelines in the management of nosocomial pneumoniaUtkarsh Shah
Recent evidence and guidelines in the management of nosocomial pneumonia were presented. Some key points include:
1) Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) develops 48 hours after admission while ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) develops after 48 hours of mechanical ventilation. Early onset VAP occurs in the first 4 days and late onset after 5 days of ventilation.
2) Late onset VAP is often caused by multidrug resistant pathogens and associated with worse outcomes compared to early onset. Common organisms in India include Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and ESBL producing Klebsiella and E. coli.
3) Diagnosis of VAP is based on clinical signs, new infiltrates on chest x
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common infectious disease worldwide and a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The document discusses definitions, etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations for CAP according to guidelines from IDSA/ATS. Key points include common bacterial and atypical pathogens causing typical and atypical CAP; use of severity assessment scores to determine hospitalization and ICU needs; recommendations for empirical antibiotic therapy based on patient factors; and considerations for MRSA coverage and broad-spectrum therapy.
This document summarizes updated guidelines from the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia regarding Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). It discusses what coronaviruses are, symptoms of MERS-CoV, case definitions, diagnostic testing, infection control protocols, and management of confirmed cases. Key points include that MERS-CoV causes severe acute respiratory illness, transmission is still under investigation but likely includes direct/indirect contact or droplets, and management involves isolation precautions, monitoring of contacts, and supportive care for patients.
Clinical Case Management of Outbreaks of Influenza-Like Ashraf ElAdawy
1. The document provides guidelines for the clinical case management of outbreaks of influenza-like illness (ILI), including definitions, assessment, and treatment recommendations.
2. It defines ILI and outlines criteria for classifying patients into mild, mild but high-risk, or severe ILI. Patients are assessed for symptoms, risk factors, and disease progression over 72 hours.
3. Treatment recommendations include symptomatic care for mild ILI, antivirals for mild ILI in high-risk groups, and antivirals in a hospital for severe ILI. Laboratory testing and hospital admission are based on illness severity and risk status.
Interim guide to novel coronavirus infection 2019 n covMEEQAT HOSPITAL
This document provides an interim guide on the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that was first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019. It discusses coronaviruses in general and the epidemiology, transmission, incubation period, clinical features, treatment, and case definitions for 2019-nCoV. Guidelines are provided on infection prevention and control, surveillance, laboratory diagnosis, management, reporting, and travel recommendations. The document aims to guide healthcare professionals in understanding and responding to the emerging 2019-nCoV outbreak.
This document discusses hospital-acquired pneumonia (HCAP) and the nurse's role in prevention. It describes a case study of a 68-year-old man presenting with symptoms of pneumonia including cough, shortness of breath, and fever. Key risk factors for this patient include age, recent hip fracture, and chronic illnesses like diabetes and hypertension. The document outlines signs and symptoms of HCAP, treatment options including antibiotics and oxygen therapy, and the importance of infection control practices like hand hygiene in prevention.
The document provides guidelines for dealing with cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). It discusses what MERS-CoV infections may look like clinically, including symptoms like fever, cough and shortness of breath. It provides criteria for who should be tested for MERS-CoV, such as those with severe acute respiratory illness who have traveled to the Middle East. It also outlines appropriate infection control measures, like droplet and contact precautions, to prevent transmission in healthcare settings. Currently there is no antiviral treatment available for MERS-CoV.
Recent evidence and guidelines in the management of nosocomial pneumoniaUtkarsh Shah
Recent evidence and guidelines in the management of nosocomial pneumonia were presented. Some key points include:
1) Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) develops 48 hours after admission while ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) develops after 48 hours of mechanical ventilation. Early onset VAP occurs in the first 4 days and late onset after 5 days of ventilation.
2) Late onset VAP is often caused by multidrug resistant pathogens and associated with worse outcomes compared to early onset. Common organisms in India include Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and ESBL producing Klebsiella and E. coli.
3) Diagnosis of VAP is based on clinical signs, new infiltrates on chest x
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common infectious disease worldwide and a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The document discusses definitions, etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations for CAP according to guidelines from IDSA/ATS. Key points include common bacterial and atypical pathogens causing typical and atypical CAP; use of severity assessment scores to determine hospitalization and ICU needs; recommendations for empirical antibiotic therapy based on patient factors; and considerations for MRSA coverage and broad-spectrum therapy.
This document summarizes updated guidelines from the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia regarding Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). It discusses what coronaviruses are, symptoms of MERS-CoV, case definitions, diagnostic testing, infection control protocols, and management of confirmed cases. Key points include that MERS-CoV causes severe acute respiratory illness, transmission is still under investigation but likely includes direct/indirect contact or droplets, and management involves isolation precautions, monitoring of contacts, and supportive care for patients.
Approach to a patient with respiratory infectionSrikant Mohta
This document provides an overview of acute respiratory infections including etiology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and treatment approaches. It discusses the major syndromes of community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Evaluation involves history, examination, hematological and microbiological testing. Severity is assessed using CURB-65 or Pneumonia Severity Index to determine site of care. Treatment selection is based on syndrome, severity and likely pathogens.
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) adalah salah satu penyakit new emergence dengan potensi pandemi. Globalisasi menjadi salah satu bahasan menarik yang melingkupi penelitian dan pengetahuan tentang MERS dan dampaknya bagi populasi manusia. Presentasi ini dibawakan di depan mahasiswa Akademi Keperawatan Panti Rapih, Sabtu, 7 Juni 2014, sebagai pengantar kegiatan praktek klinik.
1) Influenza A (H1N1) is a novel virus that is a combination of genetic material from pigs, birds, and humans. It can be transmitted between humans through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing.
