SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Surface Structures and
Underlying Structures
Merra Mae Ramos
Ed. D – ELT student
Speakers do not only have
implicit knowledge of constituent
structure within the linear strings of
words in a sentence – what is
referred as its surface structure -
but we often perceive or
understand constituents that are
unexpressed in the linear string.
For example,
Lisa
won a
prize,
but
Larry
1. didn’t.
2. didn’t care.
3. didn’t tell Sarah.
4. didn’t
congratulate her
5. didn’t win a
prize.
The speakers know that the only
legitimate interpretation of 1 is 5
and therefore the sentences 2
through 4 are not possible
interpretation of 1. But that
understanding requires a speaker
to have implicit knowledge of
syntactic operations.
One way to account implicit
knowledge about sentence
structure is to posit underlying
structures for syntax.
Syntactic Operations:
Question Formations
and the Auxiliary
English has two principal
kinds of question:
 yes/no questions (closed
questions); and
 information questions
Three Varieties of Yes-No
Question
 inverted question
 inverted question offering an
alternative (which may require
more than a simple yes or no for an
answer)
 the tag question
Examples:
 Are you going? (inversion)
 Are you staying or going?
(inversion with alternative)
 You're going, aren't you? (tag)
In yes-no questions, an
auxiliary verb typically appears
in front of the subject--a
formation called subject-
auxiliary inversion (SAI).
 Suze will earn a fair wage.
Will Suze earn a fair wage?
Because an auxiliary often must appear in
the surface structure of sentences, a
constituent representing the auxiliary is
postulated in the underlying structure of
every sentence. That mean, that instead of
its earlier expansion simply as NP, VP, the
expansion of S must include AUX, as below:
S NP AUX VP
We thus represent the underlying
structure of both “Suze will earn a
fair wage.”and “Will Suze earn a
fair wage?” as in the tree on the
left. The tree on the right
represents the constituent structure
that results from application of the
subject-auxiliary inversion
operation.
Suze will earn a fair wage.
Will Suze earn a fair
wage?
Notice that yes/no questions
contain an auxiliary even when the
corresponding declarative sentence
does not.
Example:
Jordan studied journalism in
college.
Did Jordan study journalism in
college?
The auxiliary usually must appear
in the surface structure of negative
sentences, as in the example
below.
 Jordan studied journalism in
college.
Jordan didn’t study journalism
in college.
Auxiliaries can also be used to
express:
 contrast or emphasis
Example: Jen certainly does exercise
every day!
 tense (providing a time
reference, i.e. past, present, or
future)
Example: Tyler will certainly pass the
course.
 grammatical aspect (expresses
how verb relates to the flow of time)
Example: They were travelling then.
 modality (quantifies verbs)
Example: Bill can swim.
 voice (describes the relationship
between the action expressed by
the verb and the participants
identified by the verb’s subject,
object, etc.)
Example: The lion was killed by the
hunter.
Information Questions. In an
information question, the
information is sought - the
questioned constituent - is
represented by WH-word (who or
whom, why, when, where, which,
what, how).
Such WH-questions occur in two
forms: ordinary information
questions and echo questions.
Question words:
1. what - asking for information
about something
* What is your name?
- asking for repetition or
confirmation
* What? I can't hear you.
2. what...for - asking for a reason,
asking why
* What did you do that for?
3. what kind - description
* What kind of music do you like?
4. what time - time
* What time did you come home?
5. when - asking about time
* When did he leave?
6. where - asking in or at what
place or position
* Where do they live?
7. which - asking about choice
* Which color do you want?
8. who - asking what or which
person or people (subject)
* Who opened the door?
9. whom - asking what or which
person or people (object of the
verb)
* Whom did you see?
10. whose - asking about
ownership
* Whose turn is it?
11. why - asking for reason, asking
what...for
* Why do you say that?
12. why don't - making a
suggestion
* Why don't I help you?
13. how - asking about manner
* How does this work?
- asking about condition or
quality
* How was your exam?
14. how many - quantity
(countable)
* How many students are there?
15. how much - amount, price
(uncountable)
* How much time have we got?
16. how long - length (time or
space)
* How long did you stay in that
hotel?
17. how often - frequency
* How often do you go to the gym?
18. how far - distance
* How far is your school?
19. how old - age
* How old are you?
20. how come (informal) - asking
for reason, asking why
* How come I didn't see you at the
party?
Echo Question. Echoes the form
of the statement, as in these
examples:
 (He’s boiling horse-feathers.)
He’s boiling what?
 (She was looking for Sigmund
Freud.)
She was looking for who?
Much more common than echo
questions are ordinary information
questions. They take the form
illustrated below in which a
syntactic operation called WH-
movement fronts the WH-word to a
position before the subject:
If you compare these ordinary
information questions with the
parenthesized echo questions
following them, you’ll see that two
movements have occurred:
The WH-word (the questioned
constituent what or who) appears
at the front of its clause.
The auxiliary (is or was) precedes
the subject NP which is italicized in
the examples.
Asking questions:
1.If you ask about the subject of the
sentence, simply add the question word
at the beginning:
Examples:
* James writes good poems.
Who writes good poems?
* The glass is on the table.
What is on the table?
2. If you ask about the predicate of
the sentence (the part of a
sentence which contains the verb
and gives information about the
subject), there are three options:
 If there is a helping (auxiliary)
verb that precedes the main verb
( for example: can, is, are, was,
were, will, would...), add the
question word and invert the
subject and the helping (auxiliary)
verb.
Examples:
* He can speak Chinese.
What can he speak?
* They are leaving tonight.
When are they leaving?
 If you ask about the predicate
and there is no helping (auxiliary)
verb and the verb is "to be",
simply add the question word and
invert the subject and the verb.
Example:
* The play was interesting.
How was the play?
 If there is no helping (auxiliary)
verb in the the predicate and the
main verb is not "to be", add the
auxiliary "do" in the appropriate
form.
Examples:
* They go to the movies every
Saturday.
Where do they go every
Saturday?
* He wakes up early.
When does he wake up?
* They sent a letter.
What did they send?
References
Auxiliary (or Helping) Verbs.
https://www.gingersoftware.com/conten
t/grammar-rules/verbs/auxiliary-or-
helping-verbs/
https://www.englishclub.com/vocabular
y/wh-question-words.htm
https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_
php_files/grammar-lesson-wh-
questions.php
Nordquist, Richard (2018). The Yes-No
Question in English Grammar.
https://www.thoughtco.com/yes-no-
question-grammar-1692617

