The document discusses suspension systems and springs used in vehicle suspension systems. It describes the main types of suspension systems including dependent, independent, and semi-dependent. It then focuses on MacPherson strut suspension systems, why they are commonly used, and how they work. The document then discusses different types of springs used in suspensions including extension, compression, torsion, and leaf springs. It provides details on spring materials, manufacturing processes, and key spring terminology.
Suspension system - CSVTU Automobile Engg.ManishRKSahu
This document provides an overview of automobile suspension systems. It discusses the objectives of a suspension system which include maximizing tire contact with the road, providing steering stability and handling, and evenly supporting the vehicle's weight. It then describes the basic components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, control arms, and ball joints. Finally, it discusses different types of suspension systems like rigid suspensions, independent suspensions, and air suspensions. It provides details on leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and shock absorbers.
The document discusses the suspension system of vehicles. The suspension system uses various components like springs, shock absorbers, and linkages to connect a vehicle to its wheels. It serves to protect the vehicle and passengers from road shocks and improve riding comfort while contributing to handling and braking abilities. The key components are springs that absorb shocks and dampers that restrict bouncing. Common types of springs include leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and air springs. Suspension systems can be conventional, independent, air, or hydrolastic. In conclusion, suspension systems are important for protecting vehicles and providing comfortable rides.
The purpose of a vehicle suspension system is to isolate passengers from road shocks and vibrations while keeping the tires in contact with the road surface. There are different types of suspension systems, including solid axles where movement on one side transfers to the other, and independent suspension where wheels can move independently to reduce body movement. Shock absorbers dampen spring oscillations by forcing oil through small holes to absorb energy from spring motions. Vehicle ride and handling are improved by keeping unsprung mass like wheels and brakes as low as possible. Air suspension uses air pressure to inflate bellows and raise the chassis from the axle, providing a smooth ride. Magnetorheological fluid suspensions change viscosity in a magnetic field to control damping.
This document provides an overview of suspension systems for automobiles. It discusses the objectives of suspension systems which are to isolate the vehicle from road shocks for ride comfort and stability. It describes the main types of suspension systems including independent suspension, solid axle systems, MacPherson strut, wishbone, and trailing link. Specific suspension designs are detailed such as wishbone and MacPherson strut suspensions. Advantages and disadvantages of independent and rigid suspension systems are given. Various emerging suspension technologies are also summarized such as air, hydroelastic, and hydraulic suspensions.
Independent suspension allows each wheel on the same axle to move vertically independently of the other. It is common for modern vehicles to have independent front suspension (IFS) and some to have independent rear suspension (IRS) as well. Independent suspension offers better ride quality and handling due to lower unsprung weight and each wheel's ability to react individually to the road. Some common independent suspension system types are MacPherson strut, double wishbone, and multi-link systems.
1) Suspension is the term given to the
system of springs, shock absorbers and
linkages that connect a vehicle to its
wheels
3) Serve a dual purpose – contributing to the
car's handling and braking.
2) Protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or
luggage from damage and wear
This document discusses vehicle suspension systems. It describes how suspension systems have evolved from early leather springs to modern designs. Key points covered include:
- Early suspension systems used leather springs in 1665 and elliptical leaf springs in 1795. Hydraulic shock absorbers were introduced in 1919.
- Modern suspension types discussed include multi-link suspensions from 1960, MacPherson struts from the 1970s, and Bose automotive suspension from 2009.
- The main components of suspension systems are identified as springs, shockers, and struts. Independent and dependent suspension systems are also defined.
- Multi-link suspensions, which use three or more lateral arms and one or more longitudinal arms, provide improved
This document describes five main types of independent suspension systems: 1) MacPherson strut, 2) Wishbone, 3) Vertical guide, 4) Trailing link, and 5) Swinging half axles. It provides details on each system, including components, how they function, advantages and disadvantages. For example, it explains that the MacPherson strut system uses a lower wishbone and strut with shock absorber/coil spring to position the wheel. This system provides maximum engine compartment space and is commonly used in front-wheel drive cars.
Suspension system - CSVTU Automobile Engg.ManishRKSahu
This document provides an overview of automobile suspension systems. It discusses the objectives of a suspension system which include maximizing tire contact with the road, providing steering stability and handling, and evenly supporting the vehicle's weight. It then describes the basic components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, control arms, and ball joints. Finally, it discusses different types of suspension systems like rigid suspensions, independent suspensions, and air suspensions. It provides details on leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and shock absorbers.
The document discusses the suspension system of vehicles. The suspension system uses various components like springs, shock absorbers, and linkages to connect a vehicle to its wheels. It serves to protect the vehicle and passengers from road shocks and improve riding comfort while contributing to handling and braking abilities. The key components are springs that absorb shocks and dampers that restrict bouncing. Common types of springs include leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and air springs. Suspension systems can be conventional, independent, air, or hydrolastic. In conclusion, suspension systems are important for protecting vehicles and providing comfortable rides.
The purpose of a vehicle suspension system is to isolate passengers from road shocks and vibrations while keeping the tires in contact with the road surface. There are different types of suspension systems, including solid axles where movement on one side transfers to the other, and independent suspension where wheels can move independently to reduce body movement. Shock absorbers dampen spring oscillations by forcing oil through small holes to absorb energy from spring motions. Vehicle ride and handling are improved by keeping unsprung mass like wheels and brakes as low as possible. Air suspension uses air pressure to inflate bellows and raise the chassis from the axle, providing a smooth ride. Magnetorheological fluid suspensions change viscosity in a magnetic field to control damping.
This document provides an overview of suspension systems for automobiles. It discusses the objectives of suspension systems which are to isolate the vehicle from road shocks for ride comfort and stability. It describes the main types of suspension systems including independent suspension, solid axle systems, MacPherson strut, wishbone, and trailing link. Specific suspension designs are detailed such as wishbone and MacPherson strut suspensions. Advantages and disadvantages of independent and rigid suspension systems are given. Various emerging suspension technologies are also summarized such as air, hydroelastic, and hydraulic suspensions.
Independent suspension allows each wheel on the same axle to move vertically independently of the other. It is common for modern vehicles to have independent front suspension (IFS) and some to have independent rear suspension (IRS) as well. Independent suspension offers better ride quality and handling due to lower unsprung weight and each wheel's ability to react individually to the road. Some common independent suspension system types are MacPherson strut, double wishbone, and multi-link systems.
1) Suspension is the term given to the
system of springs, shock absorbers and
linkages that connect a vehicle to its
wheels
3) Serve a dual purpose – contributing to the
car's handling and braking.
2) Protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or
luggage from damage and wear
This document discusses vehicle suspension systems. It describes how suspension systems have evolved from early leather springs to modern designs. Key points covered include:
- Early suspension systems used leather springs in 1665 and elliptical leaf springs in 1795. Hydraulic shock absorbers were introduced in 1919.
- Modern suspension types discussed include multi-link suspensions from 1960, MacPherson struts from the 1970s, and Bose automotive suspension from 2009.
- The main components of suspension systems are identified as springs, shockers, and struts. Independent and dependent suspension systems are also defined.
- Multi-link suspensions, which use three or more lateral arms and one or more longitudinal arms, provide improved
This document describes five main types of independent suspension systems: 1) MacPherson strut, 2) Wishbone, 3) Vertical guide, 4) Trailing link, and 5) Swinging half axles. It provides details on each system, including components, how they function, advantages and disadvantages. For example, it explains that the MacPherson strut system uses a lower wishbone and strut with shock absorber/coil spring to position the wheel. This system provides maximum engine compartment space and is commonly used in front-wheel drive cars.