2) The Philippines government has implemented several measures in response, including enhanced surveillance, stockpiling antiviral drugs and protective equipment, and establishing treatment centers.
3) Ongoing efforts include coordinating the national pandemic response plan, risk communication strategies, and further preparation as the virus spreads globally.
Bundles to prevent ventilator associated pneumoniapravin2k2
This document discusses ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which is a common nosocomial infection in critically ill patients that leads to poor outcomes. It reviews guidelines for preventing VAP, including using orotracheal intubation, limiting circuit changes, and closed suctioning systems. It also describes the Ventilator Bundle, a set of evidence-based practices including elevating the head of the bed, daily sedation vacations, and DVT and stress ulcer prophylaxis that have been shown to reduce VAP rates more than individual measures. While effective, the bundle may not include all strategies recommended in guidelines, so modifying it or creating a specific VAP bundle is suggested.
Clinical management guidelines for swine flu at civic centre on 5 feb2015Vinod Nikhra
A lecture by Dr Vinod Nikhra at Conference on Swine Flu, organised by Health Department, South Delhi Municipal Corporation at Civic Centre, Delhi on 05 February 2015.
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause respiratory illness in humans and animals. A novel coronavirus was identified in China in late 2019 and has since caused a global pandemic. The virus spreads via respiratory droplets from infected individuals and can cause fever, cough, shortness of breath, and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves respiratory specimen testing. While there is no specific treatment, management focuses on supportive care, isolation, hand hygiene and other preventive measures.
Health care-associated pneumonia: Pathogenesis Diagnosis and Preventionsiosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document provides information about the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak that originated in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It discusses that coronaviruses can be transmitted from animals to humans and between humans. The 2019-nCoV was identified as the cause of the outbreak with many early cases linked to a seafood market, but human-to-human transmission has since been observed. It describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention measures for 2019-nCoV infection.
This document summarizes guidelines for diagnosing and managing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) from the Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines published in 2010 and updated in 2016. It discusses CAP definitions, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing including chest x-rays, typical and atypical bacterial causes, treatment recommendations, and prevention. Key points covered include how CAP can often be diagnosed based on history and exam findings alone, the value of chest x-rays in confirming CAP diagnosis and evaluating severity, and emphasis on initial empiric antibiotic therapy targeting the most common bacterial pathogens depending on severity and patient risk factors.
In light of the rise in MERS CoV cases in the Middle East the Yale-Tulane ESF-8 Planning and Response Program has produced this special report. It was compiled entirely from open source materials. Please feel free to forward the report to anyone who might be interested.
Aspiration pneumonia occurs when gastric contents are aspirated into the lungs, causing infection. It can range from mild to life-threatening. Historically, anaerobic bacteria were most common causes, but recently aerobic bacteria like streptococcus pneumoniae and hospital-acquired gram-negative rods have emerged as primary pathogens. Risk factors include impaired swallowing or consciousness. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and chest imaging. Treatment involves antibiotics selected according to likely causative organisms and infection severity and source. Preventive measures focus on managing risk factors in high-risk patients.
The document summarizes key information about chest radiology findings for COVID-19:
- Chest CT scans are more sensitive than X-rays in detecting COVID-19, with CT finding abnormalities in over 90% of cases after 4 days, while X-rays may be normal in initial stages. Common CT findings include ground glass opacities that can progress to consolidation.
- CT can help diagnose COVID-19, determine the severity and progression of the disease, and rule out other conditions. Typical features are bilateral and peripheral ground glass opacities and "crazy paving" patterns that begin after symptom onset and develop over time.
- While PCR testing is the definitive diagnostic test, CT provides faster results
This document discusses definitions, pathophysiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies for hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) like hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). It focuses on prevention bundles, which group multiple interventions together to potentially increase their effectiveness by exploiting synergies. Effective bundle elements include proper hand hygiene, oral care with chlorhexidine, maintaining endotracheal tube cuff pressure, and early mobility. Bundles provide a practical way to enhance care and reduce infection rates.
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a novel coronavirus that was first detected in 2012. It causes severe respiratory illness, with a mortality rate of 35-50%.
- The virus likely originated in bats and may be transmitted via an animal or environmental reservoir. Person-to-person transmission has occurred, especially in healthcare settings.
- At risk groups include older adults and those with underlying medical conditions. Symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made via PCR testing of respiratory samples. There is no vaccine and treatment is supportive.
This document provides guidance on the clinical management of individuals with influenza-like illness (ILI) during the H1N1 pandemic. It discusses ILI case definition, infectiousness and incubation period, clinical features of H1N1 infection in both adults and children, recognition of disease severity, and identifying those at high risk for complications. Individuals with ILI who are at high risk or have signs of moderate to severe illness based on clinical assessment tools should be considered for hospital admission and antiviral treatment. Close monitoring is needed to detect deterioration, as severe outcomes can result from primary viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, or destabilization of pre-existing medical conditions.
Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is caused by pathogens acquired outside of a hospital setting. It is classified based on location and timing of acquisition. Empirical antibiotic treatment is recommended and should not be delayed. Severity is assessed using scoring systems like PORT and CURB-65 to determine treatment setting. Common pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae and atypical bacteria. Radiography can help establish diagnosis and prognosis. Outpatient treatment involves oral antibiotics while inpatient may require IV antibiotics. Duration of treatment and prevention strategies like vaccination are also discussed.
MERS virus is a virus that related to the SARS virus, this virus known as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Virus, because this virus has caused several death of humans in Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia.