More Related Content

What's hot

Grammar review
Grammar reviewGrammar review
Grammar review
catherineduffy
 
Skills 1 60
Skills 1 60Skills 1 60
Grammar presentation sophia
Grammar presentation sophiaGrammar presentation sophia
Grammar presentation sophia
sophiaakdim
 
Lesson 1 writing
Lesson 1 writingLesson 1 writing
Lesson 1 writing
pendekar ilmu
 
What is the exam about
What is the exam aboutWhat is the exam about
What is the exam about
Pato_Ch
 
the scope of semantics
the scope of semanticsthe scope of semantics
the scope of semantics
Ayi Yulianty
 
Adjective
AdjectiveAdjective
Adjective
Dr. Imran Khan
 
Use of Do/does
Use of Do/doesUse of Do/does
Use of Do/does
Tayyeba Hameed
 
Find A Partner (Stress Pattern)
Find A Partner (Stress Pattern)Find A Partner (Stress Pattern)
Find A Partner (Stress Pattern)
wansiri42410383
 
English parts of speech
English parts of speech English parts of speech
English parts of speech
haider ali
 
The scope of semantics made simple
The scope of semantics made simpleThe scope of semantics made simple
The scope of semantics made simple
Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST)
 
Semantics
SemanticsSemantics
Determiners-English Grammar
Determiners-English GrammarDeterminers-English Grammar
Determiners-English Grammar
Jeevan Raone
 
The structure of arguments
The structure of argumentsThe structure of arguments
The structure of arguments
Dr. Mohsin Khan
 
Skills 9 10 noun clauses
Skills 9 10 noun clausesSkills 9 10 noun clauses
Skills 9 10 noun clauses
Marla Yoshida
 