This document provides information about suspension systems, including their purpose of supporting vehicle weight while providing a smooth ride and cornering ability. It describes the basic parts of a suspension system such as control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. It also discusses different types of suspensions including independent vs non-independent and different spring types. The document concludes by describing how to inspect and replace common suspension components like shocks, springs, ball joints, and tie rods.
The document provides information on vehicle suspension systems. It discusses the key components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, and linkages. The goals of a suspension system are to contribute to vehicle handling/braking performance while keeping occupants comfortable by isolating them from road bumps and noise. The suspension supports the vehicle's weight, provides a smooth ride, and protects the vehicle from damage. Common types of suspension systems include dependent systems that link the two wheels and independent systems where each wheel can move independently. Key aspects like sprung mass, unsprung mass, suspension types, and springs are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of a summer training program at Triumph Motors on suspension systems. It discusses the history of Chevrolet, an introduction to suspension systems including their functions and components. The key components discussed are springs, dampers, and struts. Common types of springs like leaf springs and coil springs are described along with how dampers and struts work to absorb shocks and support vehicle weight.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two purposes - contributing to handling and braking while protecting the vehicle and cargo from damage. There are different types of suspension systems including conventional, independent, air, and hydraulic systems. An independent suspension system allows each wheel to move independently of the other wheels, improving ride quality. Common independent front systems are MacPherson strut and double wishbone suspensions.
This document discusses vehicle suspension systems. It introduces suspensions and their main components like springs and dampers. It describes common spring types like coil springs and leaf springs. It also explains dampers and how they dissipate energy. A key part of the document focuses on struts, particularly the MacPherson strut, detailing its assembly, advantages like being cheaper and lighter, and disadvantages such as added height. Examples are given of some of the first cars to use MacPherson struts as well as modern cars that employ them.
Trailing arm suspension uses an arm parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal axis to connect the wheel to the frame. A semi-trailing arm makes an angle with this axis. Trailing arms provide a rigid connection to the wheel with no camber change. A semi-trailing arm allows adjustment of roll center height and camber curve. Different bushing materials can be used, like Delrin nylon or POM, which provide durability and smooth movement while withstanding wear.
The document discusses suspension systems in vehicles. It defines a suspension system as the system of springs, shock absorbers, and linkages that connect a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve two main purposes - contributing to a vehicle's handling and braking ability, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from damage caused by road conditions. The key components of a suspension system are described as control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. Different types of springs and suspensions systems like independent suspensions and types of stub axles are also outlined.
This document discusses various components and classifications of vehicle suspension systems. It describes common suspension links like control arms, radius rods, and trailing arms. It explains suspension types such as double wishbone, MacPherson strut, swing axle, live axle with leaf springs, and de Dion tube suspensions. It also covers rear suspension configurations including live-axle with coil springs and independent rear suspension with shocks. In summary, the document provides an overview of key suspension links and classifications of front and rear suspension designs used in automobiles.
The document discusses the suspension system in automobiles. It defines the suspension system as the system of springs, shock absorbers, and linkages that connect a vehicle to its wheels. The suspension system serves two main purposes - to contribute to the vehicle's handling and braking, and to protect the vehicle and any cargo from damage. The document goes on to describe the different components of the suspension system, including control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. It also discusses the two main types of suspension systems - independent and non-independent suspension.
The document discusses the suspension system of an automobile. It provides definitions of key terms related to suspension systems such as camber, caster, jounce, and rebound. It describes the main components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, ball joints, tie rods, and track bars. It discusses different types of springs, dampers, and overall suspension systems. It provides details on independent suspension systems such as double wishbone and MacPherson strut types. The purpose of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle from road shocks and maintain steering geometry.
The suspension System of an automobile is one which separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks & vibration due to irregularities of the road surface.
1) The document discusses steering and suspension systems, covering rack-and-pinion steering, conventional steering, MacPherson strut suspension, and short/long arm suspension.
2) It describes the key components of each system, such as the pinion, rack, tie rods and linkages for rack-and-pinion steering, and the pitman arm, idler arm and center link for conventional steering.
3) The document provides an overview of suspension types including MacPherson strut and short/long arm, and discusses their different control arm configurations.
This document discusses different types of vehicle suspension systems and their components. It describes classifications of suspension as solid axle, independent, passive, and active systems. The functions of suspension systems are listed as absorbing shocks, controlling the vehicle, providing comfort, protecting parts, and reducing driver stress. Vibration types like yawing, rolling, and pitching are explained. Suspension components include springs, shock absorbers, and mechanical joints. Electronic suspension systems can choose ride modes, control vehicle height constantly, and improve handling.
This is Mechanical project report on Fabrication of an Active Air Suspension System. Air ride suspension
carries the load on each axle with a pressurized air bag just as a high pressure balloon. This system provides
the smoothest and most shock free ride of any of the known vehicle suspension system. An air suspension
includes a multiple air spring assemblies that each includes a piston airbag and a primary airbag mounted over
the piston airbag. The main and piston air bags each have a variable volume that is controlled independently
of the other for active suspension control.
PPT on Suspension system in automobiles By Pukhraj palariyapukhraj palariya
The document discusses different types of suspension systems used in automobiles. It describes conventional suspension systems which use rigid axles connected to leaf springs. Independent suspension systems are also covered, including MacPherson strut, double wishbone, and multi-link designs which allow individual wheel movement. Air suspension uses air bags and compressors to maintain vehicle height. Hydroelastic and hydragas suspensions connect front and rear systems using fluid to better level the vehicle.
The document discusses various types of bicycle suspension systems. It describes front suspension systems including shock absorbers, springs made from steel coils, titanium coils, or compressed air. It also discusses rear suspension systems such as hardtail, softail, single pivot, and four bar linkages. The purpose of suspension is to provide a smooth ride and isolate the rider from road vibrations. Key components include springs, dampers, shock absorbers, and frames that allow wheel movement over obstacles.
This document discusses an intelligent active suspension system for a two-wheeler vehicle. It begins by defining an active suspension system and its main functions of isolating the vehicle body from road disturbances and maintaining contact between the tires and road. It then describes the basic components of a suspension system, including springs, dampers, and how an active suspension differs by controlling damping characteristics electronically. The document provides details on various suspension properties, a mathematical model, and discusses advantages like improved handling and braking while also addressing higher costs as a disadvantage.
By students at HKBK college of engineering, a formula style car was developed for the Formula SAE competition considering factors like design, manufacturing, performance, and rules. An unequal double A-arm wishbone suspension system was used. This system has upper and lower unequal length A-arms connected by a rocker arm. It allows for negative camber gain as the chassis rolls, keeping the wheels upright for maximum cornering. The suspension transmits force through the rocker arm and rocker to the shock absorbers, reducing vibrations from uneven surfaces. Key parameters like camber angle, scrub radius and travel are designed to meet Formula SAE rules.
Optimization of vehicle suspension system using genetic algorithmIAEME Publication
This document describes using a genetic algorithm to optimize the parameters of a vehicle suspension system. A quarter-car model with 5 parameters is developed in Matlab and Simulink. The objective is to minimize sprung mass acceleration. A genetic algorithm is run for 51 generations to optimize the parameters. The optimized parameters found are reported, and plots show the parameter values converging over generations. One can see the maximum, minimum, and average parameter values approaching the optimum, indicating the genetic algorithm is functioning correctly. The optimized suspension parameters found provide a strong solution for reducing sprung mass acceleration.
Reconstruction of the upper human femur from microCT images and FEM(Post-grad...Katerina Stamou
The document describes a post-graduate thesis that aims to reconstruct the 3D structure of the upper femur from computed tomography images and analyze its mechanical properties using finite element meshes. It involves segmenting the CT images using algorithms in the Insight Toolkit to create a model of the bone that can then be discretized and have differential equations representing static loading conditions solved on it. The segmentation uses a region growing method implemented in 3D Slicer to isolate the bone from surrounding tissue.
