This document discusses how the Supervised Agricultural Experience Programme (SAEP) in Nigeria can be used to develop entrepreneurial skills among youth. SAEP is a core part of agricultural education that provides practical, supervised experiences for students. The purpose is to help students apply classroom knowledge and prepare for careers. SAEP involves different types of projects like entrepreneurship ventures, job placements, and research. Developing skills in the various SAEP proficiency areas can boost self-employment among youth. The document recommends enriching proficiency areas to enhance youth employability and help them become productive entrepreneurs. SAEP, if properly implemented, has the potential to reduce unemployment and poverty by developing crucial entrepreneurial abilities in Nigerian youth.
Distinctive features of agribusiness management and the importance of good ma...Teshale Endalamaw
This document discusses agribusiness management and the importance of good management. It defines agribusiness and outlines its key components and objectives. Agribusiness management is described as a combination of agriculture, business, and management. The 7S framework is presented as a model for agribusiness management. Distinctive features of agribusiness management include the variety of businesses involved and their small sizes. Good management requires skills like technical expertise, conceptual thinking, and human relations.
The red cotton bug is a major pest of cotton crops in many regions. It is identified by its red color with black markings and measures 12-15 mm long. Females are slightly larger than males. The bugs suck plant juices from leaves and bolls. Both nymphs and adults feed gregariously. The female lays 70-80 eggs in clusters under soil or debris. The eggs hatch in 7 days and the nymphs develop through 5 molts over 49-89 days to reach adulthood. Control measures include hand picking, using trap crops, spraying pesticides like malathion or endosulfan.
Lead Authors:
Carlo Fadda
James Legg
Margaret McEwan
Beatrice Aighewi
Jorge Andrade
Zewdie Bishaw
Sammy Carsan
Steven Michael Cole
Alan Duncan
Alessandra Galie
Karen Garrett
Jonathan Hellin James Lillesø
Chris Stephen Jones
Christopher Kettle
Jan Kreuze
Kumar, Lava
Jens-Peter Barnekow Lillesø
Alice Muchugi
Bonaventure Aman Omondi
Michael Peters
Kelvin Mashisia Shikuku
David Spielman
Ronnie Vernooy
The document discusses chasmogamy and cleistogamy in plants. It defines chasmogamy as the production of open, showy flowers that expose reproductive structures for cross-pollination. Cleistogamy refers to small, unopened, self-pollinating flowers. A case study on Viola pubescens found that it produces more chasmogamous flowers in spring when light levels are high, and more cleistogamous flowers in summer when the canopy closes, reducing light levels. Environmental factors like light, temperature, soil moisture, and nutrients can influence the ratio of chasmogamous to cleistogamous flowers produced in various plant species. Cleistogamous flowers provide reproductive assurance when
This document provides an overview of a Master Seminar on Integrated Farming Systems presented by S. Sabarinathan. It discusses the current challenges facing agriculture like increasing population and food demand, soil degradation, and climate change. Integrated Farming Systems is presented as a solution to issues like declining agricultural growth and productivity. IFS aims to diversify production, increase income, improve nutrition, and conserve resources. The document outlines the components, objectives, and benefits of IFS, as well as factors that determine the appropriate systems. It provides examples of IFS models and concludes by emphasizing the role IFS can play in sustainable development.
This document discusses genotype-environment interaction. It begins by defining genotype-environment interaction as different genotypes responding differently to environmental variation. It then covers the history of debates around this topic. It explains that phenotype results from both genotype and environment. Several epidemiological models of genotype-environment interaction are presented. The document discusses methods of analyzing interaction, including twin and adoption studies as well as molecular analyses. It addresses modeling interaction statistically and provides some examples, like skin cancer risk with sun exposure. The significance of understanding genotype-environment interaction is explained, like improving disease prevention.
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
This document provides an overview of oyster mushroom cultivation. It discusses the nutritional benefits of oyster mushrooms, including their high protein content. The document outlines the history of oyster mushroom cultivation, noting it was introduced in Nepal in 1981. Pleurotus sajor-caju is well-suited for cultivation in Nepal. The life cycle of oyster mushrooms is described involving monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelium stages before fruiting. China is currently the world's largest producer of oyster mushrooms.
Distinctive features of agribusiness management and the importance of good ma...Teshale Endalamaw
This document discusses agribusiness management and the importance of good management. It defines agribusiness and outlines its key components and objectives. Agribusiness management is described as a combination of agriculture, business, and management. The 7S framework is presented as a model for agribusiness management. Distinctive features of agribusiness management include the variety of businesses involved and their small sizes. Good management requires skills like technical expertise, conceptual thinking, and human relations.
The red cotton bug is a major pest of cotton crops in many regions. It is identified by its red color with black markings and measures 12-15 mm long. Females are slightly larger than males. The bugs suck plant juices from leaves and bolls. Both nymphs and adults feed gregariously. The female lays 70-80 eggs in clusters under soil or debris. The eggs hatch in 7 days and the nymphs develop through 5 molts over 49-89 days to reach adulthood. Control measures include hand picking, using trap crops, spraying pesticides like malathion or endosulfan.