(3) the scope of semantics 1
(3) the scope of semantics   1(3) the scope of semantics   1
Transitive and Intransitive verbs
Transitive and Intransitive verbsTransitive and Intransitive verbs
Transitive and Intransitive verbs
Anto Henry
 
Glossary of grammatical terms
Glossary of grammatical termsGlossary of grammatical terms
Glossary of grammatical terms
Marla Yoshida
 
Subject Verb Agreement
Subject Verb AgreementSubject Verb Agreement
Subject Verb Agreement
elyonjohnson
 
Skills 13 14 reduced clauses
Skills 13 14 reduced clausesSkills 13 14 reduced clauses
Skills 13 14 reduced clauses
Marla Yoshida
 

What's hot (20)

Grammar review
Grammar reviewGrammar review
Grammar review
 
Skills 1 60
Skills 1 60Skills 1 60
Skills 1 60
 
Grammar presentation sophia
Grammar presentation sophiaGrammar presentation sophia
Grammar presentation sophia
 
Lesson 1 writing
Lesson 1 writingLesson 1 writing
Lesson 1 writing
 
What is the exam about
What is the exam aboutWhat is the exam about
What is the exam about
 
the scope of semantics
the scope of semanticsthe scope of semantics
the scope of semantics
 
Adjective
AdjectiveAdjective
Adjective
 
Use of Do/does
Use of Do/doesUse of Do/does
Use of Do/does
 
Find A Partner (Stress Pattern)
Find A Partner (Stress Pattern)Find A Partner (Stress Pattern)
Find A Partner (Stress Pattern)
 
English parts of speech
English parts of speech English parts of speech
English parts of speech
 
The scope of semantics made simple
The scope of semantics made simpleThe scope of semantics made simple
The scope of semantics made simple
 
Semantics
SemanticsSemantics
Semantics
 
Determiners-English Grammar
Determiners-English GrammarDeterminers-English Grammar
Determiners-English Grammar
 
The structure of arguments
The structure of argumentsThe structure of arguments
The structure of arguments
 
Skills 9 10 noun clauses
Skills 9 10 noun clausesSkills 9 10 noun clauses
Skills 9 10 noun clauses
 
(3) the scope of semantics 1
(3) the scope of semantics   1(3) the scope of semantics   1
(3) the scope of semantics 1
 
Transitive and Intransitive verbs
Transitive and Intransitive verbsTransitive and Intransitive verbs
Transitive and Intransitive verbs
 
Glossary of grammatical terms
Glossary of grammatical termsGlossary of grammatical terms
Glossary of grammatical terms
 
Subject Verb Agreement
Subject Verb AgreementSubject Verb Agreement
Subject Verb Agreement
 
Skills 13 14 reduced clauses
Skills 13 14 reduced clausesSkills 13 14 reduced clauses
Skills 13 14 reduced clauses
 

Similar to Surface Structures and Underlying Structures

Words and Their Context
Words and Their ContextWords and Their Context
Words and Their Context
noblex1
 
Proposal clear
Proposal clearProposal clear
Proposal clear
Bayu Primanda
 
Ppp12
Ppp12Ppp12
Subject verb agreement
Subject verb agreementSubject verb agreement
Subject verb agreement
andyburghardt
 
Subject_verb_agreementpp01
Subject_verb_agreementpp01Subject_verb_agreementpp01
Subject_verb_agreementpp01
Luis Vega
 
Makalah Bahasa Inggris Kelompok 1.pdf
Makalah Bahasa Inggris Kelompok 1.pdfMakalah Bahasa Inggris Kelompok 1.pdf
Makalah Bahasa Inggris Kelompok 1.pdf
KholifuddinRais
 
Toeic test tips (2016) english
Toeic test tips (2016) englishToeic test tips (2016) english
Toeic test tips (2016) english
DanHewitt11
 
Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4
Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4
Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4
codybug134
 
Clauses and its types
Clauses and its typesClauses and its types
Clauses and its types
RukhsanaM
 