This document provides information about suspension systems, including their purpose of supporting vehicle weight while providing a smooth ride and cornering ability. It describes the basic parts of a suspension system such as control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. It also discusses different types of suspensions including independent vs non-independent and different spring types. The document concludes by describing how to inspect and replace common suspension components like shocks, springs, ball joints, and tie rods.
The document provides information on vehicle suspension systems. It discusses the key components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, and linkages. The goals of a suspension system are to contribute to vehicle handling/braking performance while keeping occupants comfortable by isolating them from road bumps and noise. The suspension supports the vehicle's weight, provides a smooth ride, and protects the vehicle from damage. Common types of suspension systems include dependent systems that link the two wheels and independent systems where each wheel can move independently. Key aspects like sprung mass, unsprung mass, suspension types, and springs are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of a summer training program at Triumph Motors on suspension systems. It discusses the history of Chevrolet, an introduction to suspension systems including their functions and components. The key components discussed are springs, dampers, and struts. Common types of springs like leaf springs and coil springs are described along with how dampers and struts work to absorb shocks and support vehicle weight.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two purposes - contributing to handling and braking while protecting the vehicle and cargo from damage. There are different types of suspension systems including conventional, independent, air, and hydraulic systems. An independent suspension system allows each wheel to move independently of the other wheels, improving ride quality. Common independent front systems are MacPherson strut and double wishbone suspensions.
This document discusses vehicle suspension systems. It introduces suspensions and their main components like springs and dampers. It describes common spring types like coil springs and leaf springs. It also explains dampers and how they dissipate energy. A key part of the document focuses on struts, particularly the MacPherson strut, detailing its assembly, advantages like being cheaper and lighter, and disadvantages such as added height. Examples are given of some of the first cars to use MacPherson struts as well as modern cars that employ them.
Trailing arm suspension uses an arm parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal axis to connect the wheel to the frame. A semi-trailing arm makes an angle with this axis. Trailing arms provide a rigid connection to the wheel with no camber change. A semi-trailing arm allows adjustment of roll center height and camber curve. Different bushing materials can be used, like Delrin nylon or POM, which provide durability and smooth movement while withstanding wear.
The document discusses suspension systems in vehicles. It defines a suspension system as the system of springs, shock absorbers, and linkages that connect a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve two main purposes - contributing to a vehicle's handling and braking ability, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from damage caused by road conditions. The key components of a suspension system are described as control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. Different types of springs and suspensions systems like independent suspensions and types of stub axles are also outlined.
This document discusses various components and classifications of vehicle suspension systems. It describes common suspension links like control arms, radius rods, and trailing arms. It explains suspension types such as double wishbone, MacPherson strut, swing axle, live axle with leaf springs, and de Dion tube suspensions. It also covers rear suspension configurations including live-axle with coil springs and independent rear suspension with shocks. In summary, the document provides an overview of key suspension links and classifications of front and rear suspension designs used in automobiles.
The document discusses the suspension system in automobiles. It defines the suspension system as the system of springs, shock absorbers, and linkages that connect a vehicle to its wheels. The suspension system serves two main purposes - to contribute to the vehicle's handling and braking, and to protect the vehicle and any cargo from damage. The document goes on to describe the different components of the suspension system, including control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. It also discusses the two main types of suspension systems - independent and non-independent suspension.
The document discusses the suspension system of an automobile. It provides definitions of key terms related to suspension systems such as camber, caster, jounce, and rebound. It describes the main components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, ball joints, tie rods, and track bars. It discusses different types of springs, dampers, and overall suspension systems. It provides details on independent suspension systems such as double wishbone and MacPherson strut types. The purpose of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle from road shocks and maintain steering geometry.
The suspension System of an automobile is one which separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks & vibration due to irregularities of the road surface.
1) The document discusses steering and suspension systems, covering rack-and-pinion steering, conventional steering, MacPherson strut suspension, and short/long arm suspension.
2) It describes the key components of each system, such as the pinion, rack, tie rods and linkages for rack-and-pinion steering, and the pitman arm, idler arm and center link for conventional steering.
3) The document provides an overview of suspension types including MacPherson strut and short/long arm, and discusses their different control arm configurations.
This document discusses different types of vehicle suspension systems and their components. It describes classifications of suspension as solid axle, independent, passive, and active systems. The functions of suspension systems are listed as absorbing shocks, controlling the vehicle, providing comfort, protecting parts, and reducing driver stress. Vibration types like yawing, rolling, and pitching are explained. Suspension components include springs, shock absorbers, and mechanical joints. Electronic suspension systems can choose ride modes, control vehicle height constantly, and improve handling.
This is Mechanical project report on Fabrication of an Active Air Suspension System. Air ride suspension
carries the load on each axle with a pressurized air bag just as a high pressure balloon. This system provides
the smoothest and most shock free ride of any of the known vehicle suspension system. An air suspension
includes a multiple air spring assemblies that each includes a piston airbag and a primary airbag mounted over
the piston airbag. The main and piston air bags each have a variable volume that is controlled independently
of the other for active suspension control.
PPT on Suspension system in automobiles By Pukhraj palariyapukhraj palariya
The document discusses different types of suspension systems used in automobiles. It describes conventional suspension systems which use rigid axles connected to leaf springs. Independent suspension systems are also covered, including MacPherson strut, double wishbone, and multi-link designs which allow individual wheel movement. Air suspension uses air bags and compressors to maintain vehicle height. Hydroelastic and hydragas suspensions connect front and rear systems using fluid to better level the vehicle.
The document discusses various types of bicycle suspension systems. It describes front suspension systems including shock absorbers, springs made from steel coils, titanium coils, or compressed air. It also discusses rear suspension systems such as hardtail, softail, single pivot, and four bar linkages. The purpose of suspension is to provide a smooth ride and isolate the rider from road vibrations. Key components include springs, dampers, shock absorbers, and frames that allow wheel movement over obstacles.
This document discusses an intelligent active suspension system for a two-wheeler vehicle. It begins by defining an active suspension system and its main functions of isolating the vehicle body from road disturbances and maintaining contact between the tires and road. It then describes the basic components of a suspension system, including springs, dampers, and how an active suspension differs by controlling damping characteristics electronically. The document provides details on various suspension properties, a mathematical model, and discusses advantages like improved handling and braking while also addressing higher costs as a disadvantage.
By students at HKBK college of engineering, a formula style car was developed for the Formula SAE competition considering factors like design, manufacturing, performance, and rules. An unequal double A-arm wishbone suspension system was used. This system has upper and lower unequal length A-arms connected by a rocker arm. It allows for negative camber gain as the chassis rolls, keeping the wheels upright for maximum cornering. The suspension transmits force through the rocker arm and rocker to the shock absorbers, reducing vibrations from uneven surfaces. Key parameters like camber angle, scrub radius and travel are designed to meet Formula SAE rules.
Optimization of vehicle suspension system using genetic algorithmIAEME Publication
This document describes using a genetic algorithm to optimize the parameters of a vehicle suspension system. A quarter-car model with 5 parameters is developed in Matlab and Simulink. The objective is to minimize sprung mass acceleration. A genetic algorithm is run for 51 generations to optimize the parameters. The optimized parameters found are reported, and plots show the parameter values converging over generations. One can see the maximum, minimum, and average parameter values approaching the optimum, indicating the genetic algorithm is functioning correctly. The optimized suspension parameters found provide a strong solution for reducing sprung mass acceleration.