Lead Authors:
Carlo Fadda
James Legg
Margaret McEwan
Beatrice Aighewi
Jorge Andrade
Zewdie Bishaw
Sammy Carsan
Steven Michael Cole
Alan Duncan
Alessandra Galie
Karen Garrett
Jonathan Hellin James Lillesø
Chris Stephen Jones
Christopher Kettle
Jan Kreuze
Kumar, Lava
Jens-Peter Barnekow Lillesø
Alice Muchugi
Bonaventure Aman Omondi
Michael Peters
Kelvin Mashisia Shikuku
David Spielman
Ronnie Vernooy
The document discusses chasmogamy and cleistogamy in plants. It defines chasmogamy as the production of open, showy flowers that expose reproductive structures for cross-pollination. Cleistogamy refers to small, unopened, self-pollinating flowers. A case study on Viola pubescens found that it produces more chasmogamous flowers in spring when light levels are high, and more cleistogamous flowers in summer when the canopy closes, reducing light levels. Environmental factors like light, temperature, soil moisture, and nutrients can influence the ratio of chasmogamous to cleistogamous flowers produced in various plant species. Cleistogamous flowers provide reproductive assurance when
This document provides an overview of a Master Seminar on Integrated Farming Systems presented by S. Sabarinathan. It discusses the current challenges facing agriculture like increasing population and food demand, soil degradation, and climate change. Integrated Farming Systems is presented as a solution to issues like declining agricultural growth and productivity. IFS aims to diversify production, increase income, improve nutrition, and conserve resources. The document outlines the components, objectives, and benefits of IFS, as well as factors that determine the appropriate systems. It provides examples of IFS models and concludes by emphasizing the role IFS can play in sustainable development.
This document discusses genotype-environment interaction. It begins by defining genotype-environment interaction as different genotypes responding differently to environmental variation. It then covers the history of debates around this topic. It explains that phenotype results from both genotype and environment. Several epidemiological models of genotype-environment interaction are presented. The document discusses methods of analyzing interaction, including twin and adoption studies as well as molecular analyses. It addresses modeling interaction statistically and provides some examples, like skin cancer risk with sun exposure. The significance of understanding genotype-environment interaction is explained, like improving disease prevention.
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
This document provides an overview of oyster mushroom cultivation. It discusses the nutritional benefits of oyster mushrooms, including their high protein content. The document outlines the history of oyster mushroom cultivation, noting it was introduced in Nepal in 1981. Pleurotus sajor-caju is well-suited for cultivation in Nepal. The life cycle of oyster mushrooms is described involving monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelium stages before fruiting. China is currently the world's largest producer of oyster mushrooms.
This document discusses distant hybridization and various techniques used to produce haploid plants. Distant hybridization refers to crosses between individuals of different plant species or genera. Such crosses can result in fully fertile, partially fertile, or fully sterile offspring depending on chromosomal homology. Androgenesis and gynogenesis are techniques used to induce haploid plants from male and female gametes, respectively. Androgenesis involves culturing immature anthers or isolated microspores while gynogenesis involves culturing unpollinated flower parts. Wide hybridization is also used to induce maternal haploids. Factors like genotype, developmental stage, and culture conditions influence haploid induction and regeneration.
The document discusses oyster mushrooms, including that they are known as Pleurotus, have excellent nutritional value as a protein source, and can be cultivated using lignocellulosic waste materials. It provides details on the cultivation process, which involves chopping and soaking straw, applying spawn to prepared beds, maintaining proper temperature and humidity, and harvesting mature mushrooms. Key information covered includes common species of oyster mushrooms, their nutritional composition, and expected yields of over 500 kg of fresh mushrooms per ton of dry straw substrate.
Insect pollinators and Mango flowers - Presentation from the Darwin Mango Fie...AustralianMangoes
This document summarizes a talk on insect pollinators of mango flowers. It discusses that while honeybees pollinate some crops, wild insects are generally more effective pollinators. It also describes a study in Northern Queensland, Australia that found flies and native bees to be the most frequent visitors and effective pollinators of mango flowers, depositing more pollen. The study looked at visitation rates along transects, single visits to bagged flowers, and pollinator behavior within and between trees. Future research is needed on pollinator life histories and relationships between pollinators and mango yields.
Floral biology and crossing techniques in greengramManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes information about mungbean (Vigna radiata), including its cultivation, diversity, uses, nutritional value, breeding methods, and important varieties. It discusses that mungbean is widely grown in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is cultivated in India throughout the plains up to 1820 meters in elevation in all three seasons. The highest diversity is found in the western Ghats region of India. Mungbean is a good source of protein, vitamins, and minerals. Breeding efforts aim to develop varieties with higher yield, different maturity durations, and resistances to biotic and abiotic stresses. Important breeding methods discussed are selection, hybridization, and development of wide hybrids between mungbean
Ppt for Agricultural Project Planning Evaluation and Analysis in 2021Derresa Bulcha
This document provides an overview of agricultural project planning and analysis. It defines key concepts like projects and programs. Projects are temporary endeavors with distinct objectives and timeframes, while programs are longer-term development efforts that can include multiple related projects. The document also discusses why project preparation and planning is important for success, common reasons agricultural projects fail, and ways to classify different types of projects.
