The document discusses suspension systems in vehicles. It defines a suspension system as the system of springs, shock absorbers, and linkages that connect a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve two main purposes - contributing to a vehicle's handling and braking ability, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from damage caused by road conditions. The key components of a suspension system are described as control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. Different types of springs and suspensions systems like independent suspensions and types of stub axles are also outlined.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two main purposes. It contributes to the vehicle's handling and braking while also protecting the vehicle and passengers from damage caused by bumps and vibrations in the road. The basic components of a suspension system include control arms, ball joints, springs, shock absorbers, and other linkages which work together to support the vehicle's weight and allow for steering and a smooth ride. Modern systems often use coil springs and independent suspension for each wheel.
This document discusses key terms and concepts related to steering system design, including camber, caster, directional stability, geometric centerline, toe, parallelism, and Ackerman steering. It provides definitions and explanations of these terms. For example, it explains that caster provides directional stability and the ability of wheels to return to the straight ahead position after a turn. It also discusses various steering system types like rack and pinion steering and their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses various components and types of vehicle suspension systems. It describes solid axle, double wishbone, and MacPherson strut suspensions. For each type it provides the advantages and disadvantages. It explains key suspension terminology like camber, caster, roll center, and discusses how suspension serves to isolate passengers from road vibrations while improving vehicle control and mobility.
Torsion bars are metal bars used in automobile suspension systems that perform the function of springs. One end of the bar is fixed to the vehicle frame, while the other end is attached to components like the axle or control arm. When forces from driving cause the attached components to twist the bar, it provides resistance like a spring, absorbing shocks from the road. Torsion bars offer benefits like a soft ride, long durability, easy adjustability of vehicle height, and a compact design requiring less interior space compared to coil springs. However, they do not provide progressive spring rates and ride quality can become harsh when adjusted to maximum height. Torsion bar suspension systems are commonly used on trucks, SUVs, and military vehicles.
The document discusses the suspension system of an automobile. It provides definitions of key terms related to suspension systems such as camber, caster, jounce, and rebound. It describes the main components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, ball joints, tie rods, and track bars. It discusses different types of springs, dampers, and overall suspension systems. It provides details on independent suspension systems such as double wishbone and MacPherson strut types. The purpose of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle from road shocks and maintain steering geometry.
The document discusses various components of vehicle wheels and tires. It describes pressed steel discs as the most popular type of wheel due to their strength, light weight, and low cost of mass production. It explains that a wheel assembly must sustain braking and other forces and lists its key components. The document also covers topics such as wheel balancing, tire sizing designations, tread patterns, inflation pressure, and types of tire wear caused by issues like improper camber alignment.
This document discusses various components and classifications of vehicle suspension systems. It describes common suspension links like control arms, radius rods, and trailing arms. It explains suspension types such as double wishbone, MacPherson strut, swing axle, live axle with leaf springs, and de Dion tube suspensions. It also covers rear suspension configurations including live-axle with coil springs and independent rear suspension with shocks. In summary, the document provides an overview of key suspension links and classifications of front and rear suspension designs used in automobiles.
The document discusses suspension systems in vehicles. It defines a suspension system as the system of springs, shock absorbers, and linkages that connect a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve two main purposes - contributing to a vehicle's handling and braking ability, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from damage caused by road conditions. The key components of a suspension system are described as control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. Different types of springs and suspensions systems like independent suspensions and types of stub axles are also outlined.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two main purposes. It contributes to the vehicle's handling and braking while also protecting the vehicle and passengers from damage caused by bumps and vibrations in the road. The basic components of a suspension system include control arms, ball joints, springs, shock absorbers, and other linkages which work together to support the vehicle's weight and allow for steering and a smooth ride. Modern systems often use coil springs and independent suspension for each wheel.
This document discusses key terms and concepts related to steering system design, including camber, caster, directional stability, geometric centerline, toe, parallelism, and Ackerman steering. It provides definitions and explanations of these terms. For example, it explains that caster provides directional stability and the ability of wheels to return to the straight ahead position after a turn. It also discusses various steering system types like rack and pinion steering and their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses various components and types of vehicle suspension systems. It describes solid axle, double wishbone, and MacPherson strut suspensions. For each type it provides the advantages and disadvantages. It explains key suspension terminology like camber, caster, roll center, and discusses how suspension serves to isolate passengers from road vibrations while improving vehicle control and mobility.
