The respiratory system has several functions:
- Transport oxygen from the atmosphere to the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide to be exhaled.
- The respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
- In the lungs, oxygen passes into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide passes out through millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli surrounded by capillaries.
a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism, intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment, explore anatomy of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, from nasal passages to the lungs
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Respiratory System
Respiratory system's
primary function: to
transport oxygen
from atmosphere to
bloodstream to be
utilized by cells,
tissues, organs for
process of cellular
respiration, which is
necessary to sustain
life
3. Respiratory System
Respiratory system
moves 12,000 quarts
of air per day in and
out of lungs
Respiratory system
removes waste gas—
carbon dioxide—so it
doesn't build up in toxic
levels
4. Cellular Respiration Needs
Oxygen
Cellular respiration
depends on continuous
supply of oxygen,
found in abundance in air
we breathe
Using oxygen produces
carbon dioxide, which
would become toxic if
allowed to build in
bloodstream; must be
removed
5. Cardiopulmonary System
Respiratory system
closely related to
heart and
circulatory system;
they are
sometimes
grouped together
as cardiopulmonary
system
6. Anatomy of Respiratory
System
Components of
respiratory system:
Two lungs that serve
as vital organs
Upper and lower
airways that conduct
gas in and out of the
system
Terminal air sacs
called alveoli
surrounded by
network of capillaries
that provide for gas
exchange
7. Anatomy of Respiratory
System
Components of
respiratory system:
Thoracic cage that
houses, protects,
facilitates function for
the system
Muscles of
breathing that
include the main
muscle, the
diaphragm, and
accessory muscles
8. Figure 13-1
The various components of the
respiratory system
Watch Video on
“Respiratory
System”
http://www.youtube.com/watch
13. External Respiration
versus Internal Respiration
External respiration:
gas exchange in lungs
occurs between blood
and air in the external
atmosphere
14. External Respiration
versus Internal Respiration
Internal respiration:
oxygenated blood
transported
internally via
cardiovascular system
to cells and tissues;
oxygen moves into
cells as carbon dioxide
removed
15. Table 13-1 Gases in the
Atmosphere
Air contains many
gases,
predominantly
nitrogen, which is a
support gas that
keeps lungs open
with its constant
volume and
pressure
16. Table 13-1 Gases in the
Atmosphere
Next highest
concentration
found in air is
oxygen,
essential to life;
carbon dioxide
is found in very
small
concentrations
17. Figure 13-2
Contrast of ventilation and
external and internal respiration
We have reserve
of oxygen to
last 4 to 6
minutes; after
that we will die if
we don't get
more oxygen
18. The Airways and Lungs
Respiratory
system is series of
branching tubes
called bronchi
and bronchioles
19. The Airways and Lungs
Airways transport
atmospheric gas
deep within lungs
to small air sacs
called alveoli,
which represent
terminal end of
respiratory
system
20. The Airways and Lungs
Each alveolus is
surrounded by
capillaries;
combination called
alveolar-capillary
membrane;
represents
connection
between
respiratory and
cardiovascular
systems
24. Upper Airways of
Respiratory Tract
While some
people breathe
through their
mouths, we are
meant to
breathe through
our noses
Rigid structure
made of
cartilage and
bone
25. Upper Airways of
Respiratory Tract
Nasal cavity:
behind nose,
divided into
three main
regions
Vestibular
Olfactory
Respiratory
28. Vestibular Region of Nose
Vestibular region: located
inside nostrils and
contains coarse nasal
hairs that act as first
line of defense for
respiratory system
These hairs (vibrissae)
covered with sebum,
greasy substance
secreted by sebaceous
glands of nose
Sebum helps trap
particles; keeps hairs
soft and pliable
29. Olfactory Region of Nose
Olfactory
region: located
on roof of nasal
cavity, allowing air
to be held there so
it can be sampled
30. Respiratory Region of Nose
Respiratory region
Air warmed to body
temperature and
moistened in this
region inside nasal
cavity, which is lined
with mucous
membranes and richly
supplied with blood
There are three
scroll-like bones
(turbinates) that split
incoming air into three
channels, providing
more surface area
31. Respiratory Region of Nose
Respiratory region
Turbinates serve to
make incoming air
current more
turbulent, bringing
more air in contact
with mucous
membranes for
warming and moisture,
adding 650 to
1,000mLs of water
each day to moisten
air to 80% relative
humidity
32. Mucociliary Elevator
Cells in epithelial lining
of airways of respiratory
system are called
pseudostratified
ciliated columnar cells
Consists of single layer
of tall columnlike cells
that have nuclei at
different heights, giving
appearance of two or
more layers
Each columnar cell has
200 to 250 cilia on its
surface
33. Mucociliary Elevator
Goblet cells and
submucosal glands are
interspersed.