The document discusses the role of cooperatives in agriculture development in Sri Lanka. It notes that agriculture's contribution to GDP has declined over time and now makes up only around 10% due to issues like low productivity, poverty, and food insecurity. Cooperatives can help address these issues by allowing farmers to benefit from economies of scale, improved access to inputs and markets, and better resource allocation. Examples of successful agriculture cooperatives internationally, like in Japan and Vietnam, show they can significantly boost production and farmer incomes when members collectively control operations. Establishing more cooperatives in Sri Lanka has potential to strengthen the agriculture sector.
Organic fertilizer plant business proposalSumitRoy122
This ppt describes business proposal for setting up an organic fertilizer plant. This covers WWATTA, Economic feasibility, Technical feasibility, social feasibility, operational feasibility and schedule feasibility for setting up plant. Presented by Sumit Roy as part of assessment component of Project management of PGADM 2018-19 batch of SIMS, Pune
This document provides information on various insect pests that attack sugarcane crops. It describes the scientific names, symptoms of damage, life cycles and IPM strategies for borers like Chilo infuscatellus, Scirpophaga nivella, Holotrichia serrata, and Odontotermes obesus. It also discusses other pests like Melanapis glomerata, Ripersia sacchari, Pyrilla perpusilla, Ceratobvacuna lanigera, Aleurolobus barodensis and their management. The document lists cultural, biological and chemical control methods for effective management of sugarcane insect pests.
Embryo culture involves growing plant embryos artificially in order to enhance survival rates. It is commonly used to rescue weak or immature embryos that may not otherwise survive to become viable plants. The process involves excising embryos from seeds or ovaries and placing them onto sterile nutrient-rich media under suitable temperature, light, and humidity conditions. Embryo culture has various applications in plant breeding, including shortening breeding cycles, overcoming seed dormancy, producing hybrids, and conserving plant germplasm. It is an important technique in modern plant breeding and development of new crop varieties.
Biotechnological approaches for crop improvementShafqat Farooq
What is crop breeding?
Modifying, tailoring, and/or engineering plants
making them more suitable for humans
Modification means converting (e.g.):
a. Tall height to short height,
b. Late maturing to early maturing,
c. Disease susceptible to disease resistant,
d. Low yielding to high yielding,
e. Stress susceptible to stress tolerant
f. Low food quality to high food quality
A shift from agriculture to agribusiness is an essential pathway to bring change or make revolution in Indian agriculture and to make more attractive and profitable venture. Agripreneurship has the potential to contribute to a range of social and economic development such as employment generation, poverty reduction and improvements in nutrition, health and overall food security in the national economy. Agripreneurship has got power to generate growth, diversifying income, providing widespread employment and entrepreneurial opportunities in rural areas.
REFERENCES :
1. http://www.businessmanagementideas.com/agripreneurship-2/agripreneurship-india-business/17511
2. http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0314/ijsrp-p2770.pdf
3. https://www.thebetterindia.com/125044/5-agri-startups-farmers/
This document provides information on seasonal management of honey bees, including care and management requirements, apiary site considerations, and monthly management strategies. Key points include: prerequisites for beekeeping include training, knowledge of local flora and migratory practices; apiary sites should be dry with access to water, wind breaks, and abundant forage plants; management varies by season, addressing factors like temperature, rainfall, and food availability; specific tasks are outlined by month to support bee health and honey production through different flowering periods.
Cooperative movements have a long history in Nepal. There are currently 19,724 cooperatives operating in Nepal in sectors like savings and credit, dairy, agriculture, and electricity. These cooperatives mobilize over 100 billion Nepali rupees annually and provide employment to around 50,000 people directly and 100,000 indirectly. However, many cooperatives lack professional management and suffer from unsound investments. The document recommends reforming cooperative laws, increased government support, and improving management of cooperatives to strengthen the cooperative movement in Nepal.
The document discusses the International Agricultural Research System (IARS), specifically the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). It notes that CGIAR was established in 1971 with 4 centers focused on reducing poverty and increasing food security. CGIAR now has 15 centers working with over 100 partners on research programs. Key impacts of CGIAR's research include developing resistant crop varieties, improved livestock/fish practices, and furthering more sustainable natural resource management. Overall, CGIAR research has generated significant economic and social benefits globally.
The document summarizes the major diseases that affect lentil crops. It discusses 8 diseases in detail - Fusarium wilt, Botrytis grey mold, Collar rot, Rust, Ascochyta Blight, Stemphylium blight, Anthracnose, and Lentil yellows disease. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, epidemiology, and management strategies. Fusarium wilt is identified as the most important disease worldwide, causing wilting and death of lentil plants. Proper crop rotation, resistant varieties, and other integrated management approaches are recommended to control the different diseases.
This topic looks at one of the strategies used by farmers and small firms in the agribusiness sector to leverage cost, access markets and become competitive in the market. Emphasis was made on the use of contract farming (vertical linkage) and cooperatives (horizontal linkage).