LPGRAMMAR osigan.docx
LPGRAMMAR osigan.docxLPGRAMMAR osigan.docx
LPGRAMMAR osigan.docx
MariaAmorLagapa
 
C:\Documents And Settings\Nx7400\Desktop\Teaching English Through English
C:\Documents And Settings\Nx7400\Desktop\Teaching English Through EnglishC:\Documents And Settings\Nx7400\Desktop\Teaching English Through English
C:\Documents And Settings\Nx7400\Desktop\Teaching English Through English
yasine
 
Technical Style Workshop Part 1
Technical Style Workshop Part 1Technical Style Workshop Part 1
Technical Style Workshop Part 1
Eddie Hollon
 
Book Chapter.docx
Book Chapter.docxBook Chapter.docx
Book Chapter.docx
MisbahAwel
 
Words_Phrases,_Clauses,_Sentence_Structure.pptx
Words_Phrases,_Clauses,_Sentence_Structure.pptxWords_Phrases,_Clauses,_Sentence_Structure.pptx
Words_Phrases,_Clauses,_Sentence_Structure.pptx
Carlos Manuel Beltran
 
Lp for 5th actual off...final.
Lp for 5th actual off...final.Lp for 5th actual off...final.
Lp for 5th actual off...final.
Lorna Cammille Mina
 
Linguistic And Communicative Rules
Linguistic And Communicative RulesLinguistic And Communicative Rules
Linguistic And Communicative Rules
noblex1
 
What is a Noun (Kinds, categories & case of coun).pdf
What is a Noun (Kinds, categories & case of coun).pdfWhat is a Noun (Kinds, categories & case of coun).pdf
What is a Noun (Kinds, categories & case of coun).pdf
Cambrige Academy
 
Simple present tenses
Simple present tensesSimple present tenses
Simple present tenses
Manisha Srivastava
 
Tdc 1 moodle- class 3
Tdc 1   moodle- class 3Tdc 1   moodle- class 3
Tdc 1 moodle- class 3
AnaAlbi
 
Syntax (I Bimestre)
Syntax (I Bimestre)Syntax (I Bimestre)
Syntax (I Bimestre)
Videoconferencias UTPL
 

Similar to Surface Structures and Underlying Structures (20)

Words and Their Context
Words and Their ContextWords and Their Context
Words and Their Context
 
Proposal clear
Proposal clearProposal clear
Proposal clear
 
Ppp12
Ppp12Ppp12
Ppp12
 
Subject verb agreement
Subject verb agreementSubject verb agreement
Subject verb agreement
 
Subject_verb_agreementpp01
Subject_verb_agreementpp01Subject_verb_agreementpp01
Subject_verb_agreementpp01
 
Makalah Bahasa Inggris Kelompok 1.pdf
Makalah Bahasa Inggris Kelompok 1.pdfMakalah Bahasa Inggris Kelompok 1.pdf
Makalah Bahasa Inggris Kelompok 1.pdf
 
Toeic test tips (2016) english
Toeic test tips (2016) englishToeic test tips (2016) english
Toeic test tips (2016) english
 
Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4
Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4
Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4
 
Clauses and its types
Clauses and its typesClauses and its types
Clauses and its types
 
LPGRAMMAR osigan.docx
LPGRAMMAR osigan.docxLPGRAMMAR osigan.docx
LPGRAMMAR osigan.docx
 
C:\Documents And Settings\Nx7400\Desktop\Teaching English Through English
C:\Documents And Settings\Nx7400\Desktop\Teaching English Through EnglishC:\Documents And Settings\Nx7400\Desktop\Teaching English Through English
C:\Documents And Settings\Nx7400\Desktop\Teaching English Through English
 
Technical Style Workshop Part 1
Technical Style Workshop Part 1Technical Style Workshop Part 1
Technical Style Workshop Part 1
 
Book Chapter.docx
Book Chapter.docxBook Chapter.docx
Book Chapter.docx
 
Words_Phrases,_Clauses,_Sentence_Structure.pptx
Words_Phrases,_Clauses,_Sentence_Structure.pptxWords_Phrases,_Clauses,_Sentence_Structure.pptx
Words_Phrases,_Clauses,_Sentence_Structure.pptx
 
Lp for 5th actual off...final.
Lp for 5th actual off...final.Lp for 5th actual off...final.
Lp for 5th actual off...final.
 