Torsion bars are metal bars used in automobile suspension systems that perform the function of springs. One end of the bar is fixed to the vehicle frame, while the other end is attached to components like the axle or control arm. When forces from driving cause the attached components to twist the bar, it provides resistance like a spring, absorbing shocks from the road. Torsion bars offer benefits like a soft ride, long durability, easy adjustability of vehicle height, and a compact design requiring less interior space compared to coil springs. However, they do not provide progressive spring rates and ride quality can become harsh when adjusted to maximum height. Torsion bar suspension systems are commonly used on trucks, SUVs, and military vehicles.
The document discusses the suspension system of an automobile. It provides definitions of key terms related to suspension systems such as camber, caster, jounce, and rebound. It describes the main components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, ball joints, tie rods, and track bars. It discusses different types of springs, dampers, and overall suspension systems. It provides details on independent suspension systems such as double wishbone and MacPherson strut types. The purpose of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle from road shocks and maintain steering geometry.
The document discusses various components of vehicle wheels and tires. It describes pressed steel discs as the most popular type of wheel due to their strength, light weight, and low cost of mass production. It explains that a wheel assembly must sustain braking and other forces and lists its key components. The document also covers topics such as wheel balancing, tire sizing designations, tread patterns, inflation pressure, and types of tire wear caused by issues like improper camber alignment.
This document discusses various components and classifications of vehicle suspension systems. It describes common suspension links like control arms, radius rods, and trailing arms. It explains suspension types such as double wishbone, MacPherson strut, swing axle, live axle with leaf springs, and de Dion tube suspensions. It also covers rear suspension configurations including live-axle with coil springs and independent rear suspension with shocks. In summary, the document provides an overview of key suspension links and classifications of front and rear suspension designs used in automobiles.
By students at HKBK college of engineering, a formula style car was developed for the Formula SAE competition considering factors like design, manufacturing, performance, and rules. An unequal double A-arm wishbone suspension system was used. This system has upper and lower unequal length A-arms connected by a rocker arm. It allows for negative camber gain as the chassis rolls, keeping the wheels upright for maximum cornering. The suspension transmits force through the rocker arm and rocker to the shock absorbers, reducing vibrations from uneven surfaces. Key parameters like camber angle, scrub radius and travel are designed to meet Formula SAE rules.
The steering system controls the direction of front wheels to steer the vehicle. It transmits road feedback and absorbs shocks from the road surface. The main types are linkage steering using a worm gear and rack-and-pinion steering. Linkage steering uses a steering shaft, column, gearbox and linkage to connect the steering wheel to the wheels. Rack-and-pinion steering uses a pinion gear that engages a toothed rack to directly turn the wheels. Power steering systems use hydraulic pressure to assist the driver. Common problems include steering wheel play, hard steering, and noises from low fluid, worn belts or the power steering pump.
The document discusses steering, brake, and suspension systems. It describes the main components of a steering system, including the steering wheel, steering column, steering gear, drop arm and ball joints. It explains the functions of the steering wheel and concepts such as caster, camber, kingpin inclination, and toe. It also discusses different types of steering gear boxes, including rack and pinion and recirculating ball types. Power steering and its advantages over manual steering are also summarized.
1. Front wheels of the vehicle are mounted on front axles. It supports the weight of front part of the vehicle, facilitates steering, and absorbs shocks transmitted due to road surface irregularities.
2. There are different types of front axles including dead axles, live axles, and stub axles which connect to the front axle by king pins to allow steering of the front wheels.
3. The steering system includes components like the steering wheel, steering shaft, steering gearbox, steering linkage and wheels which work together to convert the rotational motion of the steering wheel into lateral motion of the wheels to steer the vehicle.