This document discusses ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). It defines VAP and similar infections like hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP). It discusses the incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, microbiology, and management of VAP. Key points include that VAP develops in 10-20% of mechanically ventilated patients and is associated with increased costs and mortality. Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions is the primary route of bacterial entry. Diagnosis requires clinical criteria plus microbiological evaluation of respiratory samples. Empiric antibiotic therapy should be started if new infiltrates are seen on chest x-ray along with two of three clinical signs.
The document provides information about swine flu, including:
- Swine flu is caused by influenza viruses that normally infect pigs but can be transmitted to humans. It spreads through respiratory droplets.
- Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu but some high-risk groups may develop severe illness requiring hospitalization. Diagnosis is through PCR or viral culture of respiratory samples.
- Treatment involves the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir or zanamivir. Individuals are categorized based on symptoms and risk level to determine need for testing, isolation, and treatment. Preventive measures include handwashing, cough etiquette, and the use of personal protective equipment in healthcare settings.
The document summarizes information about the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. It describes how the virus was a new strain of influenza A virus containing genetic segments from swine, avian, and human influenza viruses. The pandemic prompted the WHO to declare a phase 6 pandemic in June 2009. The document provides details on case definitions, clinical features, treatment recommendations, infection control measures, and high-risk patient groups.
Pandemic influenza A (H1N1), also known as swine flu, is a respiratory disease caused by Type A influenza virus. It has caused both epidemics and pandemics. The virus spreads from person to person through coughing or sneezing or touching infected surfaces. High risk groups include young children, pregnant women, and those with chronic health conditions. Symptoms range from mild to severe and can include fever, cough, sore throat and vomiting. Treatment involves antiviral drugs, supportive care, and vaccination of high risk groups.
Approach to a patient with respiratory infectionSrikant Mohta
This document provides an overview of acute respiratory infections including etiology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and treatment approaches. It discusses the major syndromes of community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Evaluation involves history, examination, hematological and microbiological testing. Severity is assessed using CURB-65 or Pneumonia Severity Index to determine site of care. Treatment selection is based on syndrome, severity and likely pathogens.
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) adalah salah satu penyakit new emergence dengan potensi pandemi. Globalisasi menjadi salah satu bahasan menarik yang melingkupi penelitian dan pengetahuan tentang MERS dan dampaknya bagi populasi manusia. Presentasi ini dibawakan di depan mahasiswa Akademi Keperawatan Panti Rapih, Sabtu, 7 Juni 2014, sebagai pengantar kegiatan praktek klinik.
1) Influenza A (H1N1) is a novel virus that is a combination of genetic material from pigs, birds, and humans. It can be transmitted between humans through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing.
2) The Philippines government has implemented several measures in response, including enhanced surveillance, stockpiling antiviral drugs and protective equipment, and establishing treatment centers.
3) Ongoing efforts include coordinating the national pandemic response plan, risk communication strategies, and further preparation as the virus spreads globally.
Bundles to prevent ventilator associated pneumoniapravin2k2
This document discusses ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which is a common nosocomial infection in critically ill patients that leads to poor outcomes. It reviews guidelines for preventing VAP, including using orotracheal intubation, limiting circuit changes, and closed suctioning systems. It also describes the Ventilator Bundle, a set of evidence-based practices including elevating the head of the bed, daily sedation vacations, and DVT and stress ulcer prophylaxis that have been shown to reduce VAP rates more than individual measures. While effective, the bundle may not include all strategies recommended in guidelines, so modifying it or creating a specific VAP bundle is suggested.
Clinical management guidelines for swine flu at civic centre on 5 feb2015Vinod Nikhra
A lecture by Dr Vinod Nikhra at Conference on Swine Flu, organised by Health Department, South Delhi Municipal Corporation at Civic Centre, Delhi on 05 February 2015.
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause respiratory illness in humans and animals. A novel coronavirus was identified in China in late 2019 and has since caused a global pandemic. The virus spreads via respiratory droplets from infected individuals and can cause fever, cough, shortness of breath, and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves respiratory specimen testing. While there is no specific treatment, management focuses on supportive care, isolation, hand hygiene and other preventive measures.
Health care-associated pneumonia: Pathogenesis Diagnosis and Preventionsiosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document provides information about the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak that originated in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It discusses that coronaviruses can be transmitted from animals to humans and between humans. The 2019-nCoV was identified as the cause of the outbreak with many early cases linked to a seafood market, but human-to-human transmission has since been observed. It describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention measures for 2019-nCoV infection.
This document summarizes guidelines for diagnosing and managing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) from the Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines published in 2010 and updated in 2016. It discusses CAP definitions, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing including chest x-rays, typical and atypical bacterial causes, treatment recommendations, and prevention. Key points covered include how CAP can often be diagnosed based on history and exam findings alone, the value of chest x-rays in confirming CAP diagnosis and evaluating severity, and emphasis on initial empiric antibiotic therapy targeting the most common bacterial pathogens depending on severity and patient risk factors.
In light of the rise in MERS CoV cases in the Middle East the Yale-Tulane ESF-8 Planning and Response Program has produced this special report. It was compiled entirely from open source materials. Please feel free to forward the report to anyone who might be interested.
Aspiration pneumonia occurs when gastric contents are aspirated into the lungs, causing infection. It can range from mild to life-threatening. Historically, anaerobic bacteria were most common causes, but recently aerobic bacteria like streptococcus pneumoniae and hospital-acquired gram-negative rods have emerged as primary pathogens. Risk factors include impaired swallowing or consciousness. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and chest imaging. Treatment involves antibiotics selected according to likely causative organisms and infection severity and source. Preventive measures focus on managing risk factors in high-risk patients.