Linguistic And Communicative Rules
Linguistic And Communicative RulesLinguistic And Communicative Rules
Linguistic And Communicative Rules
 
What is a Noun (Kinds, categories & case of coun).pdf
What is a Noun (Kinds, categories & case of coun).pdfWhat is a Noun (Kinds, categories & case of coun).pdf
What is a Noun (Kinds, categories & case of coun).pdf
 
Simple present tenses
Simple present tensesSimple present tenses
Simple present tenses
 
Tdc 1 moodle- class 3
Tdc 1   moodle- class 3Tdc 1   moodle- class 3
Tdc 1 moodle- class 3
 
Syntax (I Bimestre)
Syntax (I Bimestre)Syntax (I Bimestre)
Syntax (I Bimestre)
 

More from Merra Mae Ramos

Grade 8 St. Monica Group 2 Glamorous Magazine
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 2 Glamorous MagazineGrade 8 St. Monica Group 2 Glamorous Magazine
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 2 Glamorous Magazine
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 7 Blooming Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 7 Blooming MagazineGrade 8 St. Anne Group 7 Blooming Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 7 Blooming Magazine
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 6 Angels Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 6 Angels MagazineGrade 8 St. Anne Group 6 Angels Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 6 Angels Magazine
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 1 Danaoanons' Magazine
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 1 Danaoanons' MagazineGrade 8 St. Monica Group 1 Danaoanons' Magazine
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 1 Danaoanons' Magazine
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 5 Kuru Magazine
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 5 Kuru MagazineGrade 8 St. Monica Group 5 Kuru Magazine
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 5 Kuru Magazine
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 3 Simplicity Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 3 Simplicity MagazineGrade 8 St. Anne Group 3 Simplicity Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 3 Simplicity Magazine
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 5 Natural Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 5 Natural MagazineGrade 8 St. Anne Group 5 Natural Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 5 Natural Magazine
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Mga Panitikang Pinoy
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Mga Panitikang PinoyGrade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Mga Panitikang Pinoy
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Mga Panitikang Pinoy
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 4 Royals Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 4 Royals MagazineGrade 8 St. Anne Group 4 Royals Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 4 Royals Magazine
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Kyut Magasin
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Kyut MagasinGrade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Kyut Magasin
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Kyut Magasin
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 4 Bituin Magasin
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 4 Bituin MagasinGrade 8 St. Veronica Group 4 Bituin Magasin
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 4 Bituin Magasin
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 1 4Ever Magasin
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 1 4Ever MagasinGrade 8 St. Veronica Group 1 4Ever Magasin
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 1 4Ever Magasin
Merra Mae Ramos
 
The Innovation - School Paper S.Y. 2016-2017
The Innovation - School Paper S.Y. 2016-2017The Innovation - School Paper S.Y. 2016-2017
The Innovation - School Paper S.Y. 2016-2017
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Nutrition Jingle 2016 Grade 7 Silver
Nutrition Jingle 2016 Grade 7 SilverNutrition Jingle 2016 Grade 7 Silver
Nutrition Jingle 2016 Grade 7 Silver
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Science 7-4th Quarter The Philippine Environment
Science 7-4th Quarter The Philippine EnvironmentScience 7-4th Quarter The Philippine Environment
Science 7-4th Quarter The Philippine Environment
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Science 7 -3rd Quarter Pretest
Science 7 -3rd Quarter PretestScience 7 -3rd Quarter Pretest
Science 7 -3rd Quarter Pretest
Merra Mae Ramos
 
Science 7 - Describing Motion
Science 7 - Describing MotionScience 7 - Describing Motion
Science 7 - Describing Motion
Merra Mae Ramos
 
PE 7-4th Quarter-Visual Arts of Festivals
PE 7-4th Quarter-Visual Arts of FestivalsPE 7-4th Quarter-Visual Arts of Festivals
PE 7-4th Quarter-Visual Arts of Festivals
Merra Mae Ramos
 