This document discusses various types of vehicle suspension systems and their components. It describes solid axle, twin I-beam, short arm-long arm, and McPherson strut suspensions. Suspension components like springs, shocks, steering gears, and alignment angles are also outlined. Leaf springs, torsion bars, coil springs, and progressive coil springs are explained as well as how to adjust their strength. Finally, concepts such as camber, caster, toe, ride height, 4-wheel alignment, and tire rotation are summarized.
Suspension system - CSVTU Automobile Engg.ManishRKSahu
This document provides an overview of automobile suspension systems. It discusses the objectives of a suspension system which include maximizing tire contact with the road, providing steering stability and handling, and evenly supporting the vehicle's weight. It then describes the basic components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, control arms, and ball joints. Finally, it discusses different types of suspension systems like rigid suspensions, independent suspensions, and air suspensions. It provides details on leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and shock absorbers.
The document discusses suspension systems and components. It provides three key objectives of suspension systems: 1) To provide good ride and handling performance by ensuring wheels follow the road profile with minimal tire load fluctuation. 2) To ensure steering control is maintained during maneuvers by keeping wheels in the proper position. 3) To ensure the vehicle responds favorably to braking, accelerating and cornering forces from tires by resisting body movement. It then discusses various suspension types, kinematic analysis methods, force analysis, and concepts like roll center analysis and anti-dive/anti-squat characteristics.
Four steering system is about the maneuvering of the wheel using all four wheel. Which allows the vehicle to take sharp turn at slow speed and decrease the rollover accident danger at higher speed.
The document discusses front axles and steering systems. It defines different types of front axles including dead, line, and stub axles. It also describes the four types of stub axles: Elliot, reversed Elliot, Lamoine, and reversed Lamoine. The steering system section covers steering geometry including camber, caster, king pin inclination, and toe. It also discusses Ackermann steering geometry and different steering gear boxes such as worm and sector, rack and pinion. In summary, the document provides an overview of front axle and steering system components and geometry.
The document provides an overview of suspension, steering, and braking systems for automobiles. It discusses the different types of suspension systems including rigid axle, independent suspension, and McPherson strut suspension. It also describes shock absorbers, steering gears and geometry, power steering, automatic transmission, wheel alignment, hydraulic and air brakes. The key components and purposes of each system are outlined.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two purposes - contributing to handling and braking while protecting the vehicle and cargo from damage. There are different types of suspension systems including conventional, independent, air, and hydraulic systems. An independent suspension system allows each wheel to move independently of the other wheels, improving ride quality. Common independent front systems are MacPherson strut and double wishbone suspensions.
SYNOPSIS fOR FOUR WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM (MECHANICAL ENGG.)Brij Bhushan Singh
This document provides details about a final year project to design and fabricate a four-wheel steering system. The project aims to reduce the turning radius of a vehicle to improve maneuverability. It will be developed over 6 months with a budget of 20,000 Rs. and a team of 5 members. The project leader's role is fabrication. Existing systems only steer the front wheels, while this project will steer all four wheels to enhance stability, response, and tight space maneuvers compared to conventional two-wheel steering. Design software like AutoCAD and Pro-E will be used, along with machinery like lathes and welding equipment. Requirements include access to workshop facilities for machining and assembly.
4-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM MECHANISM USING DPDT SWITCHIAEME Publication
1) The document describes a 4-wheel steering system that uses DPDT switches to control servo and DC motors to steer the front and rear wheels independently.
2) It allows for crab steering where all wheels turn in the same direction, coordinated steering where front and rear wheels turn in opposite directions, and parallel parking where the wheels can rotate 90 degrees.
3) The DPDT switches change the polarity of the DC motors to switch between clockwise and counterclockwise rotation of the wheels for maneuvers like turning sharply.
This document provides an overview of 5 common types of steering gearboxes: 1) worm and worm wheel, 2) worm and nut, 3) worm and roller, 4) recirculating ball type, and 5) rack and pinion. Each type is described in 1-2 paragraphs, outlining the key components and how rotation of the steering wheel is converted to linear motion to steer the wheels. The worm and worm wheel type is commonly used in tractors, while rack and pinion is popular for small cars due to its compact size but limited gear ratio. Recirculating ball type and worm and roller systems are used in various passenger vehicles.
four wheel steering configurations with the types of four wheel steering. It also goes through zero turning radius, crab steering, low speed steering and high speed steering.