The document summarizes key information about chest radiology findings for COVID-19:
- Chest CT scans are more sensitive than X-rays in detecting COVID-19, with CT finding abnormalities in over 90% of cases after 4 days, while X-rays may be normal in initial stages. Common CT findings include ground glass opacities that can progress to consolidation.
- CT can help diagnose COVID-19, determine the severity and progression of the disease, and rule out other conditions. Typical features are bilateral and peripheral ground glass opacities and "crazy paving" patterns that begin after symptom onset and develop over time.
- While PCR testing is the definitive diagnostic test, CT provides faster results
This document discusses definitions, pathophysiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies for hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) like hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). It focuses on prevention bundles, which group multiple interventions together to potentially increase their effectiveness by exploiting synergies. Effective bundle elements include proper hand hygiene, oral care with chlorhexidine, maintaining endotracheal tube cuff pressure, and early mobility. Bundles provide a practical way to enhance care and reduce infection rates.
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a novel coronavirus that was first detected in 2012. It causes severe respiratory illness, with a mortality rate of 35-50%.
- The virus likely originated in bats and may be transmitted via an animal or environmental reservoir. Person-to-person transmission has occurred, especially in healthcare settings.
- At risk groups include older adults and those with underlying medical conditions. Symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made via PCR testing of respiratory samples. There is no vaccine and treatment is supportive.
This document provides guidance on the clinical management of individuals with influenza-like illness (ILI) during the H1N1 pandemic. It discusses ILI case definition, infectiousness and incubation period, clinical features of H1N1 infection in both adults and children, recognition of disease severity, and identifying those at high risk for complications. Individuals with ILI who are at high risk or have signs of moderate to severe illness based on clinical assessment tools should be considered for hospital admission and antiviral treatment. Close monitoring is needed to detect deterioration, as severe outcomes can result from primary viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, or destabilization of pre-existing medical conditions.
Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is caused by pathogens acquired outside of a hospital setting. It is classified based on location and timing of acquisition. Empirical antibiotic treatment is recommended and should not be delayed. Severity is assessed using scoring systems like PORT and CURB-65 to determine treatment setting. Common pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae and atypical bacteria. Radiography can help establish diagnosis and prognosis. Outpatient treatment involves oral antibiotics while inpatient may require IV antibiotics. Duration of treatment and prevention strategies like vaccination are also discussed.
MERS virus is a virus that related to the SARS virus, this virus known as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Virus, because this virus has caused several death of humans in Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia.
This document discusses ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). It defines VAP and similar infections like hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP). It discusses the incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, microbiology, and management of VAP. Key points include that VAP develops in 10-20% of mechanically ventilated patients and is associated with increased costs and mortality. Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions is the primary route of bacterial entry. Diagnosis requires clinical criteria plus microbiological evaluation of respiratory samples. Empiric antibiotic therapy should be started if new infiltrates are seen on chest x-ray along with two of three clinical signs.
The document provides information about swine flu, including:
- Swine flu is caused by influenza viruses that normally infect pigs but can be transmitted to humans. It spreads through respiratory droplets.
- Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu but some high-risk groups may develop severe illness requiring hospitalization. Diagnosis is through PCR or viral culture of respiratory samples.
- Treatment involves the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir or zanamivir. Individuals are categorized based on symptoms and risk level to determine need for testing, isolation, and treatment. Preventive measures include handwashing, cough etiquette, and the use of personal protective equipment in healthcare settings.
The document summarizes information about the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. It describes how the virus was a new strain of influenza A virus containing genetic segments from swine, avian, and human influenza viruses. The pandemic prompted the WHO to declare a phase 6 pandemic in June 2009. The document provides details on case definitions, clinical features, treatment recommendations, infection control measures, and high-risk patient groups.
Pandemic influenza A (H1N1), also known as swine flu, is a respiratory disease caused by Type A influenza virus. It has caused both epidemics and pandemics. The virus spreads from person to person through coughing or sneezing or touching infected surfaces. High risk groups include young children, pregnant women, and those with chronic health conditions. Symptoms range from mild to severe and can include fever, cough, sore throat and vomiting. Treatment involves antiviral drugs, supportive care, and vaccination of high risk groups.
This document provides an overview of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic from an Indian perspective. It discusses the challenges faced in recognizing and confirming cases of the disease. It also outlines treatment recommendations, including the use of antiviral drugs like Tamiflu and supportive care. Complications tend to be more severe in younger people, possibly due to a 'cytokine storm' immune response, and include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A is more pathogenic and causes pandemics by mutating into new subtypes. The virus attaches to respiratory cells using hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. Symptoms include fever, cough, and sore throat. Complications can include pneumonia. Antiviral drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir can reduce symptoms if taken early. Vaccination is recommended for high-risk groups annually.
Influenza is caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A is the most virulent in humans and causes pandemics through antigenic drift or shift. It commonly infects the respiratory tract causing symptoms like cough, fever and sore throat. Treatment involves antivirals, supportive care and antibiotics for secondary infections. Parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus are other common respiratory viruses that often infect children and cause croup or pneumonia.
Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of three types - A, B, and C. Type A is the most virulent and causes pandemics through antigenic shifts. It has various subtypes like H1N1, H5N1, H3N2. Type B causes epidemics. Type C causes mild illness. Influenza spreads during winters through droplets. It can cause complications like pneumonia. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antigen detection and serology. Vaccination and antiviral drugs like oseltamivir are used for prevention and treatment. The 2009 H1N1 virus caused a pandemic and is now a seasonal variant.
The document discusses the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. It provides details on the virus, symptoms, transmission, management and treatment recommendations, and control measures. As of December 2009, over 9,500 deaths had been reported worldwide from the H1N1 virus. While the overall global mortality rate was approximately 1%, continued virus transmission was observed across many regions. Vaccines and antiviral medications such as oseltamivir were the primary interventions recommended for treatment and prevention.
espiratory?