Privatization in agriculture refers to reducing the role of the government and increasing the role of private sector in agricultural extension services. Private extension involves personnel from private agencies or organizations providing fee-based services to farmers as a supplement to public extension. Private extension can provide various services like information, inputs, infrastructure, technical support, marketing, consultancy, and more. Payment models include fees per visit, portion of increased income, membership fees, and custom service fees. While privatization can increase efficiency and specialized services, it also risks hindering free flow of information, declining farmer-agency contact, threats to sustainability from commercial interests, and only benefiting commercial farmers. International experiences with privatization include cost recovery, voucher systems, gradual privat
Agricultural Education as a Tool to Acquiring Entrepreneurial Skills and Self...Premier Publishers
The purpose of this paper was to explore Agricultural Education as a tool towards entrepreneurial skills to provide employment and self-reliance for Nigerian Universities Students in agriculture; to examine the relevance of entrepreneurial skills and prospects/occupations in agriculture to universities graduates employment and self-reliance in Nigeria. Over the years and presently, Nigeria has been facing the serious challenge of youth unemployment. Both the public and private sectors of the nation’s economy seem to be filled with manpower and are no longer willing to absorb the large number of teeming unemployed youths in the society. Most of these youths are graduates from higher institutions like, colleges, polytechnics and universities. The introduction of entrepreneurship studies at all levels of education is a bid to proffer solution to the problem of unemployment in Nigeria. Agriculture as a vocation, has many occupations from which youths can acquire skills in schools, colleges and universities as well as short-term out of school programmes at grass roots levels. The acquisition of these skills is expected to equip them for gainful enterprises in agriculture for self -reliance with the application of entrepreneurial skills acquired through programmes. Some agricultural programmes introduced by the government of Nigeria to promote entrepreneurship in agriculture were highlighted. Constraints to entrepreneurial skills development were also highlighted. The paper concluded that the entrepreneurial skills programmes established by government over the years to this effect have yielded little positive results and more efforts are needed for their better implementation. Suggestions were made to this effect.
Effectiveness of Project Method of Teaching on Agricultural Knowledge and Ski...Premier Publishers
Agricultural education and training is expected to produce graduates with the requisite agricultural knowledge, skills and practice needed to meet the job market demand and to generate interest in farming. In this paper finding of a study which examined effectiveness of a project method of teaching agricultural skills and practice on students' agricultural competency is presented. The study was conducted among agricultural science students of Awe Senior High School in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Participatory Action Research methodology with pretest-posttest quasi – experimental design was employed in conducting the study. Through simple random sampling, 100 students were sampled and randomly assigned a project of raising tomato seedlings in a group of five or individually. Observations, personal interviews, focus group discussion and key informant interviews were employed in gathering data for the study. Repeated measures t - test or paired t – tested was applied in analyzing the data and testing the hypotheses. Results of the study found project method of teaching to be effective in imparting agricultural knowledge, skills and practice on students. It is recommended that project method of teaching should be employed in teaching agricultural skills as it was found to be effective in imparting knowledge and skills on students.
This document discusses distant hybridization and various techniques used to produce haploid plants. Distant hybridization refers to crosses between individuals of different plant species or genera. Such crosses can result in fully fertile, partially fertile, or fully sterile offspring depending on chromosomal homology. Androgenesis and gynogenesis are techniques used to induce haploid plants from male and female gametes, respectively. Androgenesis involves culturing immature anthers or isolated microspores while gynogenesis involves culturing unpollinated flower parts. Wide hybridization is also used to induce maternal haploids. Factors like genotype, developmental stage, and culture conditions influence haploid induction and regeneration.
The document discusses oyster mushrooms, including that they are known as Pleurotus, have excellent nutritional value as a protein source, and can be cultivated using lignocellulosic waste materials. It provides details on the cultivation process, which involves chopping and soaking straw, applying spawn to prepared beds, maintaining proper temperature and humidity, and harvesting mature mushrooms. Key information covered includes common species of oyster mushrooms, their nutritional composition, and expected yields of over 500 kg of fresh mushrooms per ton of dry straw substrate.
Insect pollinators and Mango flowers - Presentation from the Darwin Mango Fie...AustralianMangoes
This document summarizes a talk on insect pollinators of mango flowers. It discusses that while honeybees pollinate some crops, wild insects are generally more effective pollinators. It also describes a study in Northern Queensland, Australia that found flies and native bees to be the most frequent visitors and effective pollinators of mango flowers, depositing more pollen. The study looked at visitation rates along transects, single visits to bagged flowers, and pollinator behavior within and between trees. Future research is needed on pollinator life histories and relationships between pollinators and mango yields.
Floral biology and crossing techniques in greengramManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes information about mungbean (Vigna radiata), including its cultivation, diversity, uses, nutritional value, breeding methods, and important varieties. It discusses that mungbean is widely grown in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is cultivated in India throughout the plains up to 1820 meters in elevation in all three seasons. The highest diversity is found in the western Ghats region of India. Mungbean is a good source of protein, vitamins, and minerals. Breeding efforts aim to develop varieties with higher yield, different maturity durations, and resistances to biotic and abiotic stresses. Important breeding methods discussed are selection, hybridization, and development of wide hybrids between mungbean
Ppt for Agricultural Project Planning Evaluation and Analysis in 2021Derresa Bulcha
This document provides an overview of agricultural project planning and analysis. It defines key concepts like projects and programs. Projects are temporary endeavors with distinct objectives and timeframes, while programs are longer-term development efforts that can include multiple related projects. The document also discusses why project preparation and planning is important for success, common reasons agricultural projects fail, and ways to classify different types of projects.