Tilting Three wheeled Bike, it contains the information of basics of suspension system and the knowledge of the Tilting Trike. This slides wrer prepared for my Final year project of Mechanical Engineering.
im very glad to share this slides into this site named as SlideShare.net. You also share this information which contains the knowledge about automobile engingineering as well as Mechanical Engineering.
This document discusses an intelligent active suspension system for a two-wheeler vehicle. It begins by defining an active suspension system and its main functions of isolating the vehicle body from road disturbances and maintaining contact between the tires and road. It then describes the basic components of a suspension system, including springs, dampers, and how an active suspension differs by controlling damping characteristics electronically. The document provides details on various suspension properties, a mathematical model, and discusses advantages like improved handling and braking while also addressing higher costs as a disadvantage.
Independent suspension allows each wheel on the same axle to move vertically independently of the other. It is common for modern vehicles to have independent front suspension (IFS) and some to have independent rear suspension (IRS) as well. Independent suspension offers better ride quality and handling due to lower unsprung weight and each wheel's ability to react individually to the road. Some common independent suspension system types are MacPherson strut, double wishbone, and multi-link systems.
The document discusses various components and types of steering systems used in vehicles. It describes the basic components that make up a steering system including the steering wheel, steering column, steering gears, linkages and wheels. It then explains different types of steering gears including worm and wheel, worm and sector, cam and lever, recirculating ball, and rack and pinion systems. The document also covers power steering systems that use hydraulic or electric motors to assist the driver by reducing steering effort.
The document provides information on vehicle suspension systems. It discusses the key components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, and linkages. The goals of a suspension system are to contribute to vehicle handling/braking performance while keeping occupants comfortable by isolating them from road bumps and noise. The suspension supports the vehicle's weight, provides a smooth ride, and protects the vehicle from damage. Common types of suspension systems include dependent systems that link the two wheels and independent systems where each wheel can move independently. Key aspects like sprung mass, unsprung mass, suspension types, and springs are also summarized.
The document discusses suspension systems, providing details on key components and types. It defines a suspension system as connecting a vehicle to its wheels to provide a smooth ride while protecting the vehicle from damage. Common components are described like springs, shock absorbers, control arms and ball joints. Two main types of suspensions are highlighted: independent, which allows individual wheels to move without affecting the other; and non-independent/rigid suspensions where both wheels are attached to the same solid axle. The McPherson strut and double wishbone suspensions are given as examples of independent suspensions.
The suspension system supports the vehicle, protects it from damage, and maintains proper wheel alignment. It has several key components, including springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and bushings. The suspension's functions are to maintain correct ride height, reduce shock forces, control vehicle direction, and keep the tires in contact with the road.
By students at HKBK college of engineering, a formula style car was developed for the Formula SAE competition considering factors like design, manufacturing, performance, and rules. An unequal double A-arm wishbone suspension system was used. This system has upper and lower unequal length A-arms connected by a rocker arm. It allows for negative camber gain as the chassis rolls, keeping the wheels upright for maximum cornering. The suspension transmits force through the rocker arm and rocker to the shock absorbers, reducing vibrations from uneven surfaces. Key parameters like camber angle, scrub radius and travel are designed to meet Formula SAE rules.
The steering system controls the direction of front wheels to steer the vehicle. It transmits road feedback and absorbs shocks from the road surface. The main types are linkage steering using a worm gear and rack-and-pinion steering. Linkage steering uses a steering shaft, column, gearbox and linkage to connect the steering wheel to the wheels. Rack-and-pinion steering uses a pinion gear that engages a toothed rack to directly turn the wheels. Power steering systems use hydraulic pressure to assist the driver. Common problems include steering wheel play, hard steering, and noises from low fluid, worn belts or the power steering pump.
The document discusses steering, brake, and suspension systems. It describes the main components of a steering system, including the steering wheel, steering column, steering gear, drop arm and ball joints. It explains the functions of the steering wheel and concepts such as caster, camber, kingpin inclination, and toe. It also discusses different types of steering gear boxes, including rack and pinion and recirculating ball types. Power steering and its advantages over manual steering are also summarized.
