The document discusses the key components and functions of the respiratory system. It describes that respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through ventilation, perfusion, diffusion, and regulation. The respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi which filter, warm, and humidify air. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, which are lined with surfactant to prevent their collapse and allow for efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer between blood and air. The nervous system regulates breathing through the medulla oblongata and stimulates coughing. Common respiratory disorders include infections, allergies, and obstructive diseases like asthma or COPD.

1. Respiratory System
SANTOSH KUMAR KAR

2. Respiration
 Process of air exchange
 Oxygen is obtained and carbon dioxide is
eliminated
 Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli

3. Four parts of respiration
 Ventilation – movement of air between the
atmosphere and alveoli
 Perfusion – blood flow through the lungs
 Diffusion – oxygen and carbon dioxide are
transferred between alveoli and blood
 Regulation – respiratory muscles and nervous
system

4. Respiratory Tract
 Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
 Series of tubes that function as airway
passages
 Filter, warm and humidify incoming air

5. Pharynx
 Contain the tonsils – normal function is to
fight infection
 Larynx – voice box

6. Epiglottis
 Flexible cartilage – supported flap that covers
the opening of the trachea or (glottis).
 It automatically closes the opening to the
trachea during swallowing.
 If you eat food to fast it can get lodged in the
trachea.

7. Heimlich Maneuver
 Used to pop food out and back into the
pharynx.

8. Heimlich Maneuver

9. Heimlich Maneuver - Infant

10. Trachea
• Trachea is lined with ciliated columnar
epithelium and mucous cells.
• The chronic cough of smokers is caused by
damage to cilia.

11. Cilia - Smokers

13. Lungs
 Right side has 3 lobes
 Left side 2 lobes
 Contains the lower respiratory structures

14. Bronchi
 Definition: The bronchi are small air
passages, composed of hyaline cartilage,
that extend from the trachea to the
bronchioles. There are two bronchi in the
human body that branch off from the trachea.
The bronchi are lined with mucous
membranes that secrete mucus and cilia that
sweep the mucus and particles up and out of
the airways.

16. Alveoli
 Have a very thin membrane that allows rapid
diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between capillary blood and alveolar air
spaces.
 Lined with surfactant to prevent alveolar
collapse.

17. Surfactant
 Essential fluid that lines the alveoli and
smallest bronchioles.
 Reduces surface tension of the lung allowing
the oxygen and carbon dioxide across the
membrane.

18. Oxygen Exchange

19. Lack of Surfactant

20. Lack of Surfactant
 Premature infants can have Respiratory
Distress Syndrome due to immaturity of
lungs.
 Persons with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD).

21. Nervous System Role
 Nervous system regulates the rate and depth
of respirations.
 Medulla oblongata is the respiratory control
system of the brain.
 Cough reflex is stimulated by nervous
system.

22. Disorders of Respiratory System
 Infections: bronchiolitis or pneumonia
 Allergic disorders
 Inflammatory disorders
 Obstructive airway disorders
 Bronchial pulmonary dysplasia – premature
infants
 Asthma
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)
 Injury to lungs