Mucus resides as two
layers:
Cilia reside in sol
layer; contains thin,
watery fluid that
allows them to beat
freely
Top layer is gel layer
that is more viscous
and sticky, trapping
small particles
34. Mucociliary Elevator
Cilia act as tiny "oars"
resting in watery sol layer
and beat 1,000 to 1,500
times per minute and
propel gel layer and its
trapped debris onward
and upward about one inch
per minute to be expelled
35. Mucociliary Elevator
In nose, debris-laden
secretions pushed
toward front of
nasal cavity to be
expelled through nose
Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium propels
gel layer toward
oral cavity to be
expectorated with
cough or swallowed
into stomach
36. The Sinuses
Skull contains air-filled
cavities called sinuses
that connect to nasal
cavity via small
passageways
Located around nose
and sometimes
referred to as
paranasal sinuses
Cavities help prolong
and intensify sound
produced with our
voice and helps to
lighten weight of
head
37. The Sinuses
Three different sinuses:
Frontal, Ethmoid and
Maxillary
Sinuses do not exist at
birth
Develop as we grow;
facial features changes
influenced by sinuses as
we mature
Sinuses also help to
warm and moisturize
air
38. Pharynx: Three Parts
Pharynx, or throat, is hollow
muscular structure
beginning behind nasal
cavity, lined with epithelial
tissue
Pharynx can be divided into
three sections
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
40. First Part: Nasopharynx
Nasopharynx is
uppermost section,
beginning behind
nasal cavity
Section contains
lymphatic tissue
called adenoids;
passageways into
middle ear called
Eustachian tubes
Air from nasal
cavity passes
through
nasopharynx
41. Second Part: Oropharynx
Oropharynx is located
behind oral, or buccal,
cavity
Conducts not only
atmospheric gas
but also food and
liquid
Air breathed
through both nose
and mouth passes
through here, and
anything that is
swallowed
42. Second Part: Oropharynx
Tonsils are part of lymph
system
Palatine tonsils are
located in oropharynx,
as are lingual tonsils
located at back of
tongue
During swallowing,
uvula and soft palate
move in posterior
and superior position
to protect nasopharynx
and nasal cavity from
entry of food or liquid;
can be overcome by
forceful laughing
43. Third Part: Laryngopharynx
Laryngopharynx is
lowermost portion of
pharynx
Air breathed and/or
swallowed passes
through
laryngopharynx
Swallowed materials
pass through
esophagus to get to
stomach
Air travels through
larynx and trachea
on its way to lungs
44. The Larynx
Semi rigid structure
composed of cartilage
connected by
muscles and ligaments
that provide movement
of vocal cords to
control speech
“Adam's apple”
(thyroid cartilage)
is largest of
cartilages found in
larynx
45. The Larynx and Glottis
Cricoid cartilage
lies beneath it,
providing
structure and
support for
airways so they
do not collapse
Glottis is
opening that
leads into
larynx and
eventually lungs
46. The Epiglottis
Leaf-shaped flap like
fibrocartilage
Closes over
opening to larynx
when you swallow;
opens up when
you breathe, as
part of swallowing
reflex (glottic or
sphincter
mechanism)
Seals so food does
not enter lungs
48. Vocal Cords as
Dividing Line
Vocal cords act as
dividing line
between upper and
lower airways
Lower airway
starts below
vocal cords