PE 7-4th Quarter Sinulog Festival
PE 7-4th Quarter Sinulog FestivalPE 7-4th Quarter Sinulog Festival
PE 7-4th Quarter Sinulog Festival
Merra Mae Ramos
 
PE 7-4th Quarter Pretest
PE 7-4th Quarter PretestPE 7-4th Quarter Pretest
PE 7-4th Quarter Pretest
Merra Mae Ramos
 

More from Merra Mae Ramos (20)

Grade 8 St. Monica Group 2 Glamorous Magazine
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 2 Glamorous MagazineGrade 8 St. Monica Group 2 Glamorous Magazine
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 2 Glamorous Magazine
 
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 7 Blooming Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 7 Blooming MagazineGrade 8 St. Anne Group 7 Blooming Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 7 Blooming Magazine
 
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 6 Angels Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 6 Angels MagazineGrade 8 St. Anne Group 6 Angels Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 6 Angels Magazine
 
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 1 Danaoanons' Magazine
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 1 Danaoanons' MagazineGrade 8 St. Monica Group 1 Danaoanons' Magazine
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 1 Danaoanons' Magazine
 
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 5 Kuru Magazine
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 5 Kuru MagazineGrade 8 St. Monica Group 5 Kuru Magazine
Grade 8 St. Monica Group 5 Kuru Magazine
 
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 3 Simplicity Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 3 Simplicity MagazineGrade 8 St. Anne Group 3 Simplicity Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 3 Simplicity Magazine
 
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 5 Natural Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 5 Natural MagazineGrade 8 St. Anne Group 5 Natural Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 5 Natural Magazine
 
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Mga Panitikang Pinoy
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Mga Panitikang PinoyGrade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Mga Panitikang Pinoy
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Mga Panitikang Pinoy
 
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 4 Royals Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 4 Royals MagazineGrade 8 St. Anne Group 4 Royals Magazine
Grade 8 St. Anne Group 4 Royals Magazine
 
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Kyut Magasin
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Kyut MagasinGrade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Kyut Magasin
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 2 Kyut Magasin
 
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 4 Bituin Magasin
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 4 Bituin MagasinGrade 8 St. Veronica Group 4 Bituin Magasin
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 4 Bituin Magasin
 
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 1 4Ever Magasin
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 1 4Ever MagasinGrade 8 St. Veronica Group 1 4Ever Magasin
Grade 8 St. Veronica Group 1 4Ever Magasin
 
The Innovation - School Paper S.Y. 2016-2017
The Innovation - School Paper S.Y. 2016-2017The Innovation - School Paper S.Y. 2016-2017
The Innovation - School Paper S.Y. 2016-2017
 
Nutrition Jingle 2016 Grade 7 Silver
Nutrition Jingle 2016 Grade 7 SilverNutrition Jingle 2016 Grade 7 Silver
Nutrition Jingle 2016 Grade 7 Silver
 
Science 7-4th Quarter The Philippine Environment
Science 7-4th Quarter The Philippine EnvironmentScience 7-4th Quarter The Philippine Environment
Science 7-4th Quarter The Philippine Environment
 
Science 7 -3rd Quarter Pretest
Science 7 -3rd Quarter PretestScience 7 -3rd Quarter Pretest
Science 7 -3rd Quarter Pretest
 
Science 7 - Describing Motion
Science 7 - Describing MotionScience 7 - Describing Motion
Science 7 - Describing Motion
 
PE 7-4th Quarter-Visual Arts of Festivals
PE 7-4th Quarter-Visual Arts of FestivalsPE 7-4th Quarter-Visual Arts of Festivals
PE 7-4th Quarter-Visual Arts of Festivals
 
PE 7-4th Quarter Sinulog Festival
PE 7-4th Quarter Sinulog FestivalPE 7-4th Quarter Sinulog Festival
PE 7-4th Quarter Sinulog Festival
 
PE 7-4th Quarter Pretest
PE 7-4th Quarter PretestPE 7-4th Quarter Pretest
PE 7-4th Quarter Pretest
 

Recently uploaded

Cognitive Development Adolescence Psychology
Cognitive Development Adolescence PsychologyCognitive Development Adolescence Psychology
Cognitive Development Adolescence Psychology
paigestewart1632
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxChapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Denish Jangid
 