Reconstruction of the upper human femur from microCT images and FEM(Post-grad...Katerina Stamou
The document describes a post-graduate thesis that aims to reconstruct the 3D structure of the upper femur from computed tomography images and analyze its mechanical properties using finite element meshes. It involves segmenting the CT images using algorithms in the Insight Toolkit to create a model of the bone that can then be discretized and have differential equations representing static loading conditions solved on it. The segmentation uses a region growing method implemented in 3D Slicer to isolate the bone from surrounding tissue.
The document summarizes an experiment to determine the spring constant of simple extension springs and springs connected in parallel using Hooke's law. Key points:
1) Springs were loaded with weights in increments and the extension was measured to calculate spring constant from the slope of force vs. extension graphs.
2) Theoretical spring constants were also calculated using the springs' material properties and dimensions.
3) For springs in parallel, the total spring constant was calculated as the sum of the individual spring constants, matching the experimental results.
Solar Water Purifier Project For Mechanical EngineeringYash Saradva
This document describes the design and principles of operation of a solar still for purifying water. It discusses various types of solar stills including pit, box, concentrating collector, multiple tray, tilted wick, and their components and functioning. It explains that solar stills use the sun's energy to evaporate dirty water through a process of heating, evaporation, condensation and collection of purified water. They are useful for providing clean drinking water in remote areas without access to treated water supplies. The document outlines the scope of the project to study the efficiency of a solar still and evaluate converting a solar cooker design to a still.
The simulation of a vehicles suspension system represents an important part of how the driver experiences ride quality. Without a suspension system, a vehicle acts in a stiff and uncomfortable way. The characteristics of a vehicles performance are dependent on the properties of the suspension. A model of this system would enable a manufacturer to test how certain changes to the properties change the behavior of the vehicle. This way they are able to see how the stiffness of the spring and damper in the suspension system affects the ride experience before building an actual car. This can also reduce the cost of development. The most basic suspension system consists of a spring and shock absorber and also includes the stiffness of the tire being used. More complex suspension systems consist of sensors that take into account and compensate for traction control, engine torque, steering, and braking systems.
This document analyzes a regenerative suspension system that recovers wasted energy from vehicle vibrations and road irregularities using electromagnetic induction. The objectives are to determine the maximum voltage recovered from road bumps, braking, and large bumps, and the best conditions for energy recovery. It describes the system concept of recovering energy from vertical suspension movements through coils and magnets. Simulation results show the instantaneous voltage generated from different velocities and road bump displacements. The system aims to conserve normally wasted vibration energy.
1. Surgical instruments are divided into four main groups: cutting/dissecting, clamping/occluding, grasping/holding, and retracting/exposing. Common instruments include scalpels, scissors, forceps, and retractors.
2. Instruments must be properly cleaned and maintained to function correctly. Stainless steel instruments are stronger but some non-ferrous alternatives are needed for MRI guided surgery.
3. Specific instruments have distinct designs and uses - for example, metzenbaum scissors for delicate tissue, kelly clamps for larger vessels, and gelpi retractors for shallow incisions. Proper technique is required for safe handling of each instrument.
EXPERIMENTAL AND STRUCTURAL SIMULATION OF VIBRATION ABSORPTION SYSTEM OF A SU...MOHAMMED RASHID
Suspension system for a vehicle is an integration of various machine components designed and assembled in
such a manner to absorb all the shocks and vibrations. The objectives of suspension are mentioned in detail. The
aim of the work is to analyze various parameters like stresses, stiffness, material etc., of single degrees of freedom,
vibrational absorption system of an Automobile. The vibrational absorption system of an Automobile is taken with
that experimental analysis was done and various parameters are collected. From the different values are taken and
the results are manipulated. Then similar work like this has to be done in Ansys with the given boundary conditions
and the results are obtained and compared. Further alterations in the vibration absorption system are made to
improve its life cycles.
The document discusses various tumors and non-neoplastic conditions that can affect bone. It provides information on the location, symptoms, investigations, treatment and radiographic appearance of primary bone tumors like osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and benign tumors such as giant cell tumor, osteoid osteoma and bone cysts. It also discusses secondary bone tumors and non-neoplastic bone diseases.
Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles on the living organisms and utilizing the principles of physics, simulation and study of biomechanical structures are carried out. Finite Element Method is one of the widely accepted tools for modeling the biomechanical structures. The femur is the only bone located within the human thigh. It is both the longest and the strongest bone in the human body, extending from the hip to the knee. The method most surgeons use for treating femoral shaft fractures is intramedullary nailing. During this procedure, a specially designed nailing is inserted into the marrow canal of the femur. The rod passes across the fracture to keep it in position. An intramedullary nail can be inserted into the canal either at the hip or the knee through a small incision. It is screwed to the bone at both ends. This keeps the nail and the bone in proper position during healing. The Femur bone is modelled using 3-D Scanner and analysis is carried out in an ANSYS environment. The fracture fixation nailing is modelled using the commercially available Solidworks CAD software. The stress distribution at the fractured site of the femur is obtained when the system is subjected to compressive loadings along with healing stages. The effects of the use of different biomaterials for the nailing on the stress distribution characteristics are also investigated. Intramedullary nails are usually made of titanium. They come in various lengths and diameters to fit most femur bones. But the titanium is very costly metal. Hence the cost of surgery is more. Therefore aim to find best alternative metal in low cost.
Double plating with bone grafting achieved union in 95% of cases of aseptic nonunion of femoral diaphysis fractures. The technique involves removing previous implants, freshening the fracture ends, compressing the fracture with two plates at right angles supplemented with bone grafting. This stable construct united fractures in an average of 5.5 months with only one case requiring further grafting. The double plate technique was found to be effective with few complications for difficult cases of femoral nonunion.
This document describes an active suspension system for a vehicle. It discusses the objectives and methodology of the project. The methodology section covers properties of suspension systems like spring rate, wheel rate, weight transfer, travel and damping. It describes the fundamental components of any suspension system including springs, dampers and anti-sway bars. It provides diagrams of typical suspension parts and the contact patch deformation during cornering and over bumps. The document outlines the chapters on literature review, objectives, active suspension design and functions. In conclusion, it presents the abstract which states that the active suspension system aims to improve ride comfort and handling by reducing sprung mass acceleration and suspension deflection.
The document provides an overview of vehicle suspension systems. It discusses the history and evolution of suspension systems from 1903 to the 1960s. It describes the main functions of a suspension system as isolating the vehicle from road shocks while maintaining stability. The key elements are springs, which absorb shocks, and dampers, which restrict bouncing. Common types of springs include leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and air/gas springs. Dampers reduce oscillation through hydraulic resistance.
The document discusses the components and functions of modern vehicle suspension systems. It describes the basic components including springs, shock absorbers, stabilizer bars, control arms, and bushings. It explains how each component works to support the vehicle's weight, maintain proper wheel alignment, and reduce shock over irregular road surfaces to provide a comfortable ride. The document focuses on different types of springs used in suspensions like coil springs, leaf springs, air springs, and torsion bars. It also discusses how shock absorbers, stabilizer bars, strut rods, and bushings work within the suspension system.
The document provides information about suspension systems and steering systems in automobiles. It contains questions and answers related to suspension components like springs, shock absorbers, and axles. It also discusses steering geometry, types of steering gears, and steering mechanisms like Ackerman and Davis steering systems. The key points are:
1. The document discusses common suspension components like leaf springs, coil springs, shock absorbers, and how they work to provide a comfortable ride while maintaining vehicle control.
2. It addresses steering systems and their purpose to provide directional stability. Different types of steering gears and their functions are explained.