Upper airway
ends at vocal
cords
49. Respiratory Diseases
Complete the Respiratory
Diseases Worksheet
Due Thursday Nov 12,
2013
Also due: Take home quiz
on Anatomy of the Heart
50. The Lower Respiratory Tract
Resembles upside-down
tree, sometimes called
tracheobronchial tree
From vocal cords, air
enters trachea, or
windpipe, 4½˝ long tube
lined with ciliated mucous
membrane
51. The Trachea and Esophagus
C-shaped cartilage
found in anterior
portion of trachea
provide rigidity and
protection for exposed
airway in neck
Esophagus lies in area
where C opens up
posteriorly; room for
esophagus to expand
when you swallow
larger chunks of food
52. Trachea and Mainstem
Bronchi
Trachea is largest pipe;
can be thought of as
trunk of tree
Trachea begins branching
(bifurcating) at center of
chest into left and right
mainstem bronchi
(bronchus is singular
form)
53. Trachea and Mainstem
Bronchi
Site of bifurcation
is called carina
Next bronchi must
branch into five
lobular bronchi;
correspond to five
lobes of lungs
carina
54. Bronchi of the Lung
Each lung lobe further
divided into specific
segments; next
branching of bronchi
called segmental
bronchi
At point from trachea
down to segmental
bronchi, tissue layers
of bronchi are all the
same, only smaller, as
they branch downward
55. Figure 13-10
Three Tissue layers in the bronchi
• Epithelial layer contains
mucociliary escalator
• Middle is lamina propria
layer which contains
smooth muscle,
lymph, and nerve
tracts
• Third layer is
protective and
supportive
cartilaginous layer
56. Bronchi in Lung Segments
Branching continues to
tiny subsegmental
bronchi that branch
deep within each
lung segment
Cartilaginous rings
become more irregular
and eventually fade
away
Closer to gas exchange
regions, airways
simplify to make it
easier for gas molecules
to pass through
57. Bronchi Lead to Bronchioles
Bronchioles average
1 mm in diameter
Cilia, goblet cells,
and submucosal
glands are almost
all gone
There is no gas
exchange yet
62. Alveoli and Pulmonary Capillaries
Alveoli are terminal air
sacs, surrounded by
numerous pulmonary
capillaries
Together capillaries and
alveoli make up functional
unit of lung known as
alveolar capillary
membrane
Adults have 300–600
million alveoli, with total
of 80 square meters (m2)
surface area for oxygen
molecule to diffuse across
into capillaries
63. Pulmonary Circulation
Blood from right
heart entering
pulmonary
capillaries is
high in carbon
dioxide and low
in oxygen
64. Gas Exchange at Alveolar
Capillary Membrane
Gas exchange takes
place and pulmonary
capillary increases in
oxygen
concentration before
traveling to left
heart to be pumped
around to tissues
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A
65. Gas Exchange at Alveolar
Capillary Membrane
1. The pressure of oxygen in the alveolus is higher
than in the capillary and by SIMPLE DIFFUSION, the
oxygen enters the circulatory system
66. Gas Exchange at Alveolar
Capillary Membrane
2. The pressure of carbon dioxide in the capillary is
higher than in the alveolus and by SIMPLE
DIFFUSION, the CO2 enters the respiratory system
and is exhaled
67. Gas Exchange at Cellular
Membrane
3.At the tissue level, the pressure of oxygen in
the capillary is higher than in the tissue and by
SIMPLE DIFFUSION, the oxygen enters the cell.
