8. Air ENTERS the Respiratory System through the Mouth or Nose. They process the air that you breathe before it enters your lungs. Most of this activity takes place in and on the turbinates, located on the sides of the nasal passages. In an adult, 18,000 to 20,000 litres of air pass through the nose each day.
9. In anatomy, a turbinate (or nasal concha) is a long, narrow and curled bone shelf which protrudes into the passage of the nose. Turbinate bone refers to any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in humans. In humans, the turbinates divide the nasal airway into three groove-like air passages –and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate controlling tissue.
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12. Under the mucous membrane there are a large number of capillaries. The blood within these capillaries helps to warm the air as it passes through the nose
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15. PHARYNX (WINDPIPE) Air travels from the nasal passages to the pharynx, or more commonly known as the throat The pharynx roat, is a passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. The epiglottis drops downward to prevent food from entering the larynx and trachea in order to direct the food into the oesophagus .
16. Epiglottis The epiglottis guards the entrance of the glottis, the opening between the vocal folds. It is normally pointed upward, but during swallowing, elevation of the hyoid bone draws the larynx upward; as a result, the epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position. In this manner it prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the esophagus, which is more posterior.
17. From the Pharynx, the air moves through the LARYNX (Voice Box) Inside, and stretched across the Larynx are two highly elastic folds of tissue (Ligaments) called the VOCAL CORDS. Air rushing through the voice box causes the vocal cords to vibrate producing sound waves. From the Larynx, the Warmed, Filtered, and Moistened air passes downward into the Thoracic Cavity through the Trachea.
21. Within the Thoracic Cavity, the Trachea divides into TWO Branches, the Right and Left BRONCHI. Each BRONCHUS enters the LUNG on its respective side
22. THE LUNGS They are separated from each other by the mediastinum and the heart. The upper part of the lung near the collarbone or clavicle is called the apex and the broad lower part is called the base. The base of each lung rests on the diaphragm below. MEDIASTINUM The mediastinum is also called the interpleural space. It is situated between the lungs. The mediastinum contains: the thymus gland, heart, aorta and it's branches, pulmonary arteries and it's veins, superior and inferior vena cava, esophagus, trachea, thoracic duct, lymph nodes and vessels.
23. The right lung is larger and broader than the left lung. This is due to the shape and location of the heart. The right lung is also shorter due to the diaphragm's upward displacement to accommodate the liver.
24. The right lung is divided into three lobes or parts; superior, middle and inferior. The left lung is divided into two lobes; superior and inferior. The left lung is smaller and narrower than the right lung. The concave area occupied by the heart on the left side of the lung is called the cardiac impression.
25. Lining the entire cavity and encasing the Lungs are PLEURA MEMBRANESthat secrete a Mucus that decreases friction from the movement of the Lungs during Breathing The pleural membranes are the serous membranes of the thoracic cavity. The parietal pleura lines the chest wall. The visceral pleura is actually on the surface of the lungs. Between the pleural membranes is a serous fluid which prevents friction and keeps the two membranes together during breathing.
26. Unfortunately, there may be an occasion where the pleural cavity may fill up withan enormous amount of serous fluid. This would occur when there is an inflammation of the pleura of pleurisy. The excess fluid can compress or even at times collapse the lung. This extra fluid can make it very difficult to breathe. To alleviate such pressure, sometimes a procedure called a thoracentesis is performed. This is where a hollow, tube like instrument is inserted into the thoracic and pleural cavities to drain the fluid.
27. The further branching of the BRONCHIAL TUBES is often called the BRONCHIAL TREE Imagine the Trachea as the trunk of an upside down tree with extensive branches that become smaller and smaller; these smaller branches are the BRONCHIOLES.
29. Asthma Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airways, characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and/or coughing. Three things make it harder to breath during an asthma attack -- the inflammation (swelling) of the lining of the airways, the tightening of the muscles around the airways, and fluid/mucus filling the airways. These factors reduce airflow and produce the characteristic wheezing sound
30. Alveolar Sac / Alveolus The lungs contain about 300 million alveoli, representing a total surface area of 70-90 metres squared, each wrapped in a fine mesh of capillaries.
32. Alveolar Sac / Alveolus Oxygen dissolved in the blood may diffuse into red blood cells and bind to haemoglobin. Binding of oxygen to haemoglobin allows a greater amount of oxygen to be transported in the blood. Although carbon dioxide and oxygen are the most important molecules exchanged Red blood cells transit the alveolar capillaries in about 3/4 of a second.
33. Diffusion ‘moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration of that matter’
34. Oxygen moves from the alveoli (high oxygen concentration) to the blood (lower oxygen concentration, due to the continuous consumption of oxygen in the body). Conversely, carbon dioxide is produced by metabolism and has a higher concentration in the blood than in the air When alveolar pressure is negative, as is the case during inspiration, air flows from the higher pressure at the mouth down the lungs into the lower pressure in the alveoli. When alveolar pressure is positive, which is the case during expiration, air flows out