3. Steering mechanisms like Ackerman and Davis are summarized, with Davis steering using sliding
Design and Analysis of Side Force Spring in McPherson Strut - PHASE 1tulasiva
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The document summarizes different types of suspension systems used in automobiles. It describes the objectives of a suspension system which are to prevent road shocks from being transmitted to vehicle components, safeguard occupants from shocks, and preserve stability. It then discusses various spring systems including leaf springs, coil springs, and rubber springs. It also mentions shock absorbers, independent suspension systems, and specific types like wishbone and MacPherson strut suspensions.
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A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock
impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy. In a
vehicle, it reduces the effect of travelling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality, and increase in
comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. The design of spring in suspension system
is very important. In this project a shock absorber is designed and a 3D model is created using CATIA V5. The
model is also changed by changing the thickness of the spring. Structural analysis and modal analysis are
done on the shock absorber by varying material for spring, Spring Steel and Beryllium Copper. The analysis
is done by considering loads, bike weight, single person and 2 persons. Structural analysis is done to
validate the strength and modal analysis is done to determine the displacements for different frequencies for
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impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy. In a
vehicle, it reduces the effect of travelling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality, and increase in
comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. The design of spring in suspension system
is very important. In this project a shock absorber is designed and a 3D model is created using CATIA V5. The
model is also changed by changing the thickness of the spring. Structural analysis and modal analysis are
done on the shock absorber by varying material for spring, Spring Steel and Beryllium Copper. The analysis
is done by considering loads, bike weight, single person and 2 persons. Structural analysis is done to
validate the strength and modal analysis is done to determine the displacements for different frequencies for
number of modes. Comparison is done for two materials to verify best material for spring in Shock absorber.
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2. 2
INTRODUCTION
1.1 SUSPENSION SYSTEM:
Suspension system is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and
linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve a dual purpose
contributing to the vehicle's road holding/handling and braking for good active safety and driving
pleasure, and keeping vehicle occupants comfortable and reasonably well isolated from road
noise, bumps, and vibrations etc. These goals are generally at odds, so the tuning of suspensions
involves finding the right compromise. It is important for the suspension to keep the road wheel
in contact with the road surface as much as possible, because all the forces acting on the vehicle
do so through the contact patches of the tires. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and
any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front and rear suspension of a car
may be different.
1.2 Types of suspension suspension :
Suspension systems can be broadly classified into two subgroups: dependent and
independent. These terms refer to the ability of opposite wheels to move independently of each
other.
Dependent Suspension system:
A dependent suspension normally has a beam, live axle that holds wheels parallel to each
other and perpendicular to the axle. When the camber of one wheel changes, the camber of the
opposite wheel changes in the same way (by convention on one side this is a positive change in
camber and on the other side this a negative change). De Dion suspensions are also in this
category as they rigidly connect the wheels together.
Example: Leaf springs
Longitudinal semi-elliptical springs used to be common and still are used in heavy-duty
trucks and aircraft. They have the advantage that the spring rate can easily be made progressive
(non-linear).
3. 3
In a front engine, rear-drive vehicle, dependent rear suspension is either "live axle"
or deDion axle, depending on whether or not the differential is carried on the axle. Live axle is
simpler but the unsprang weight contributes to wheel bounce.
Independent suspension system:
An independent suspension allows wheels to rise and fall on their own without affecting the
opposite wheel. Suspensions with other devices, such as sway bars that link the wheels in some
way are still classed as independent.
Swing axle
Sliding pillar
MacPherson strut/Chapman strut
Upper and lower A-arm (double wishbone)
Semi-trailing arm suspension
Semi-dependent suspensions system:
A third type is a semi-dependent suspension. In this case, the motion of one wheel does
affect the position of the other but they are not rigidly attached to each other.
In these systems the wheels of an axle are able to move relative to one another as in an
independent suspension but the position of one wheel has an effect on the position and attitude of
the other wheel. This effect is achieved via the twisting or deflecting of suspension parts under
load.
The most common type of semi-independent suspension is the twist beam.
1.3 Macpherson suspension system:
MacPherson struts consist of a wishbone or a substantial compression link stabilized by a
secondary link which provides a bottom mounting point for the hub or axle of the wheel as
shown in Fig.1.1. This lower arm system provides both lateral and longitudinal location of the
wheel. The upper part of the hub is rigidly fixed to the inner part of the strut proper, the outer
part of which extends upwards directly to a mounting in the body shell of the vehicle
4. 4
Fig. 1.1 Macpherson system
The MacPherson strut required the introduction of unibody (or monocoque) construction,
because it needs a substantial vertical space and a strong top mount, which unibodies can
provide, while benefiting them by distributing stresses. The strut will usually carry both the
coil spring on which the body is suspended and the shock absorber, which is usually in the form
of a cartridge mounted within the strut. The strut also usually has a steering arm built into the
lower inner portion. The whole assembly is very simple and can be preassembled into a unit; also
by eliminating the upper control arm, it allows for more width in the engine bay, which is useful
for smaller cars, particularly with transverse-mounted engines such as most front wheel
drive vehicles have. It can be further simplified, if needed, by substituting an anti-roll
5. 5
bar (torsion bar) for the radius arm.[4]
For those reasons, it has become almost ubiquitous with
low cost manufacturers. Furthermore, it offers an easy method to set suspension geometry.
1.4 Why MacPherson suspension systems?
• Most of the economy cars have MacPherson strut suspension system.
• Much number of problems is produced in suspension.
• It is a basic independent type suspension system.
• It is easy to construct and working simple.
• The system can be easily optimized.
7. 7
2.1 SPRINGS:
A spring is an elastic object used to store mechanical energy. Springs are usually made
out of spring steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are
made from annealed steel and hardened after fabrication. Some non-ferrous metals are also used
including phosphor bronze and titanium for parts requiring corrosion resistance and beryllium
copper for springs carrying electrical current (because of its low electrical resistance).
When a spring is compressed or stretched, the force it exerts is proportional to its change in
length. The rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided by the
change in deflection of the spring. An extension or compression spring has units of force divided
by distance, for example lbf/in or N/m
2.2 Types
Extension spring or Tension spring.
Compression spring
Torsion spring
Leaf spring
Conical spring
Disc or Belleville spring
2.2.1 EXTENSION SPRINGS:
Fig. 2.1 Extension spring
8. 8
Extension springs are attached at both ends to other components as shown in Fig.2.1.
When these components move apart, the spring tries to bring them together again. Extension
springs absorb and store energy as well as create a resistance to a pulling force. It is initial
tension that determines how tightly together an extension spring is coiled. This initial tension can
be manipulated to achieve the load requirements of a particular application. Extension Springs
are wound to oppose extension. They are often tightly wound in the no-load position and have
hooks, eyes, or other interface geometry at the ends to attach to the components they connect.
They are frequently used to provide return force to components that extend in the actuated
position.
2.2.2COMPRESSION SPRINGS:
Fig 2.2 Compression spring
Compression springs are open-coil helical springs wound or constructed to oppose
compression along the axis of wind as shown in Fig.2.2. Helical Compression Springs are the
most common metal spring configuration. Generally, these coil springs are either placed over a
rod or fitted inside a hole. When you put a load on a compression coil spring, making it shorter,
it pushes back against the load and tries to get back to its original length. Compression springs
offer resistance to linear compressing forces (push), and are in fact one of the most efficient
energy storage devices available.
2.2.3 TORSION SPRINGS:
9. 9
Fig 2.3 Torsion spring
Torsion springs are helical springs that exert a torque or rotary force. The ends of torsion
springs are attached to other components as shown in Fig.2.3, and when those components rotate
around the center of the spring, the spring tries to push them back to their original position.
Although the name implies otherwise, torsion springs are subjected to bending stress rather than
torsional stress. They can store and release angular energy or statically hold a mechanism in
place by deflecting the legs about the body centerline axis.