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptxC1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
mulvey2
 
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
GeorgeMilliken2
 
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collectionThe Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
Israel Genealogy Research Association
 
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
Wahiba Chair Training & Consulting
 
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleHow to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
Celine George
 
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdfHindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
Dr. Mulla Adam Ali
 
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMHow to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Celine George
 
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
The History of Stoke Newington Street NamesThe History of Stoke Newington Street Names
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
History of Stoke Newington
 
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
 
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview TrainingBBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Katrina Pritchard
 
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
PECB
 
writing about opinions about Australia the movie
writing about opinions about Australia the moviewriting about opinions about Australia the movie
writing about opinions about Australia the movie
Nicholas Montgomery
 
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdfANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
Priyankaranawat4
 
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Diana Rendina
 
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Academy of Science of South Africa
 
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
heathfieldcps1
 
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdfclinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
Priyankaranawat4
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Cognitive Development Adolescence Psychology
Cognitive Development Adolescence PsychologyCognitive Development Adolescence Psychology
Cognitive Development Adolescence Psychology
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
 
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxChapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
 
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptxC1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
 
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
 
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collectionThe Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
 
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
 
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleHow to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
 
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdfHindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
 
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMHow to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
 
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
The History of Stoke Newington Street NamesThe History of Stoke Newington Street Names
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
 
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
 
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview TrainingBBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
 
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
 
writing about opinions about Australia the movie
writing about opinions about Australia the moviewriting about opinions about Australia the movie
writing about opinions about Australia the movie
 
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdfANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
 
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
 
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
 
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
 
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdfclinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
 