Respiration consists of 4 distinct processes:
Pulmonary Ventilation. moving air into and out of the lungs. ...
External Respiration.
Transport. transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues.
Internal Respiration. diffusion of gases between the blood of the systemic capillaries and cells.
Seasonal influenza is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs annually, causing mild to severe illness and sometimes death. It is caused by influenza A and B viruses. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue. While most people recover within a week, those at high risk like the elderly and very young are more likely to develop severe complications. Vaccination is the most effective prevention strategy and is recommended annually for high risk groups.
This document discusses the management of swine flu. It begins with an overview and definitions of swine flu, caused by influenza A H1N1 viruses. It describes the 2009 pandemic that originated in Mexico and notes the virus was first identified in 1930. The document then covers the pandemicity of H1N1, the structure and types of influenza viruses, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and categorization of cases. It provides details on prevention through vaccination, isolation, hand hygiene and masks. The management section focuses on drug therapy with oseltamivir and zanamivir, and discusses newer drug targets in development like inhibiting hemaggultinin-sialic acid interaction and viral membrane fusion.
The document discusses Swine Flu in pregnancy. It begins with an introduction defining Swine Flu and noting its spread globally. It then covers the epidemiology of the H1N1 virus, including transmission, incubation period, communicability and seasonality. It defines suspected, probable and confirmed cases and lists populations at highest risk of severe illness, including pregnant women. It discusses potential complications of Swine Flu in pregnancy and recommended investigations, prevention through vaccination, treatment using Oseltamivir, supportive care and discharge policies.
This presentation covers pandemic influenza, including H1N1 influenza. It discusses what influenza is, the influenza virus classification and subtypes. It describes antigenic shift and drift which can lead to new pandemic strains. It summarizes the 2009 H1N1 pandemic including epidemiology globally, regionally, and nationally. It discusses epidemiological determinants such as the causative agent and host factors. It also outlines the mode of transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, case management, and prevention/control measures including vaccination and antiviral use.
The document provides information about influenza viruses, specifically focusing on Influenza A, B, and C. It discusses the differences between these types of influenza viruses in terms of their hosts, RNA segments, ability to cause antigenic drift or shift, and ability to cause pandemics or epidemics. It also summarizes past influenza pandemics and provides details about the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Furthermore, it outlines recommendations for preventing and responding to influenza pandemics according to the WHO pandemic phases.
This document discusses the management of severe viral pneumonia in the ICU. It begins with an introduction that outlines the major concerns of viral pneumonia for intensivists due to high mortality and morbidity rates. It then discusses the various viruses that can cause respiratory infections in the ICU such as influenza, RSV, adenovirus, SARS-CoV, and others. The pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic tools including imaging and labs, and treatment approaches including antiviral therapy, corticosteroids, oxygenation and ventilation are summarized. Non-invasive ventilation is discussed as a first-line treatment for acute respiratory failure but criteria for NIV failure requiring intubation are also provided.
Investigation,managemnt and vaccination of influenza (2)Gnandas Barman
The document discusses important considerations for differentiating influenza from other respiratory illnesses. During an outbreak, a clinical diagnosis of influenza can be made with certainty based on typical symptoms. However, in sporadic cases influenza may be difficult to differentiate from other viral or bacterial causes based on symptoms alone. Key differential diagnoses discussed include bacterial pneumonia, the common cold, streptococcal pharyngitis, and bacterial meningitis or encephalitis. Nasopharyngeal swabs are the preferred sample for laboratory diagnosis of influenza. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests can provide quick results but have limitations. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing is more sensitive and specific but results may not be available quickly enough to inform clinical management. Treatment focuses on supportive care, antiviral
Wild birds act as a natural reservoir for all influenza A subtypes. There are currently two influenza A subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2) and two influenza B lineages circulating among humans. Neuraminidase inhibitors like oseltamivir are recommended for treating influenza. They work by preventing the virus from being released from infected cells. Early treatment within 48 hours of symptoms provides the greatest benefit in shortening illness duration and reducing complications.
Epidemiological Perspective of Influenza - Muskan.pptxmuskanpudasainee
The document provides information on influenza and COVID-19. It discusses the background, epidemiology, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of both diseases. Influenza is caused by influenza viruses and spreads seasonally. Key prevention measures include vaccination. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and spreads via respiratory droplets. The elderly and those with underlying conditions are at highest risk. Diagnosis involves virus testing from respiratory samples. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and no cure currently exists for COVID-19.
Peripheral neuropathies can affect the cell body, myelin sheath, or axon. When evaluating a patient with neuropathy, the clinician aims to identify where the lesion is located, determine the cause, and prescribe proper treatment. Electrodiagnostic studies and nerve biopsies help classify the neuropathy and diagnose underlying causes like diabetes, autoimmune diseases, toxins, vitamins deficiencies, infections, and malignancies. Cryptogenic neuropathies have no known cause and treatment focuses on managing neuropathic pain symptoms.
Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding refers to recent blood loss originating from the colon. Common causes include diverticulosis, angiodysplasia, inflammatory bowel disease, and neoplasms. Symptoms include the passage of maroon or bright red blood or blood clots from the rectum, with blood from the left colon appearing bright red and blood from the right colon appearing dark or mixed with stool. Colonoscopy is recommended for patients presenting with hematochezia who are hemodynamically stable to identify the source of bleeding and guide specific treatments.