2.2.4 Leaf spring:
Fig 2.4 Leaf spring
10. 10
Laminated or carriage spring or a leaf spring is a simple form of spring, commonly used
for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of springing, dating
back to medieval times.
An advantage of a leaf spring over a helical spring is that the end of the leaf spring may
be guided along a definite path.
Sometimes referred to as a semi-elliptical spring or cart spring, it takes the form of a
slender arc-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross-section. The center of the arc
provides location for the axle, while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the
vehicle body. For very heavy vehicles, a leaf spring can be made from several leaves stacked on
top of each other in several layers, often with progressively shorter leaves. Leaf springs can serve
locating and to some extent damping as well as springing functions. While the interleaf friction
provides a damping action, it is not well controlled and results in stiction in the motion of the
suspension. For this reason manufacturers have experimented with mono-leaf springs.
A leaf spring can either be attached directly to the frame at both ends or attached directly
at one end, usually the front, with the other end attached through a shackle, a short swinging arm.
The shackle takes up the tendency of the leaf spring to elongate when compressed and thus
makes for softer springiness. Some springs terminated in a concave end, called a spoon
end (seldom used now), to carry a swiveling member.
2.2.5 Conical Compression Springs
Fig 2.5 Conical Compression Springs
11. 11
Conical Compression Springs are conical coiled helical springs that resist a compressive
force applied axially as shown in Fig.2.5. Conical Compression Springs are conical, tapered,
concave or convex in shape. The spring is wound in a conical helix usually out of round wire.
The changing of spring ends, direction of the helix, material, and finish allows conical
compression springs to meet a wide variety of special industrial needs. Conical compression
springs can be manufactured to very tight tolerances; this allows the spring to precisely fit in a
hole or around a shaft. A digital load tester can be used to accurately measure the specific load
points in your spring. Conical Compression springs can be made from non-magnetic spring
material like Phosphor Bronze or Beryllium Copper as well as music wire (High Carbon Steel)
stainless steel and many other types of spring wire. The possibilities are almost endless for so
many applications.
2.2.6 Disc or Belleville spring:
Fig 2.6 Belleville spring
These springs consist of a number of conical discs held together against slipping by a
central bolt or tube as shown in the fig 2.6. these are used in application where high spring rates
and compact spring are required.
12. 12
3.3 Nomenclature:
3.3.1End configuration:
Fig. 2.7 Closed and Square
Closed and Square: The space between the coils is reduced at the ends to the point where the
wire at the tip make contact with the next coil, the end is said to be closed and square as shown
in Fig.2.7. This is done so that the spring can stand on its own. If there is no reduction in pitch at
the end coils, the end is referred to as "open" and the spring will not stand up vertically on its
own.
Fig 2.8 Closed and Ground Ends
Closed and Ground Ends: It means an additional grinding operation may be applied to the
closed end configuration. Grinding removes material from the spring's end coils to create a flat
surface perpendicular to the spring axis as shown in Fig.2.8. This may be done for a variety of
reasons including a more even distribution of the spring force.
Fig 2.9 Open Ends
13. 13
Open Ends: They are ends that there is no reduction in pitch at the end coils yet are ground
square as shown in Fig.2.9
2.3.2 Compression helical spring:
Fig 2.10 Compression helical spring
Nomenclature of Compression helical spring is shown in fig 2.10
Outside diameter (Do): The outer diameter of a spring.
Inner diameter (Di): The Inner diameter of a spring.
Mean diameter (D): the average of inner and outer diameter of spring
Wire diameter (d): The outer diameter of round wire.
Free Length (Lf): The overall length of a spring in the unloaded position.
Solid Height (S): The length of a compression spring when all the coils are fully compressed
and touching.
Spring Rate (K): (Stiffness) is the spring rate of force in pounds per inch of compression.
Examples: If the spring rate of a compression spring is 10 lbs. It will take you 10 lbs. of force
to move it 1inch of distance. If you move it 2 inches of distance it will take you 20 lbs. of force.
The rate is linear.
Pitch: It is defined as axial distance between adjacent coils in uncompressed state.
Spring index: it is defined as ratio of mean diameter of the coil to the diameter of the wire.
14. 14
2.3.3 Conical spring:
Fig 2.11 Conical spring
The definition for Stiffness, wire diameter, free length, pitch and solid height are same for
conical spring. The factor which differs are:
Small diameter (D1): this is the smaller diameter of the spring which is usually at the top.
Larger or outer diameter (d2) : this is the largest diameter present in the spring.
2.4 Materials used for production of springs
2.4.1 High carbon spring wires:
1) Music wire
Carbon: 0.7to 1.00 %
Manganese: 0.20 to 0.60 %
Modulus of rigidity G: 79.3 MPa
2) Hard drawn
Carbon: 0.45 to 0.85%
15. 15
Manganese:: 0.60 TO 1.3 %
Modulus of rigidity G: 79.3 MPa
3) Oil tempered:
Carbon: 0.55 to 0.85%
Manganese:: 0.60 TO 1.20%
Modulus of rigidity G: 79.3 MPa
2.4.2Alloy steel wire:
1) Chrome vanadium
Carbon: 0.48 to 0.53 %
Chromium: 0.80 to 1.10%
Vanadium: 0.15 % min
Modulus of rigidity: 79.3 MPa
2.4.3 Stainless steel wire
1) AISI 302/304:
Chromium: 17 to 19 %
Nickel: 8 to 10%
Modulus of rigidity: 69 MPa
2) AISI 316:
Chromium: 16 to 18 %
Nickel: 10 to 14%
Molybdenum: 2 to 3%
16. 16
Modulus of rigidity: 69 MPa
3)17-7PH:
Chromium: 16to 18 %
Nickel: 10 to 14%
Aluminum: 0.75 to 1.5 %
Modulus of rigidity: 78.5 MPa
2.4.4 Nonferrous alloy wire:
1) Beryllium copper
2) Monel
3) Phosphor bronze
2.5 Manufacturing process:
Springs are manufactured by performing following process:
Heating the wire
Coiling
Hardening
Grinding
2.5.1 Heating the wire:
The wire of required diameter made up of required materials is bought according to
standard wire gauge range.
When a spring having a wire diameter above 8 mm is to be produced, the wire is
preheated so that is can easily machined.
When this is done, on the other hand a mandrel made of steel has to be produced.
17. 17
The mandrel diameter should be 1mm less the mean diameter of the spring to be
produced. This is done to recover losses which will happen in bending.
The equipment for the production of spring is a lathe machine in which the machined
mandrel is fitted in the four jaw chuck
2.5.2 Coiling:
The next process is winding the coil for the spring.
The preheated wire is clamped at one end of the mandrel as shown in figure 2.12 with
clamps
Fig 2.12 Loading of spring wire
Then the lathe spindled is rotated at low rpm says 6 to 10 which is idle for making
springs
Fig 2.13 Coiling of spring
18. 18
When the spindle rotates, the wire gets the shape of mandrel where it is being placed.
The pitch is maintained by feeding the wire to the lathe, length is also maintained in same
manner as shown in Fig.2.13.
When the spring reaches its final position, the supply is stopped and rotation of spindled
is stopped slowly making the coil larger which would return to decreased state due to
bending.
Then the spring is taken out of the mandrel and cooled in room temperature.
2.5.3 Hardening:
Whether the steel has been coiled hot or cold, the process has created stress within the
material. To relieve this stress and allow the steel to maintain its characteristic resilience, the
spring must be tempered by heat treating it. The spring is heated in an oven, held at the
appropriate temperature for a predetermined time, and then allowed to cool slowly. For example,
a spring made of music wire is heated to 500°F (260°C) for one hour.