1. Front wheels of the vehicle are mounted on front axles. It supports the weight of front part of the vehicle, facilitates steering, and absorbs shocks transmitted due to road surface irregularities.
2. There are different types of front axles including dead axles, live axles, and stub axles which connect to the front axle by king pins to allow steering of the front wheels.
3. The steering system includes components like the steering wheel, steering shaft, steering gearbox, steering linkage and wheels which work together to convert the rotational motion of the steering wheel into lateral motion of the wheels to steer the vehicle.
This document discusses various types of vehicle suspension systems and their components. It describes solid axle, twin I-beam, short arm-long arm, and McPherson strut suspensions. Suspension components like springs, shocks, steering gears, and alignment angles are also outlined. Leaf springs, torsion bars, coil springs, and progressive coil springs are explained as well as how to adjust their strength. Finally, concepts such as camber, caster, toe, ride height, 4-wheel alignment, and tire rotation are summarized.
Suspension system - CSVTU Automobile Engg.ManishRKSahu
This document provides an overview of automobile suspension systems. It discusses the objectives of a suspension system which include maximizing tire contact with the road, providing steering stability and handling, and evenly supporting the vehicle's weight. It then describes the basic components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, control arms, and ball joints. Finally, it discusses different types of suspension systems like rigid suspensions, independent suspensions, and air suspensions. It provides details on leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and shock absorbers.
The document discusses suspension systems and components. It provides three key objectives of suspension systems: 1) To provide good ride and handling performance by ensuring wheels follow the road profile with minimal tire load fluctuation. 2) To ensure steering control is maintained during maneuvers by keeping wheels in the proper position. 3) To ensure the vehicle responds favorably to braking, accelerating and cornering forces from tires by resisting body movement. It then discusses various suspension types, kinematic analysis methods, force analysis, and concepts like roll center analysis and anti-dive/anti-squat characteristics.
Four steering system is about the maneuvering of the wheel using all four wheel. Which allows the vehicle to take sharp turn at slow speed and decrease the rollover accident danger at higher speed.
The document discusses front axles and steering systems. It defines different types of front axles including dead, line, and stub axles. It also describes the four types of stub axles: Elliot, reversed Elliot, Lamoine, and reversed Lamoine. The steering system section covers steering geometry including camber, caster, king pin inclination, and toe. It also discusses Ackermann steering geometry and different steering gear boxes such as worm and sector, rack and pinion. In summary, the document provides an overview of front axle and steering system components and geometry.
The document provides an overview of suspension, steering, and braking systems for automobiles. It discusses the different types of suspension systems including rigid axle, independent suspension, and McPherson strut suspension. It also describes shock absorbers, steering gears and geometry, power steering, automatic transmission, wheel alignment, hydraulic and air brakes. The key components and purposes of each system are outlined.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two purposes - contributing to handling and braking while protecting the vehicle and cargo from damage. There are different types of suspension systems including conventional, independent, air, and hydraulic systems. An independent suspension system allows each wheel to move independently of the other wheels, improving ride quality. Common independent front systems are MacPherson strut and double wishbone suspensions.
SYNOPSIS fOR FOUR WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM (MECHANICAL ENGG.)Brij Bhushan Singh
This document provides details about a final year project to design and fabricate a four-wheel steering system. The project aims to reduce the turning radius of a vehicle to improve maneuverability. It will be developed over 6 months with a budget of 20,000 Rs. and a team of 5 members. The project leader's role is fabrication. Existing systems only steer the front wheels, while this project will steer all four wheels to enhance stability, response, and tight space maneuvers compared to conventional two-wheel steering. Design software like AutoCAD and Pro-E will be used, along with machinery like lathes and welding equipment. Requirements include access to workshop facilities for machining and assembly.
4-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM MECHANISM USING DPDT SWITCHIAEME Publication
1) The document describes a 4-wheel steering system that uses DPDT switches to control servo and DC motors to steer the front and rear wheels independently.
2) It allows for crab steering where all wheels turn in the same direction, coordinated steering where front and rear wheels turn in opposite directions, and parallel parking where the wheels can rotate 90 degrees.