The portal vein collects blood from the abdominal organs and transports it to the liver. It forms from the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein. It branches within the liver into left and right portal veins which supply the left and right sides of the liver through hepatic sinusoids before draining into the hepatic veins and inferior vena cava.
This document discusses paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system. It defines paraneoplastic syndromes as disorders that accompany benign or malignant tumors but are not directly caused by tumor invasion or mass effects. It then lists and describes various paraneoplastic syndromes that can affect the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscles. The document discusses the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic syndromes and antibodies associated with different syndromes. It provides information on incidence, diagnostic criteria, treatment approaches, prognosis, and testing considerations for paraneoplastic syndromes.
This document summarizes hepatorenal syndrome, which causes acute kidney injury in patients with liver disease. It is caused by increased vasodilation in the splanchnic circulation due to portal hypertension and cirrhosis, reducing renal perfusion. There are two types - type 1 with a rapid rise in creatinine and type 2 with less severe renal impairment. Bacterial infections and bleeding can precipitate it. Treatment involves norepinephrine or terlipressin infusions with albumin for critically ill or less ill patients respectively. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or liver transplantation may be considered if medical management fails.
Nipah virus is a zoonotic pathogen first discovered during an outbreak among pig farmers in Malaysia. It causes encephalitis in humans. The virus is transmitted through contact with bats, pigs, or infected people. Clinical features include fever, headache and deterioration of consciousness leading to coma. MRI may show small focal lesions in the brain. Treatment is supportive care and intensive monitoring may be needed. There is no effective antiviral treatment but ribavirin was used during one outbreak. Prevention involves reducing contact with bats or sick animals. Survivors may experience long term fatigue and neurological issues.
Hepatic encephalopathy is a spectrum of potentially reversible neuropsychiatric abnormalities seen in patients with liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It is categorized based on the underlying disease, severity of manifestations, time course, and precipitating factors. Acute hepatic encephalopathy is initially managed by identifying and correcting precipitating causes while also lowering blood ammonia levels using lactulose or gut sterilization. Chronic therapy involves lactulose or lacitol aiming for 2-3 soft stools per day along with nutritional therapy including a daily diet of 30-35 kcal/kg and 1.0-1.5 g of vegetable protein/kg.
This document discusses Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the most common bacterial infection worldwide. It causes chronic gastritis and is linked to peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and lymphoma. Infection rates are higher and acquired earlier in developing countries due to socioeconomic factors. H. pylori is transmitted person-to-person through fecal-oral or oral-oral routes. Treatment requires antibiotic therapy, with clarithromycin-based regimens avoided if there are risk factors for resistance. Eradication should be confirmed with follow-up testing, and culture-guided treatment used for patients who fail multiple regimens.
Brittle diabetes refers to unstable diabetes that causes frequent and unpredictable swings in blood glucose levels, disrupting daily life. It was first described in the 1940s and can be caused by psychological, behavioral, medical compliance, or underlying medical issues. Patients with brittle diabetes experience recurrent episodes of either hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia. Evaluation and treatment involves glucose monitoring, insulin administration supervision, diabetes education, and treating any underlying causes.
Cushing's syndrome can be difficult to diagnose due to obesity masking symptoms. The key tests are urinary free cortisol to confirm excess cortisol, plasma corticotropin to determine if the source is ectopic or eutopic, and plasma cortisol to assess treatment success. Most patients will fit standard diagnostic pathways, but some outliers may require additional testing over time, such as periodic measurements or alternative assays. The goal is to determine if the condition is corticotropin-dependent or -independent to guide treatment, which may involve petrosal sinus sampling, surgery, or drug therapy.
This document describes a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) in a 27-year-old woman with schizophrenia. She was admitted to the hospital unable to communicate or move after her medications were recently altered to include haloperidol. On examination, she had hyperthermia, rigidity, tremors, and was hypotensive. Laboratory tests found elevated creatine kinase levels. She was diagnosed with NMS based on her history of neuroleptic use and presentation of symptoms. She was treated supportively and with dantrolene, bromocriptine, and lorazepam, and showed significant improvement over two weeks.
This document describes a case of a 23-year-old female patient who presented with skin pigmentation, fatigue, weight loss, and a history of hypothyroidism. Laboratory investigations revealed she had Addison's disease as well as thyroid abnormalities. She was diagnosed with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II, which is characterized by having Addison's disease along with thyroid autoimmune diseases. She was started on hormone replacement therapy and is being followed up as an outpatient.
This document discusses Budd-Chiari syndrome, which is defined as hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction independent of the cause. It can be primary, due to a venous process like thrombosis, or secondary, due to external compression. It is more common in women and Asia. Symptoms include abdominal pain, swelling, jaundice and bleeding. Diagnosis involves imaging like ultrasound or MRI. Treatment depends on severity and includes anticoagulation, thrombolysis, angioplasty, shunts or transplantation.
A 50-year-old lady presented with weakness, limb pain, and generalized swelling for one week. Examination found proximal muscle weakness and a rash. Tests found elevated muscle enzymes and inflammation. MRI showed myositis and biopsy confirmed inflammatory myositis. She was given steroids but deteriorated due to rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury and passed away. Inflammatory myositis includes types like polymyositis and dermatomyositis, diagnosed by enzymes, EMG, and biopsy. Treatment begins with steroids and immunosuppressants, with a goal of eliminating inflammation and restoring function.