Surface Structures and Underlying Structures

  • 1.
  • 2. Surface Structures and Underlying Structures Merra Mae Ramos Ed. D – ELT student
  • 3. Speakers do not only have implicit knowledge of constituent structure within the linear strings of words in a sentence – what is referred as its surface structure - but we often perceive or understand constituents that are unexpressed in the linear string.
  • 4. For example, Lisa won a prize, but Larry 1. didn’t. 2. didn’t care. 3. didn’t tell Sarah. 4. didn’t congratulate her 5. didn’t win a prize.
  • 5. The speakers know that the only legitimate interpretation of 1 is 5 and therefore the sentences 2 through 4 are not possible interpretation of 1. But that understanding requires a speaker to have implicit knowledge of syntactic operations.
  • 6. One way to account implicit knowledge about sentence structure is to posit underlying structures for syntax.
  • 8. English has two principal kinds of question:  yes/no questions (closed questions); and  information questions
  • 9. Three Varieties of Yes-No Question  inverted question  inverted question offering an alternative (which may require more than a simple yes or no for an answer)  the tag question
  • 10. Examples:  Are you going? (inversion)  Are you staying or going? (inversion with alternative)  You're going, aren't you? (tag)
  • 11. In yes-no questions, an auxiliary verb typically appears in front of the subject--a formation called subject- auxiliary inversion (SAI).  Suze will earn a fair wage. Will Suze earn a fair wage?
  • 12. Because an auxiliary often must appear in the surface structure of sentences, a constituent representing the auxiliary is postulated in the underlying structure of every sentence. That mean, that instead of its earlier expansion simply as NP, VP, the expansion of S must include AUX, as below: S NP AUX VP
  • 13. We thus represent the underlying structure of both “Suze will earn a fair wage.”and “Will Suze earn a fair wage?” as in the tree on the left. The tree on the right represents the constituent structure that results from application of the subject-auxiliary inversion operation.
  • 14. Suze will earn a fair wage. Will Suze earn a fair wage?
  • 15. Notice that yes/no questions contain an auxiliary even when the corresponding declarative sentence does not. Example: Jordan studied journalism in college. Did Jordan study journalism in college?
  • 16. The auxiliary usually must appear in the surface structure of negative sentences, as in the example below.  Jordan studied journalism in college. Jordan didn’t study journalism in college.
  • 17. Auxiliaries can also be used to express:  contrast or emphasis Example: Jen certainly does exercise every day!  tense (providing a time reference, i.e. past, present, or future)
  • 18. Example: Tyler will certainly pass the course.  grammatical aspect (expresses how verb relates to the flow of time) Example: They were travelling then.  modality (quantifies verbs) Example: Bill can swim.
  • 19.  voice (describes the relationship between the action expressed by the verb and the participants identified by the verb’s subject, object, etc.) Example: The lion was killed by the hunter.
  • 20. Information Questions. In an information question, the information is sought - the questioned constituent - is represented by WH-word (who or whom, why, when, where, which, what, how).
  • 21. Such WH-questions occur in two forms: ordinary information questions and echo questions.
  • 22. Question words: 1. what - asking for information about something * What is your name? - asking for repetition or confirmation * What? I can't hear you.
  • 23. 2. what...for - asking for a reason, asking why * What did you do that for? 3. what kind - description * What kind of music do you like? 4. what time - time * What time did you come home?
  • 24. 5. when - asking about time * When did he leave? 6. where - asking in or at what place or position * Where do they live? 7. which - asking about choice * Which color do you want?
  • 25. 8. who - asking what or which person or people (subject) * Who opened the door? 9. whom - asking what or which person or people (object of the verb) * Whom did you see?
  • 26. 10. whose - asking about ownership * Whose turn is it? 11. why - asking for reason, asking what...for * Why do you say that?
  • 27. 12. why don't - making a suggestion * Why don't I help you? 13. how - asking about manner * How does this work? - asking about condition or quality * How was your exam?
  • 28. 14. how many - quantity (countable) * How many students are there? 15. how much - amount, price (uncountable) * How much time have we got?
  • 29. 16. how long - length (time or space) * How long did you stay in that hotel? 17. how often - frequency * How often do you go to the gym?
  • 30. 18. how far - distance * How far is your school? 19. how old - age * How old are you? 20. how come (informal) - asking for reason, asking why * How come I didn't see you at the party?
  • 31. Echo Question. Echoes the form of the statement, as in these examples:  (He’s boiling horse-feathers.) He’s boiling what?  (She was looking for Sigmund Freud.) She was looking for who?
  • 32. Much more common than echo questions are ordinary information questions. They take the form illustrated below in which a syntactic operation called WH- movement fronts the WH-word to a position before the subject:
  • 33.
  • 34. If you compare these ordinary information questions with the parenthesized echo questions following them, you’ll see that two movements have occurred: The WH-word (the questioned constituent what or who) appears at the front of its clause.
  • 35. The auxiliary (is or was) precedes the subject NP which is italicized in the examples.
  • 36. Asking questions: 1.If you ask about the subject of the sentence, simply add the question word at the beginning: Examples: * James writes good poems. Who writes good poems? * The glass is on the table. What is on the table?
  • 37. 2. If you ask about the predicate of the sentence (the part of a sentence which contains the verb and gives information about the subject), there are three options:  If there is a helping (auxiliary) verb that precedes the main verb
  • 38. ( for example: can, is, are, was, were, will, would...), add the question word and invert the subject and the helping (auxiliary) verb. Examples: * He can speak Chinese. What can he speak?
  • 39. * They are leaving tonight. When are they leaving?  If you ask about the predicate and there is no helping (auxiliary) verb and the verb is "to be", simply add the question word and invert the subject and the verb.
  • 40. Example: * The play was interesting. How was the play?  If there is no helping (auxiliary) verb in the the predicate and the main verb is not "to be", add the auxiliary "do" in the appropriate form.
  • 41. Examples: * They go to the movies every Saturday. Where do they go every Saturday? * He wakes up early. When does he wake up?
  • 42. * They sent a letter. What did they send?
  • 43. References Auxiliary (or Helping) Verbs. https://www.gingersoftware.com/conten t/grammar-rules/verbs/auxiliary-or- helping-verbs/ https://www.englishclub.com/vocabular y/wh-question-words.htm
  • 44. https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_ php_files/grammar-lesson-wh- questions.php Nordquist, Richard (2018). The Yes-No Question in English Grammar. https://www.thoughtco.com/yes-no- question-grammar-1692617