68. Gas Exchange at Cellular
Membrane
4.The pressure of carbon dioxide in the cell is higher
than in the venule and by SIMPLE DIFFUSION, the
carbon dioxide enters the circulatory system
69. Housing of the Lungs
and Related Structures
Lungs reside in thoracic
cavity and are separated
by region called
mediastinum, which
contains esophagus, heart,
great vessels, and trachea
Breathing in and out
causes lungs to move
within thoracic cavity
70. Pleura of the Lungs
To prevent
irritation of lungs
moving against
thorax, each lung
wrapped in sac or
serous membrane
called visceral
pleura
71. Pleura of the Lungs
Thoracic cavity
and upper side of
diaphragm lined
with continuation
of membrane
called parietal
pleura
72. Pleural Space with Fluid
Between these two
pleural layers is
pleural space
(intrapleural space),
which contains
slippery liquid called
pleural fluid that
reduces friction as
individual breathes
73. The Lungs
Conical-shaped with rounded
peaks (apex) extending 1 to
2 inches above clavicle
Base of lungs rest on right
and left hemi diaphragm with
right lung base a bit
higher to accommodate liver
Cardiac
impression
Medial surface of lung has deep, concave
cavity that holds heart, called cardiac
impression, and is deeper on left side
74. Hilum of The Lungs
Hilum is area where
root of each lung
is attached,
containing main
stem bronchus,
pulmonary artery
and vein, nerve
tracts, and lymph
vessels
75. The Lobes of the Lungs
Right lung has three
lobes: upper, middle,
lower lobes; divided by
horizontal and oblique
fissures
Left lung has one
fissure, oblique fissure,
and therefore has only
two lobes: upper and
lower lobes
Lingula is area of left
lung that corresponds
with right middle lobe
76. The Lobes of the Lungs
Left lung has only two
lobes because largest
part of heart is located
in left lung area
Right lung is larger, with
60% of gas exchange
occurring here
78. The Protective Bony Thorax
Bony and cartilaginous
frame providing
freedom of
movement
Protects organs of chest
Includes rib cage,
sternum, and thoracic
vertebrae to which
each rib attaches
Sternum, or
breastbone, is centrally
located; comprised of
manubrium, body, and
xiphoid process
79. The Protective Bony Thorax
True ribs (pairs 1–
7): called vertebro
sternal; connect to
sternum and
vertebrae
Pairs 8–10: called
false ribs or
vertebro costal;
connect to costal
cartilage of superior
rib and to thoracic
vertebrae
81. How We Breathe
Respiratory
control center is
in medulla
oblongata
which is part of
the brain stem
and is
continuous with
the spinal cord
82. How We Breathe
Inspiration: active
process in which
diaphragm is sent
signal via
phrenic nerve,
causing it to
contract and
flatten
downward,
increasing
thoracic cavity
space
83. How We Breathe
Increase in
thoracic cavity
volume
decreases
pressure,
creating lower
pressure in lungs
than outside,
allowing air to
rush into lungs
84. Figure 13-18
How we breathe
Ease of ventilation is called
compliance
•High compliance: little
effort required to expand
lungs
•Low compliance: more
difficult to expand lungs
85. How We Breathe
Exhalation: passive
act; diaphragm
relaxes, which
decreases amount of
space in thoracic
cavity; pressure in
lungs becomes
greater than
atmospheric
pressure; air is
pushed out of
lungs
86. How We Breathe
While we can
consciously
influence
breathing rate,
Our breathing rate
is normally
controlled by
level of carbon
dioxide in blood
87. How We Breathe
If carbon dioxide
levels rise, it means
that not enough
CO2 is being
ventilated
When this occurs,
chemoreceptors
in medulla
oblongata send
signals to
respiratory muscles
to increase rate
and depth of
breathing
89. How We Breathe
Accessory
Muscles include:
Scalene muscles
in neck
Sternocleido
mastoid
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
90. Figure 13-19
The accessory muscles of
exhalation
Accessory muscles of exhalation assist in more
forceful and active exhalation by increasing
abdominal pressure
91. How We Breathe
Main accessory
muscles of exhalation
are abdominal
muscles that push up
diaphragm or the back
muscles that pull down
and compress thoracic
cage
92. Emphysema
Affects lung compliance:
Bronchioles become
damaged and wider, allowing
air into lungs, increasing
compliance but making it
much more difficult to
breathe out
Breathing then requires the
use of more accessory
muscles
96. GAS EXCHANGE
Complete the
GAS EXCHANGE
WORKSHEET IN CLASS
Use a RED pencil to
represent the direction of
the oxygen movement and
BLUE for the direction of
the carbon dioxide
movement