3) The DPDT switches change the polarity of the DC motors to switch between clockwise and counterclockwise rotation of the wheels for maneuvers like turning sharply.
This document provides an overview of 5 common types of steering gearboxes: 1) worm and worm wheel, 2) worm and nut, 3) worm and roller, 4) recirculating ball type, and 5) rack and pinion. Each type is described in 1-2 paragraphs, outlining the key components and how rotation of the steering wheel is converted to linear motion to steer the wheels. The worm and worm wheel type is commonly used in tractors, while rack and pinion is popular for small cars due to its compact size but limited gear ratio. Recirculating ball type and worm and roller systems are used in various passenger vehicles.
four wheel steering configurations with the types of four wheel steering. It also goes through zero turning radius, crab steering, low speed steering and high speed steering.
Tilting Three wheeled Bike, it contains the information of basics of suspension system and the knowledge of the Tilting Trike. This slides wrer prepared for my Final year project of Mechanical Engineering.
im very glad to share this slides into this site named as SlideShare.net. You also share this information which contains the knowledge about automobile engingineering as well as Mechanical Engineering.
This document discusses an intelligent active suspension system for a two-wheeler vehicle. It begins by defining an active suspension system and its main functions of isolating the vehicle body from road disturbances and maintaining contact between the tires and road. It then describes the basic components of a suspension system, including springs, dampers, and how an active suspension differs by controlling damping characteristics electronically. The document provides details on various suspension properties, a mathematical model, and discusses advantages like improved handling and braking while also addressing higher costs as a disadvantage.
Independent suspension allows each wheel on the same axle to move vertically independently of the other. It is common for modern vehicles to have independent front suspension (IFS) and some to have independent rear suspension (IRS) as well. Independent suspension offers better ride quality and handling due to lower unsprung weight and each wheel's ability to react individually to the road. Some common independent suspension system types are MacPherson strut, double wishbone, and multi-link systems.
The document discusses various components and types of steering systems used in vehicles. It describes the basic components that make up a steering system including the steering wheel, steering column, steering gears, linkages and wheels. It then explains different types of steering gears including worm and wheel, worm and sector, cam and lever, recirculating ball, and rack and pinion systems. The document also covers power steering systems that use hydraulic or electric motors to assist the driver by reducing steering effort.
The document provides information on vehicle suspension systems. It discusses the key components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, and linkages. The goals of a suspension system are to contribute to vehicle handling/braking performance while keeping occupants comfortable by isolating them from road bumps and noise. The suspension supports the vehicle's weight, provides a smooth ride, and protects the vehicle from damage. Common types of suspension systems include dependent systems that link the two wheels and independent systems where each wheel can move independently. Key aspects like sprung mass, unsprung mass, suspension types, and springs are also summarized.
The document discusses suspension systems, providing details on key components and types. It defines a suspension system as connecting a vehicle to its wheels to provide a smooth ride while protecting the vehicle from damage. Common components are described like springs, shock absorbers, control arms and ball joints. Two main types of suspensions are highlighted: independent, which allows individual wheels to move without affecting the other; and non-independent/rigid suspensions where both wheels are attached to the same solid axle. The McPherson strut and double wishbone suspensions are given as examples of independent suspensions.
The suspension system supports the vehicle, protects it from damage, and maintains proper wheel alignment. It has several key components, including springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and bushings. The suspension's functions are to maintain correct ride height, reduce shock forces, control vehicle direction, and keep the tires in contact with the road.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels using springs, shock absorbers, and linkages. It serves two purposes - contributing to handling and braking while also protecting the vehicle and cargo from road shocks. There are two main types of suspension systems - rigid/non-independent and independent. Rigid suspension connects both sides of the axle together while independent suspension allows each wheel to move independently. Common components of suspension systems include coil springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and sway bars which help provide cushioning, stability, and ride comfort.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two main purposes. It contributes to the vehicle's handling and braking while also protecting the vehicle and passengers from damage caused by bumps and vibrations in the road. The basic components of a suspension system include control arms, ball joints, springs, shock absorbers, and other linkages which work together to support the vehicle's weight and allow for steering and a smooth ride. Modern systems often use coil springs and shock absorbers in independent designs for each wheel.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two main purposes. It contributes to the vehicle's handling and braking while also protecting the vehicle and passengers from damage caused by bumps and vibrations in the road. The basic components of a suspension system include control arms, ball joints, springs, shock absorbers, and other linkages which work together to support the vehicle's weight and allow for steering and a smooth ride. Modern systems often use coil springs and shock absorbers in independent designs for each wheel.