The document discusses the role of cooperatives in agriculture development in Sri Lanka. It notes that agriculture's contribution to GDP has declined over time and now makes up only around 10% due to issues like low productivity, poverty, and food insecurity. Cooperatives can help address these issues by allowing farmers to benefit from economies of scale, improved access to inputs and markets, and better resource allocation. Examples of successful agriculture cooperatives internationally, like in Japan and Vietnam, show they can significantly boost production and farmer incomes when members collectively control operations. Establishing more cooperatives in Sri Lanka has potential to strengthen the agriculture sector.
Organic fertilizer plant business proposalSumitRoy122
This ppt describes business proposal for setting up an organic fertilizer plant. This covers WWATTA, Economic feasibility, Technical feasibility, social feasibility, operational feasibility and schedule feasibility for setting up plant. Presented by Sumit Roy as part of assessment component of Project management of PGADM 2018-19 batch of SIMS, Pune
This document provides information on various insect pests that attack sugarcane crops. It describes the scientific names, symptoms of damage, life cycles and IPM strategies for borers like Chilo infuscatellus, Scirpophaga nivella, Holotrichia serrata, and Odontotermes obesus. It also discusses other pests like Melanapis glomerata, Ripersia sacchari, Pyrilla perpusilla, Ceratobvacuna lanigera, Aleurolobus barodensis and their management. The document lists cultural, biological and chemical control methods for effective management of sugarcane insect pests.
Embryo culture involves growing plant embryos artificially in order to enhance survival rates. It is commonly used to rescue weak or immature embryos that may not otherwise survive to become viable plants. The process involves excising embryos from seeds or ovaries and placing them onto sterile nutrient-rich media under suitable temperature, light, and humidity conditions. Embryo culture has various applications in plant breeding, including shortening breeding cycles, overcoming seed dormancy, producing hybrids, and conserving plant germplasm. It is an important technique in modern plant breeding and development of new crop varieties.
Biotechnological approaches for crop improvementShafqat Farooq
What is crop breeding?
Modifying, tailoring, and/or engineering plants
making them more suitable for humans
Modification means converting (e.g.):
a. Tall height to short height,
b. Late maturing to early maturing,
c. Disease susceptible to disease resistant,
d. Low yielding to high yielding,
e. Stress susceptible to stress tolerant
f. Low food quality to high food quality
A shift from agriculture to agribusiness is an essential pathway to bring change or make revolution in Indian agriculture and to make more attractive and profitable venture. Agripreneurship has the potential to contribute to a range of social and economic development such as employment generation, poverty reduction and improvements in nutrition, health and overall food security in the national economy. Agripreneurship has got power to generate growth, diversifying income, providing widespread employment and entrepreneurial opportunities in rural areas.
REFERENCES :
1. http://www.businessmanagementideas.com/agripreneurship-2/agripreneurship-india-business/17511
2. http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0314/ijsrp-p2770.pdf
3. https://www.thebetterindia.com/125044/5-agri-startups-farmers/
This document provides information on seasonal management of honey bees, including care and management requirements, apiary site considerations, and monthly management strategies. Key points include: prerequisites for beekeeping include training, knowledge of local flora and migratory practices; apiary sites should be dry with access to water, wind breaks, and abundant forage plants; management varies by season, addressing factors like temperature, rainfall, and food availability; specific tasks are outlined by month to support bee health and honey production through different flowering periods.
Cooperative movements have a long history in Nepal. There are currently 19,724 cooperatives operating in Nepal in sectors like savings and credit, dairy, agriculture, and electricity. These cooperatives mobilize over 100 billion Nepali rupees annually and provide employment to around 50,000 people directly and 100,000 indirectly. However, many cooperatives lack professional management and suffer from unsound investments. The document recommends reforming cooperative laws, increased government support, and improving management of cooperatives to strengthen the cooperative movement in Nepal.
The document discusses the International Agricultural Research System (IARS), specifically the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). It notes that CGIAR was established in 1971 with 4 centers focused on reducing poverty and increasing food security. CGIAR now has 15 centers working with over 100 partners on research programs. Key impacts of CGIAR's research include developing resistant crop varieties, improved livestock/fish practices, and furthering more sustainable natural resource management. Overall, CGIAR research has generated significant economic and social benefits globally.
The document summarizes the major diseases that affect lentil crops. It discusses 8 diseases in detail - Fusarium wilt, Botrytis grey mold, Collar rot, Rust, Ascochyta Blight, Stemphylium blight, Anthracnose, and Lentil yellows disease. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, epidemiology, and management strategies. Fusarium wilt is identified as the most important disease worldwide, causing wilting and death of lentil plants. Proper crop rotation, resistant varieties, and other integrated management approaches are recommended to control the different diseases.