This document describes a case of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) in a 17-year-old female patient who presented with an episode of loss of consciousness. Examinations and tests like ECG, EEG, echocardiogram and Holter monitoring were normal or showed no abnormalities. She was diagnosed with SSS based on her symptoms and normal diagnostic workup. SSS is caused by dysfunction of the sinoatrial node and can cause bradycardia, pauses in sinus rhythm, or an inadequate heart rate response. The standard treatment is implantation of a permanent pacemaker, and the document discusses different types of pacemaker systems.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
2. Introduction
Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by inz A or inz B virus that occurs in
outbreaks and epidemics worldwide, mainly in the winter season
3. Pathogenesis
Human influenza viruses are single-strand RNA viruses that belong to the Orthomyxoviridae
family, consisting of the genera influenza A, B, and C viruses.
Only influenza A and B viruses cause epidemics in humans.
Based on their main antigenic determinants, the haemagglutinin (H or HA) and
neuraminidase (N or NA) transmembrane glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are further
subdivided into 18 H (H1–H18) and 11 N (N1–N11) subtypes
4. Pathogenesis
Among influenza A viruses that infect humans, three major subtypes of hemagglutinins (H1,
H2, and H3) and two subtypes of neuraminidases (N1 and N2) have circulated stably in the
human population and are responsible for annual epidemics
HA and NA are critical for virulence
5. Pathogenesis
Influenza A viruses, in particular, have a remarkable ability to undergo periodic changes in
their antigenic envelope glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase.
6. Pathogenesis
Major changes in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins are referred to as
antigenic shifts,
Minor changes are called antigenic drifts.
Antigenic shifts are associated with epidemics and pandemics of influenza A
Antigenic drifts are associated with more localized outbreaks of varying extent
7. Microbiology
Influenza viruses have a segmented genome that can result in high rates of reassortment
among viruses coinfecting the same cell. Reassortment between animal and human viruses
may result in the emergence of pandemic strains.
It was found that this new (novel) virus has gene segments from the swine, avain and
human flu virus genes, and hence named “Swine Flu”
Scientists call this a ‘Quadruple reassortant’ virus and hence this new virus is christened
“influenza-A (H1N1) virus”
9. Virus Shedding
Influenza shedding begins the day prior to symptom onset and often persists for five to
seven days or longer in immunocompetent individuals
Even longer periods of shedding may occur in children, elderly adults, patients with chronic
illnesses, and immunocompromised hosts.
10. Mortality
High rates of morbidity and mortality were noted among children and young adults
worldwide
Although the majority of reported deaths occurred in individuals with underlying health
problems, up to one-third of hospitalized patients had no underlying chronic illness.
11. Mortality
The mortality rate from the H1N1 influenza A pandemic among pregnant women was higher
than among the general population.
Obesity was found to be an independent risk factor for severe infection.
REFERENCE:
Louie JK, Acosta M, Samuel MC, et al. A novel risk factor for a novel virus: obesity and 2009
pandemic influenza A (H1N1). Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:301.
12. Pandemic vs Seasonal
Pandemic H1N1 influenza A infections were uncommon in persons older than 65 years,
possibly as a result of preexisting immunity against antigenically similar influenza viruses
that circulated prior to 1957
13. Pandemic vs Seasonal
The signs & symptoms of influenza caused by pandemic H1N1 A virus was similar to that of
seasonal influenza, although gastrointestinal manifestation appear to be more common with
pandemic H1N1 Influenza A.
In a study that compares patients with pandemic H1N1 with patients having seasonal
influenza infection , those with pandemic H1N1 influenza A had higher rate of
extrapulmonary complications, ICU admission and death despite being younger and having
fewer comorbidities.
14. Clinical Diagnosis
A. During outbreaks – During an inz outbreak, acute febrile respiratory illnesses can be
diagnosed as influenza with a high likelihood by clinical criteria- Fever and cough within
48hrs of development of symptoms malaise, chills.
A Study suggests that presence of sneezing made influenza (pandemic) less likely
B. Sporadic cases- of influenza cannot be differentiated from infection caused by other
respiratory viruses like rhinovirus or coronavirus on clinical grounds alone
15. Risk Groups
Patients with comorbidities
Immunocompromised hosts
Pregnant women
Healthcare workers
Indigenous populations
Older populations
Obesity
Smoking
REFERENCE:
October 21, 1982NEJM 1982; 307:1042-1046
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198210213071702
16. Imaging
Infiltrates suggestive of pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on chest
radiography
Common CT findings included patchy consolidation or ground glass opacities, with or
without consolidation; there was a lower lung zone predominance, and the most commonly
affected regions were the peripheral and central perihilar areas
18. Laboratory tests
1) Molecular assays –
a) Conventional RT-PCR : It is the most sensitive and specific test – it is a rapid test and takes 1-8
hours
-it can differentiate between influenza types and subtypes including pandemic H1N1, H5N1 avian
infection and H7N9 avian influenza
b) Rapid molecular assay : Have been developed which provide results in less than 20 min. They
either use
Isothermic
nuclear acid
amplicication
Modified RT-
PCR
19. Laboratory tests
2) Rapid antigen test: Immunoassay that can identify inz A & B viral nucleoprotien antigens in
respiratory specimens
NOTE: Results are qualitative. Takes less than 15 min . Much lower sensitivity that RT PCR,RMA and
viral culture
20. Laboratory tests
3) Immunofluorescence – (Direct/Indirect): IMF antibody staining for INZ
4) Digital Immunoassay : Instrument based digital scan of the test strip
5) Viral Culture: Inz virus can be cultured from
a) Nasal washing
b) Throat swab
c) BAL
6) Serology: not useful in acute illness
21. Whom to test?
During influenza season:
1. Immunocompetent outpatients who are at high risk for infection, AFRI and present within 5 days
on illness onset
2. Immunocompromised outpatient with AFRI regardless of time since onset
3. Inpatients with an AFRI including those with signs of CAP, regardless of time since illness onset
At anytime of the year:
1. Inz testing should be done in healthcare workers if they present within 5 days of illness onset
22. Choice of diagnostic test?
RT-PCR or Rapid molecular assay over antigen detection test
23. When to test?
Testing should be done as soon as possible since viral shedding peaks at 24-48hrs of
illness
24. When to treat ?
Treatment should not be delayed while awaiting test results
Work up & treatment should not be stopped based on negative rapid test results due to its
limited sensitivity
26. Indications
Based on the CDC guidelines, prompt initiation of antiviral therapy was recommended for
children, adolescents, or adults with suspected or confirmed influenza infection
It was also recommended that early treatment be considered in patients with suspected or
confirmed influenza infection who were at high risk for complications
It was recommended that for severely immunosuppressed patients (eg, those receiving
treatment for malignancies, hematopoietic or solid organ transplant recipients) presenting
with an acute respiratory illness, antiviral therapy be started as soon as possible.
27. Antiviral agents
Oseltamivir
Zanamivir
Peramivir
Zanamivir was the preferred agent for patients with oseltamivir-resistant pandemic H1N1
influenza A infection 10 mg (2 x 5-mg inhalations) twice daily for 5 days
. In those who were unable to use inhaled zanamivir (eg, critically ill patients, patients with a
history of bronchospasm), the intravenous formulation was considered appropriate.
28. Oseltamivir Medication
Oseltamivir is the recommended drug for treatment.
Dose for treatment is as follows -
By Weight:
For weight <15kg
30 mg BD for 5 days
15-23kg
45 mg BD for 5 days
24-<40kg
60 mg BD for 5 days
>40kg
75 mg BD for 5 days
29. Antibacterial therapy
It was recommended that patients with H1N1 influenza A who developed pneumonia be
treated empirically for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) given the risk of secondary
bacterial pneumonia with organisms such as Streptococcus
pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus
30. Protocol for the ventilator management of patient with ALI/ARDS following
Seasonal Influenza:
Indications for Mechanical Ventilation:
Severe Respiratory Failure
Failure to achieve oxygen saturation of > or equal to 90% (or pO2 of > or equal to 60 mm
Hg) on an FIO2 < 0.6.
Ventilator Settings:
1. Pressure pre-set (controlled)
2. Low tidal volume ventilator support
3. Tidal volume — 6 ml/kg ideal body weight (Respiratory rate to a maximum of 30-
35 per minute).
4. Open lung strategy of ventilation with PEEP titration to keep the lung recruited to
achieve an FIO2 of < 0.5 and a saturation of > 90% or a PaO2 of > 60 mmHg
5. Plateau (Pause) pressure not to exceed of > 30-35 mmHg.
6. Alternative modes of ventilation APRV (Airway Pressure Release Ventilation), IRV
(Inverse Ratio Ventilation) in patients with persistent Hypoxemia (SpO2 of < 88-
90% with high PEEP & FIO2 > 0.8).
7. Rescue therapy — recruitment manoeuvres, Sedation, Neuromuscular Blockage
& Prone Ventilations can be considered if above oxygen goals are not met.
31. Other treatment modalities
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
N-acetyl cysteine
Further study is necessary to determine whether glucocorticoids are harmful or beneficial in
patients with influenza infections.
32. Discharge policy
Adult patients should be discharged 7 days after symptoms have subsided.
Children should be discharged 14 days after symptoms have subsided.
33. Antiviral prophylaxis
Considered for adults and children who had close contact with a confirmed or suspected
case AND also fell into one of the following categories
Adults who are at high risk for complications of influenza (eg, individuals with certain chronic medical
conditions or who are greater than 65 years of age)
Pregnant women and women who are up to two weeks postpartum (including following pregnancy loss)
Children who are <5 years of age or who are at high risk of complications of influenza
Healthcare workers and emergency medical personnel
34. Vaccination
Groups recommended to receive influenza vaccine –
Individuals (≥ 6 months old) in risk groups for severe influenza
Healthcare workers
Anyone wishing to protect themselves against influenza
36. Vaccination
Recommended inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) formulation for 2018
an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus
an A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virus;
a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus.
37. Vaccination
Dosage of influenza vaccine –
Adults 0.5ml IMI single dose
3 years - 8 years – 0.5ml IMI 1 or 2 doses*
6 months-2 years-0.25ml IMI 1 or 2 doses*
*2 doses should be administered ≥ 1 month apart during 1st year of vaccination, thereafter one
dose.
Editor's Notes
Categories of influenza- Page6
Uncomplicated influenza: ILI (Influenza-like illness) may present with fever, cough, sore throat, coryza, headache, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms, but without any features of complicated influenza
Complicated influenza: Influenza requiring hospital admission and/or with symptoms and signs of lower respiratory tract infection (hypoxaemia, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, lower chest wall indrawing and inability to feed), central nervous system involvement and/or a significant exacerbation of an underlying medical condition.
Risk groups for severe/complicated influenza disease – Page 6-7
Pregnant women (including the post-partum period)
HIV–infected individuals
Individuals with tuberculosis
Persons of any age with chronic diseases:
o Pulmonary diseases (e.g. asthma, COPD)
o Immunosuppression (e.g. persons on immunosuppressive medication, malignancy)
o Cardiac diseases (e.g. congestive cardiac failure), except for hypertension
o Metabolic disorders (e.g. diabetes mellitus)
o Renal disease
o Hepatic disease
o Neurologic and neurodevelopmental conditions
o Haemoglobinopathies (e.g. sickle cell disease)
Persons aged ≥65 years
Persons ≤18 years receiving chronic aspirin therapy
Persons who are morbidly obese (i.e. BMI ≥40).
Young children (particularly <2 years of age)