This document provides information about suspension systems, including their purpose of supporting vehicle weight while providing a smooth ride and cornering ability. It describes the basic parts of a suspension system such as control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. It also discusses different types of suspensions including independent vs non-independent and different spring types. The document concludes by describing how to inspect and replace common suspension components like shocks, springs, ball joints, and tie rods.
This document summarizes different types of automobile suspension systems. It describes rigid and independent suspension systems and the main types of each: coil springs, leaf springs, air springs, and torsion bars. It provides details on wishbone and MacPherson strut independent suspension designs. The key components of suspension systems are identified including control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. The functions and advantages/disadvantages of different suspension components are outlined.
This document provides an overview of suspension systems for automobiles. It discusses the objectives of suspension systems which are to isolate the vehicle from road shocks for ride comfort and stability. It describes the main types of suspension systems including independent suspension, solid axle systems, MacPherson strut, wishbone, and trailing link. Specific suspension designs are detailed such as wishbone and MacPherson strut suspensions. Advantages and disadvantages of independent and rigid suspension systems are given. Various emerging suspension technologies are also summarized such as air, hydroelastic, and hydraulic suspensions.
The document discusses various types of automobile suspension systems. It describes independent suspension systems that allow each wheel to move independently and non-independent systems where the wheels are attached to a solid axle. Common types of independent suspension include MacPherson strut suspension, wishbone suspension, and solid rear axle suspension. The document also covers suspension components like springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and sway bars. It provides advantages and disadvantages of different suspension types.
The document discusses the suspension system of a vehicle, describing its basic parts like control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers, and explaining how they work together to support the vehicle's weight, provide a smooth ride, and allow for steering and cornering. It also covers different types of suspension systems like independent and non-independent suspensions, as well as how to inspect and maintain key suspension components.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of vehicle suspension and braking systems. It discusses the purpose of suspension systems in isolating the vehicle from road shocks. It describes common suspension types like leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and air suspension. It also explains key braking system components like drums, discs, master cylinders, and anti-lock braking systems. The document provides an overview of how different suspension and braking technologies work to provide vehicle stability, ride comfort, and safety.
1) Suspension is the term given to the
system of springs, shock absorbers and
linkages that connect a vehicle to its
wheels
3) Serve a dual purpose – contributing to the
car's handling and braking.
2) Protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or
luggage from damage and wear
UNIT-IV-STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS.pptxDineshKumar4165
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box-Power Steering- Pneumatic and Hydraulic Braking Systems - Antilock Braking System (ABS)- Electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and Traction Control - Types of Front Axle- types of Suspension systems
This document describes five main types of independent suspension systems: 1) MacPherson strut, 2) Wishbone, 3) Vertical guide, 4) Trailing link, and 5) Swinging half axles. It provides details on each system, including components, how they function, advantages and disadvantages. For example, it explains that the MacPherson strut system uses a lower wishbone and strut with shock absorber/coil spring to position the wheel. This system provides maximum engine compartment space and is commonly used in front-wheel drive cars.
The document discusses steering, brakes, and suspension systems. It describes two main types of steering gears: the pitman-arm type and rack-and-pinion type. It also lists various types of steering gear boxes. The suspension system section explains that springs, shock absorbers, and axles connect the vehicle chassis to the wheels and protect parts from road shocks. Various types of suspension springs, including leaf springs and coil springs, are identified. The document concludes by describing drum brakes, disc brakes, hydraulic brakes, pneumatic brakes, and anti-lock brakes.
This document provides information on steering, brakes, and suspension systems. It describes the key components and functions of each system. The steering system section outlines components like the steering wheel, linkage, and gear and how they work together to steer the vehicle. Brake components like drums, discs, and pneumatic/hydraulic systems are defined. Suspension system types including leaf springs, coils, torsion bars, and shock absorbers are covered. Advanced systems like power steering, anti-lock brakes, and traction control are also summarized at a high level.