This topic looks at one of the strategies used by farmers and small firms in the agribusiness sector to leverage cost, access markets and become competitive in the market. Emphasis was made on the use of contract farming (vertical linkage) and cooperatives (horizontal linkage).
Privatization in agriculture refers to reducing the role of the government and increasing the role of private sector in agricultural extension services. Private extension involves personnel from private agencies or organizations providing fee-based services to farmers as a supplement to public extension. Private extension can provide various services like information, inputs, infrastructure, technical support, marketing, consultancy, and more. Payment models include fees per visit, portion of increased income, membership fees, and custom service fees. While privatization can increase efficiency and specialized services, it also risks hindering free flow of information, declining farmer-agency contact, threats to sustainability from commercial interests, and only benefiting commercial farmers. International experiences with privatization include cost recovery, voucher systems, gradual privat
Agricultural Education as a Tool to Acquiring Entrepreneurial Skills and Self...Premier Publishers
The purpose of this paper was to explore Agricultural Education as a tool towards entrepreneurial skills to provide employment and self-reliance for Nigerian Universities Students in agriculture; to examine the relevance of entrepreneurial skills and prospects/occupations in agriculture to universities graduates employment and self-reliance in Nigeria. Over the years and presently, Nigeria has been facing the serious challenge of youth unemployment. Both the public and private sectors of the nation’s economy seem to be filled with manpower and are no longer willing to absorb the large number of teeming unemployed youths in the society. Most of these youths are graduates from higher institutions like, colleges, polytechnics and universities. The introduction of entrepreneurship studies at all levels of education is a bid to proffer solution to the problem of unemployment in Nigeria. Agriculture as a vocation, has many occupations from which youths can acquire skills in schools, colleges and universities as well as short-term out of school programmes at grass roots levels. The acquisition of these skills is expected to equip them for gainful enterprises in agriculture for self -reliance with the application of entrepreneurial skills acquired through programmes. Some agricultural programmes introduced by the government of Nigeria to promote entrepreneurship in agriculture were highlighted. Constraints to entrepreneurial skills development were also highlighted. The paper concluded that the entrepreneurial skills programmes established by government over the years to this effect have yielded little positive results and more efforts are needed for their better implementation. Suggestions were made to this effect.
Effectiveness of Project Method of Teaching on Agricultural Knowledge and Ski...Premier Publishers
Agricultural education and training is expected to produce graduates with the requisite agricultural knowledge, skills and practice needed to meet the job market demand and to generate interest in farming. In this paper finding of a study which examined effectiveness of a project method of teaching agricultural skills and practice on students' agricultural competency is presented. The study was conducted among agricultural science students of Awe Senior High School in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Participatory Action Research methodology with pretest-posttest quasi – experimental design was employed in conducting the study. Through simple random sampling, 100 students were sampled and randomly assigned a project of raising tomato seedlings in a group of five or individually. Observations, personal interviews, focus group discussion and key informant interviews were employed in gathering data for the study. Repeated measures t - test or paired t – tested was applied in analyzing the data and testing the hypotheses. Results of the study found project method of teaching to be effective in imparting agricultural knowledge, skills and practice on students. It is recommended that project method of teaching should be employed in teaching agricultural skills as it was found to be effective in imparting knowledge and skills on students.
Abstract— Educating farmers through training usually happen outside the formal learning institutions and it aims to contribute towards adult learning and improving their farming performances. This study focused on identifying the training needs and develops capacity training to improve farmers' association communities in their farming practices. A combination of internationally documented qualitative and quantitative research methods was utilized to capture the current knowledge and training needs of farmer’s association communities and the importance they place on different agricultural practices, and also to understand the best and most efficient approach in transmitting agricultural knowledge. The study used mixed methods in gathering data such as interview, survey and focus group discussion. Findings indicated that farmers associations still desire to improve their present knowledge and give more importance on the following: crop production in water management, vegetable production in controlling pest and diseases, livestock in chicken production and disease management, and developing small business as their alternative livelihood. It also showed that the government extension services were the main provider and presentation during community meetings is the most preferred methods of farmer’s association in receiving trainings. However, training needs and capacity training for the farmers' association communities required participation, cooperation and openness from the farmers towards their upliftment.
Implementation of agricultural science curriculum in taraba state school syst...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the implementation of agricultural science curriculum in secondary schools in Taraba State, Nigeria. It finds that teacher qualities like commitment, teaching styles, and use of modular teaching methods are necessary for effective curriculum implementation. It also recommends establishing good school-community relationships and using both performance and written tests to better help students acquire occupational skills. The study was based on a questionnaire completed by 200 agricultural teachers across Taraba State who agreed that resources in the community could be better utilized, like involving successful farmers, for improved skills acquisition by students.