2.5.4 Grinding:
If the design calls for flat ends on the spring, the ends are ground at this stage of the
manufacturing process. The spring is mounted in a jig to ensure the correct orientation during
grinding, and it is held against a rotating abrasive wheel until the desired degree of flatness is
obtained. When highly automated equipment is used, the spring is held in a sleeve while both
ends are ground simultaneously, first by coarse wheels and then by finer wheels. An appropriate
fluid (water or an oil-based substance) may be used to cool the spring, lubricate the grinding
wheel, and carry away particles during the grinding.
19. 19
2.6 Formulae:
2.6.1 For helical spring:
Stiffness:
N/mm
Deflection:
mm
Shear stress:
T= N/mm2
3.6.2 For conical spring:
Stiffness:
K = N/mm
Deflection:
mm
20. 20
Shear stress:
T= N/mm2
K → Stiffness of spring in N/mm
d → wire diameter in mm
D → mean diameter in mm
)
→ Greater diameter in conical spring in mm
→ Greater diameter in conical spring in mm
N → number of turns
→ Spring Deflection in mm
W → load applied in N
T → Shear stress acting in spring in N/mm2
k → Wahl stress factor
k = +
C → Spring index
C =
21. 21
2.7 Applications:
Springs are used in:
In two-wheeler and four-wheeler compression spring are used as shock absorbers in
suspension system.
In spring balance tension springs are used to measure the load by deflection produced.
In car engine valve springs are used to operate the engine valves.
In staplers, exam pads torsion spring are used to provide required tension.
In bike stand spring are used to keep the stand in required position.
In pen, spring provide the working mechanism.
Leaf spring serves as suspension system in weight lifting heavy duty vehicles.
In railway wagon heavy-duty compression spring provide suspension system.
In home, the sofa has spring that provides cushioning effect.
In governors (hartung and hartnell) the speed is controlled using the springs.
It is widely used in printing, textile and automobile industries
Smaller springs are used in watches and toys.
23. 23
3.1 Material test:
Fig 3.1 Material test
The materials test is done and to above composition it corresponds to music wire type of spring
steel as shown in Fig.3.1.
24. 24
3.2 Result from SiTrac:
• Spring material : Spring steel
• Coil Diameter d0 : 12 mm
• Number of turns n = 6
• Inner diameter Di : 108 mm
• Outer diameter Do : 133 mm
• Mean diameter D : 120.85 mm
• Stiffness K : 19.19 N/mm
• Modulus of rigidity G: 78400N/mm2
or 78.4Gpa
• Maximum load then can be carried : 500 kg
• Weight to be carried = 380 kg
• (i.e. total weight =weight of car= 915 kg + maximum passenger load = 600 kg =1515
kg divided by four =380 kg)
25. 25
Fig 3.2 Reading from SiTarc lab
The reading taken from the lab is shown in fig 3.2
26. 26
Fig 3.3 Graph for load Vs Deflection
The fig 3.3 shows the load vs deflection fraph for old spring.
27. 27
3.3 Analysis using ansys :
3.3.1 Catia diagram:
Fig 3.4 CATIA Part diagram of the old spring
The diagram for the value taken from the spring is drawn in CATIA V5R16 is in fig 3.4.
35. 35
OPTIMIZATION
Optimization
An act, process, or methodology of making something (as a design, system, or decision)
as fully perfect, functional, or effective as possible; specifically: the mathematical procedures (as
finding the maximum of a function) involved in this.
4.1 Optimization technique:
4.1.1 Numerical Methods of Optimization
Linear programming: studies the case in which the objective function f is linear and the set A is
specified using only linear equalities and inequalities. (A is the design variable space)
Integer programming: studies linear programs in which some or all variables are constrained to
take on integer values.
Quadratic programming: allows the objective function to have quadratic terms, while the set A
must be specified with linear equalities and inequalities
Nonlinear programming: studies the general case in which the objective function or the
constraints or both contain nonlinear parts.
•Stochastic programming: studies the case in which some of the constraints depend on random
variables.
•Dynamic programming: studies the case in which the optimization strategy is based on
splitting the problem into smaller sub-problems.
•Combinatorial optimization: is concerned with problems where the set of feasible solutions is
discrete or can be reduced to a discrete one.
•Infinite-dimensional optimization: studies the case when the set of feasible solutions is a
subset of an infinite-dimensional space, such as a space of functions.
•Constraint satisfaction: studies the case in which the objective function fis constant (this is
used in artificial intelligence, particularly in automated reasoning).
4.1.2 Advanced Optimization Techniques
36. 36
Hill climbing: it is a graph search algorithm where the current path is extended with a
successor node which is closer to the solution than the end of the current path.
In simple hill climbing, the first closer node is chosen whereas in steepest ascent hill
climbing all successors are compared and the closest to the solution is chosen. Both forms fail if
there is no closer node. This may happen if there are local maxima in the search space which are
not solutions.
Hill climbing is used widely in artificial intelligence fields, for reaching a goal state from
a starting node. Choice of next node/ starting node can be varied to give a number of related
algorithms.
Genetic algorithms:
Genetic algorithms are typically implemented as a computer simulation, in which a
population of abstract representations (called chromosomes) of candidate solutions (called
individuals) to an optimization problem evolves toward better solutions.
The evolution starts from a population of completely random individuals and occurs in
generations.
In each generation, the fitness of the whole population is evaluated, multiple individuals
are stochastically selected from the current population (based on their fitness), and modified
(mutated or recombined) to form a new population.
Ant colony optimization
In the real world, ants (initially) wander randomly, and upon finding food return to their
colony while laying down pheromone trails. If other ants find such a path, they are likely not to
keep traveling at random, but instead follow the trail laid by earlier ants, returning and
reinforcing it if they eventually find food
Over time, however, the pheromone trail starts to evaporate, thus reducing its attractive
strength. The more time it takes for an ant to travel down the path and back again, the more time
the pheromones have to evaporate.
A short path, by comparison, gets marched over faster, and thus the pheromone density
remains high
37. 37
Pheromone evaporation has also the advantage of avoiding the convergence to a locally
optimal solution. If there were no evaporation at all, the paths chosen by the first ants would tend
to be excessively attractive to the following ones. In that case, the exploration of the solution
space would be constrained.
Design of Experiments:
DOE is used to find the variables and their interaction that causes maximum change in the
response variable. Here we use DOE to find the perfect levels of different variables that gives us
the best output in terms of stiffness of spring.
4.2 Parameter to be changed:
The aim of our project is to
Increase the stiffness of the spring and Load carrying capacity of the spring with
some modification to the old spring.
The shear stress of the spring has also to be considered, because springs are tested
for shear stress only.
If the change made in the old spring lead to increase in the stress the new spring has the
tendency to break or fail.
The changes that can be made in the springs are:
The type of spring can be changed (i.e. conical, disc, etc.).
The material in which it had to be made can be changed.
We know that stiffness is directly proportional to the coil diameter and inversely
proportional to the mean diameter and number of turns.
From the formula
38. 38
And from this formula,
T=
Shear stress is directly proportional to maximum diameter of the coil and inversely
proportional to coil diameter.
I.e. when we increase the parameter which would increase the stiffness only would bring
an increase in shear stress value which leads to failure.
To increase the stiffness, the coil diameter is increased from 12 mm to 12.7 mm
Since the stiffness is directly proportional to fourth power of coil diameter, the stiffness
will increase.
The number of turns is also reduced from 7 to 6, which will also increase the stiffness.
Then the type of spring is changed from helical to conical due to its following
advantages:
Variable Rate: These springs offer a constant, or uniform pitch, and have an increasing
force rate instead of a constant force rate (regular compression springs). The larger coils
gradually begin to bottom as a force is applied. A variable pitch can be designed to give a
uniform rate if necessary.