UNIT IV STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS karthi keyan
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box-Power Steering, Types of Front Axle, Types of Suspension Systems, Pneumatic and Hydraulic Braking Systems, Antilock Braking System (ABS), electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and Traction Control.
UNIT-IV-STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS.pptxprakash0712
This document provides information on steering, brakes, and suspension systems. It describes the key components and functions of each system. The steering system section outlines components like the steering wheel, linkage, and gear and how they work together to steer the vehicle. Brake components like drums, discs, and pneumatic/hydraulic systems are defined. Finally, suspension and ABS are covered, identifying springs, dampers, levels of weight, and advanced driver assistance features.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking safety while also providing a comfortable ride by isolating the vehicle from road bumps and noise. An effective suspension balances these goals. Most modern vehicles use independent front and rear suspension systems with springs, shock absorbers, and linkages to enable each wheel to move independently without affecting the others, improving both ride and handling. The suspension aims to separate the energy of vertical wheel movements from the vehicle body.
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The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
2. Suspension system
INTRODUCTION
• Suspension system is a group of spring, shock absorber and linkages that
connect to vehicle to its wheels.
• Function
1. To keep vehicle in contact with road continuously.
2. To keep occupants comfortable and well isolated from road noise, bumps and
vibration.
3. Suspension system
PRINCIPLE OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM
• To restrict transmission of road vibrations to various components of the vehicle.
• To protect passengers form road shocks.
• To maintain stability of the vehicle in pitching and rolling.
4. Suspension system
COMPONENTS OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM
Control arm
Control arm busing
Strut rod
Shock absorber
Stabilizer bar
spring
5. Suspension system
Control arm
It is movable lever that connects steering
knuckle to the vehicle frame through
ball joint.
Control arm busing
It is a sleeve which allows control arm to
move up and down on frame.
6. Suspension system
Shock absorber / strut
It is damper which act as isolator to restrict the
transmission of vibration from wheel to the
frame of vehicle.
7. Suspension system
Strut rod
• It links vehicle frame to control arm.
• Prevent control arm to swing forward and
backward thereby Reduce unwanted inertia while
breaking and accelerating.
8. Suspension system
Stabilizer bar
It is used to reduce mass moment of inertia of car while turning.
• Increase front wheel under steer
• Control rear oversteer.
9. Suspension system
Classification of suspension
Rigid suspension system
Road irregularities encountered
by one wheel are partially pass to
other wheel.
Independent suspension system
Road irregularities encountered by
one wheel are restricted to that wheel
only.
10. Suspension system
Types of suspension system
• Mac pherson suspension system
• Push rod suspension system
• Solid axel beam suspension system
• Leaf spring suspension system
• Wishbone suspension system
12. Suspension system
Double wishbone suspension system
• More rigid and stable than MacPherson suspension systems.
• Steering and wheel alignments are constant even when undergoing high
amounts of stress.
14. Suspension system
Double Wishbone system with
equal control arm
Envelop of system while traveling in straight line.
• while cornering vehicle get lifted up from inner
wheel due to equal control arm .
Control arm
+ve camber
-ve camber
Wheel Position while cornering
15. Suspension system
Double Wishbone system with
unequal length control arm
Control arm
Envelop of straight travel
-ve camber
+ve camber
• It avoids rolling of vehicle body while turning by using
shorter upper arm
Wheel Position while cornering
16. Suspension system
Advantage
• Maintains uniform contact between the wheels.
• Provides better steering and handling control.
• Increase negative camber.
• It is Flexible.
• Handle large deflection
Disadvantage
• Complex in structure.
• Needs more space.
17. Suspension system
Air suspension system
• Very High strength compare to mechanical suspension system.
• High stability.
• More comfort.
• Less response time.
• Ability to adjust ground clearance.
18. Suspension system
• Pressure line > control valve
• Return line > control valve
• Control line > level valve
connections
To maintain constant pressure in spring
To maintain constant height/ level