Re-engineering agricultural education for sustainable development in NigeriaPremier Publishers
Re-engineering agricultural education is the re-thinking and radical redesign/ renovation of agricultural education concepts, policies, structures and strategies aimed at achieving dramatic improvements in the performance of agriculture; and reflecting current changes in human and society development. This work reviews the present structure of agricultural education and practice in Nigeria; identifies the needed changes in the understanding of agriculture such as school agricultural science curriculum and delivery, gender disparity in school enrolment and extension work, agricultural policy and infrastructures. Recommendations for a holistic and integrated agriculture policy and policy consistency, planning of the educational process, teacher education, improvement of school enrolment and extension services, utilization of information communication technology and strategic partnership were made for national development.
The document provides an overview of the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) that the author participated in at the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) Central Drug Quality Control Laboratory. The objectives of SIWES are to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical work experience. It allows students to gain hands-on training in an industrial setting related to their field of study. The author provides background on NAFDAC, outlines the various chapters in their report covering different laboratories and tests conducted, and states that the report will summarize what they learned during their industrial training placement.
Improving the quality of Technology and Vocational Education (TVE) Work and S...iosrjce
National peace and security is a function of overall satisfaction of the citizenry of any nation in an
ideal situation. The satisfaction could be in the form of job-satisfaction, political stability, economic and social
stability or any combination of the above indicators and more. This paper studied the challenges facing the
Work and Study degree programme of the Technology and Vocational Education Department of Ebonyi State
University (EBSU) Abakaliki, with a view to enhancing or improving it for graduate employment and national
security. Survey design was used in the study. Two research questions that guided the study were administered
on a sample of forty (40) respondents and analyzed with frequency count and percentages. From the analysis,
six findings emerged, notable among which was the fact that the award of the WASP Degree Certificate gives
job satisfaction to the recipient. Based on the finding of the study, some recommendations were made to
enhance the WASP programme in Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. These include; government and
management of the programme should ensure adequate funding of the programme by any means, staff should
also endeavour to update their competency through retraining, it is necessary that a monitoring or supervisory
committee be established to discourage several malpractices and corrupt practices. Where all these are not
attainable, the programme could be scrapped.
Promoting Economic Security and Employment Generation through Effective Manag...iosrjce
This paper focused on promoting economic security and employment generation through effective
management of education and entrepreneurial skills in Nigeria. Highlighted in the paper were some means
through which economic security, employment generation and entrepreneurial skills could be enhanced for
students in tertiary institutions. The definition of some terms was outlined. Further discussed in the paper were:
the importance of developing entrepreneurial skills curriculum in education; managing education through
effective utilization of entrepreneurship education for promotion of economic security and employment
generation; and the challenges affecting effective utilization of entrepreneurship education for promotion of
economic security and employment generation. Some recommendations were proffered towards managing
education through effective utilization of entrepreneurship education as means for promoting economic and
employment generation. Among such recommendations included: education stakeholders and government
should ensure adequate funding of education; and effective propagation and utilization of entrepreneurship
education into the school curricular. This should be done throughout all the levels of education from basic
education, secondary education and higher education in order to inculcate into individuals entrepreneurial
skills that will promote economic security and employment generation.
This study investigated socioeconomic empowerment of senior secondary science students in Nigeria and STEM Teachers’ Preparedness. A descriptive survey design was used. The study was conducted in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The population consisted of all 1,983 STEM teachers in the 234 public secondary schools in Akwa Ibom State. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the sample, 318 (125 males and 193 females). Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The instrument for data collection was a 26-item Questionnaire on Socioeconomic Empowerment of Students and STEM teachers’ preparedness developed by the researchers. The reliability of the instrument was established at .81 using Cronbach alpha coefficient. Research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while hypotheses were analysed and tested at .05 alpha level of significance using t-test. Results showed that STEM teachers were not adequately prepared, lacked competencies and skills for socioeconomic empowerment of their students. Moreover, there is inadequate availability for practical and hands-on activities. Based on the findings, recommendations were made among which are the redesigning of the teacher education programme and training/retraining of STEM teachers to acquire necessary competencies and skills for socioeconomic empowerment of students.
Care Giving Short term Curriculum 04-08-11.docMasreshaA
The document provides information on an Ethiopian TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) System model curriculum for a Care Giving short term training program. Key points:
- The curriculum is based on an occupational standard for care giving and aims to equip learners with the competencies required for the job as defined in the standard.
- The 272-hour program covers topics like maintaining health and safety, basic cleaning, providing care to infants/children/elderly, first aid, and communication.
- Modules include learning outcomes, contents, teaching methods, and assessment criteria. Resources required to deliver the program are also outlined.