Stability: Conical compression offers more lateral stability and fewer tendencies to
buckle than regular compression springs.
Vibration: Resonance and vibration is reduced because Conical Compression springs
have a uniform pitch and an increasing natural period of vibration (instead of a constant)
as each coil bottoms.
It compensate for the increase in shear stress the spring shear stress i.e.
39. 39
The smaller diameter is made as 130 mm and larger diameter as 160 mm. which make a
taper angle of 86o
to the horizontal surface.
The above calculation are calculated for value check on the stiffness and shear stress and
proved to be adequate.
Then analysis is made using ANSYS 13.0 to be accurate about the calculated results.
The results from ANSYS also proved that the design is possible.
With that above two facts the spring with above said type and dimension is
manufactured.
The manufactured spring is tested in SiTrac testing facility and it indicates an increase in
stiffness and load carrying capacity.
Design of Experiments:
Factors selected:
Shape of spring
Number of turns
Coil diamter
Factors High Low
Shape of Spring Helical Conical
Number of turns 7 6
40. 40
Coil Diameter(mm) 12.7 12
Minitab input:
StdOrder RunOrder CenterPt Blocks Shape
No of
turns Coil dia Stiffness
7 1 1 1 Helical 7 12.7 19.81
1 2 1 1 Helical 6 12 19.43
3 3 1 1 Helical 7 12 19.11
4 4 1 1 Conical 7 12 20.01
8 5 1 1 Conical 7 12.7 21.8
2 6 1 1 Conical 6 12 21.6
6 7 1 1 Conical 6 12.7 22.12
5 8 1 1 Helical 6 12.7 21.11
Minitab Project Report
Factorial Fit: Stiffness versus Shape, No of turns, Coil dia
Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Stiffness (coded units)
Term Effect Coef
Constant 20.6238
Shape 1.5175 0.7588
No of turns -0.8825 -0.4412
Coil dia 1.1725 0.5862
Shape*No of turns -0.0725 -0.0362
Shape*Coil dia -0.0175 -0.0087
No of turns*Coil dia 0.0725 0.0362
Shape*No of turns*Coil dia 0.5625 0.2812
41. 41
S = * PRESS = *
Analysis of Variance for Stiffness (coded units)
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P
Main Effects 3 8.91274 8.91274 2.97091 * *
Shape 1 4.60561 4.60561 4.60561 * *
No of turns 1 1.55761 1.55761 1.55761 * *
Coil dia 1 2.74951 2.74951 2.74951 * *
2-Way Interactions 3 0.02164 0.02164 0.00721 * *
Shape*No of turns 1 0.01051 0.01051 0.01051 * *
Shape*Coil dia 1 0.00061 0.00061 0.00061 * *
No of turns*Coil dia 1 0.01051 0.01051 0.01051 * *
3-Way Interactions 1 0.63281 0.63281 0.63281 * *
Shape*No of turns*Coil dia 1 0.63281 0.63281 0.63281 * *
Residual Error 0 * * *
Total 7 9.56719
Estimated Coefficients for Stiffness using data in uncoded units
Term Coef
Constant 22.3021
Shape 130.552
No of turns -3.44071
Coil dia 0.328571
Shape*No of turns -19.9207
Shape*Coil dia -10.4714
42. 42
No of turns*Coil dia 0.207143
Shape*No of turns*Coil dia 1.60714
210-1-2
99
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
1
Effect
Percent
A Shape
B No of turns
C Coil dia
Factor Name
Not Significant
Significant
Effect Type
A
Normal Plot of the Effects
(response is Stiffness, Alpha = 0.20)
Lenth's PSE = 0.84375
Effects Pareto for Stiffness
Alias Structure
I
Shape
No of turns
Coil dia
Shape*No of turns
Shape*Coil dia
No of turns*Coil dia
Shape*No of turns*Coil dia
degrees of freedom for error = 0.
43. 43
AC
BC
AB
ABC
B
C
A
1.61.41.21.00.80.60.40.20.0
Term
Effect
1.496
A Shape
B No of turns
C Coil dia
Factor Name
Pareto Chart of the Effects
(response is Stiffness, Alpha = 0.20)
Lenth's PSE = 0.84375
Regression Analysis: Stiffness versus No of turns, Coil dia, Shape_1
The regression equation is
Stiffness = 3.40 - 0.883 No of turns + 1.67 Coil dia + 1.52 Shape_1
Predictor Coef SE Coef T P
Constant 3.398 5.397 0.63 0.563
No of turns -0.8825 0.2860 -3.09 0.037
Coil dia 1.6750 0.4086 4.10 0.015
Shape_1 1.5175 0.2860 5.31 0.006
S = 0.404490 R-Sq = 93.2% R-Sq(adj) = 88.0%
44. 44
Analysis of Variance
Source DF SS MS F P
Regression 3 8.9127 2.9709 18.16 0.009
Residual Error 4 0.6545 0.1636
Total 7 9.5672
Source DF Seq SS
No of turns 1 1.5576
Coil dia 1 2.7495
Shape_1 1 4.6056
Selected combination for new spring:
Shape of spring: Conical
Number of turns: 6
Coil diameter: 12.7 mm
45. 45
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF NEW SPRING
Analysis of new spring:
5.1 Dimension of the new spring:
• Spring material : Spring steel
• Coil Diameter d0 : 12.7 mm
• Types of spring: conical spring.
46. 46
• Number of turns n = 5.5
• Inner diameter Di : 130 mm
• Outer diameter Do : 160 mm
• Stiffness K : 21.10 N/mm
• Modulus of rigidity G: 78400N/mm2
or 78.4Gpa
• Maximum load then can be carried : 584 kg
• Weight to be carried = 380 kg
• (i.e. total weight =weight of car= 915 kg + maximum passenger load = 600 kg =1515
kg divided by four =380 kg)
• Maximum Shear stress :1040 N/mm2
• Equivalent stress : 1730 N/mm2
• Maximum load is calculated by putting factor of safety as 1.5 i.e. 380*1.5= 570 Kg
5.2 ANSYS results:
47. 47
Fig 5.1 CATIA part diagram of new spring
The new dimension are drawn using CATIA VR5R16 is shown in Fig 5.1and is used in ANSYS.
53. 53
Fig 5.2 Reading from SiTrac lab for new spring
The fig 3.3 shows the load vs deflection fraph for old spring.
54. 54
Fig 5.3 Graph for load Vs Deflection
The fig 3.3 shows the load vs deflection fraph for old spring.
55. 55
5.3 Calculted values:
Table 5.1 for calculation of Stiffness from Reading for new springError! Not a valid link.
Stiffness calculation:
K =
)
)
= 1239500 mm3
K =
K= 22.12 N/mm
Deflection:
57. 57
→T= 1103.93N/mm2
5.4 COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
The old spring has following data:
Stiffness: 19.19 N/mm
Maximum load: 5000 N
Shear stress maximum: 1104 N/mm2
Maximum deflection: 230 mm
The new spring has:
Stiffness: 21.10 N/mm
Maximum load: 5824 N
Shear stress at 5000 N = 1103 N/mm2
Maximum deflection: 236 mm
From these
Stiffness and load carrying capacity of the spring has increased and the shear stress of the spring
has decreased.
59. 59
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion:
Thus, the old suspension system of indica is studied by conducting analysis using
ANSYS.
The optimized design is produced by doing modifications of the old spring model which
is studied.
The optimized model is manufactured as per the dimension stated.
The manufactured model is studied and the result is compared with model.
An increase in stiffness and load carrying denote that our model is optimized.