- The curriculum provides a framework for technical and vocational
Influence of Agricultural Education Programme in Revamping Young Farmers Club...AI Publications
This study focused on the Influence of Agricultural Education Programme in Revamping Young Farmers Club for Food Security in Rivers State. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprised eleven (11) and thirteen (13) Agricultural Educators in Rivers State University and Ignatius Ajuru University of Education respectively. Due to the fact that the population was manageable, the entire population was adopted for this study, hence, there was no sampling technique adopted for this study. The instrument used in collecting data was a survey questionnaire titled "Influence of Agricultural Education Programme in Revamping Young Farmers Club" which was structured in four-point rating scale of agreement. This instrument was subjected to face validity by two experts in the Department of Agricultural Education in Rivers State University. Thereafter, Cronbach Alpha was used to establish the reliability of the instrument. The reliability coefficient achieved was 0.82. Mean and Standard Deviation were used to answer the research questions while t-test statistical tool was used to test the hypotheses. This study found that Agricultural Education Programme could revamp young farmers club through conducting orientation programs for new students on young farmers club, organizing symposium on importance of young farmers club, organizing conferences on young farmers club, organizing seminars on young farmers club and advertorial on young farmers club. Provision of educational support by: conducting practical for members, equipping future farmers susceptible to new ideas and modern practice, extension training on entrepreneurship, providing vital information to boost the interest of potential farmers, extension training on leadership, introducing potential farmers to farmers cooperative, creating and coordinating communication of agricultural potentials, by motivating members through allotment of time for young farmers club meetings, regular visit of agricultural educators to young farmers club meetings, supervision among others. It was recommended that there should be orientation programme for every year one student in the Department of Agricultural Education so that they could be abreast with the benefits of becoming member of young farmers club. If this is done, it will help to increase the number of students in the club.
The study was carried out at national centre for agricultural mechanization (ncam) ilorin kwara state, nigeria. The data on siwes students used was compiled for the period 2011 to 2015 of planning monitoring and evaluation department of the centre. Results from the study revealed that from the 2011 – 2015 the polytechnics recorded the highest of statistical mean of 44.60 and universities has 32.00 there is a very strong significant difference of 0.00 between the tertiary institutions (polytechnics, universities, college of education and federal training centre). The study also revealed that more of engineering students came for siwes program then science and social science with a very high significant difference of 0.01. No much significant difference between female and male students. The statistical mean for duration of 6 months and 1 year is the highest North central has the highest mean of 63.40 followed by south west is 11.20, north west has 1.80, north east has 1.60 while south south has none (0.00). Implying that only students from the tertiary institutions within the proximity of geo – political zone where ncam is sited came for their siwes programme at the national centre for agricultural mechanization.
The employability skills of upper basic school leavers in jonathanabdelcris
This document outlines a feasibility study conducted in 2014-2015 on developing an innovative educational programme to enhance the employability skills of upper basic school leavers in West and Central Africa. It found that the current curriculum is not adequately equipping students with skills for the job market. It evaluated the curriculum and assessed students' proficiency in employability skills. The results showed gaps in practical and sustainability components in the curriculum. Students' achievement in basic entrepreneurial skills was generally low, indicating the need for a new programme to better develop their employability.
Competency based education and training in technical Alexander Decker
This document discusses competency-based education and training (CBET) and its potential implications for sustainable national security and development in Nigeria. It defines CBET as an approach that focuses on what learners can do upon completion rather than the learning process, with competencies based on industry standards. The key characteristics of CBET include selecting carefully defined competencies, integrating skills practice with supporting theory, self-paced learning, and assessing mastery of individual competencies. Implementing CBET in technical and vocational education in Nigeria could help address the lack of employable skills among graduates and in turn reduce unemployment, increasing national security and development.
Competency based education and training in technical Alexander Decker
This document discusses competency-based education and training (CBET) and its potential implications for sustainable national security and development in Nigeria. It defines CBET as an approach that focuses on what learners can do upon completing training rather than the training process itself. The key characteristics of CBET include identifying clear competencies, integrating skills practice with supporting theory, self-paced learning, and assessing learners on demonstration of skills. The document argues that adopting CBET in technical and vocational education in Nigeria could help address the problem of graduates lacking employable skills, thereby reducing unemployment and supporting national security and development goals.
EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING PROGRAMME
On “Processing of Fruits and Vegetables for value addition & Commercial Horticulture (Vegetable Production and Marketing)”
REPORT By Vikas Tiwari (UUHF/16031)
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE
V.C.S.G. UTTARAKHAND
UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE & FORESTRY BHARSAR, PAURI GARHWAL, UTTARAKHAND 246123
in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course
of “Horticulture Work Experience” B.Sc. Horticulture (Hons.)
4th year- May 2020
EL is for building (or reinforcing) skills in project development and execution, decision-making, individual and team coordination, approach to problem-solving, accounting, marketing and resolving conflicts, etc. Carefully calibrated activities help the participants to explore and discover their own potential and both activities and facilitation play a critical role in enhancing team performance.
EL provides the students an excellent opportunity to develop analytical and entrepreneurial skills and knowledge through meaningful hands on experience, confidence in their ability to design and execute project work.
The Main Objectives of EL
• To promote professional skills and knowledge through hands on experience.
• To build confidence and ability to work in project mode.
• To acquire enterprise management capabilities. The experiential learning program will be offered for 180 days (one semester) period in the final year.
• Experiential Learning aims towards Practical Work Experience in Real Life Situation among the undergraduate students and therefore it helps student become “Job Providers rather than Job Seekers”.
Teacher education: meeting the global demand and challenges in tertiary insti...SubmissionResearchpa
Education is regarded as a tool of national growth in most societies and no nation can survive today in the face of the influence of globalization without training and providing qualitative education to her citizens. The teacher is at the center of the teaching and socialization process situate in the school and towards the realization of a nation’s educational policy. This role is also complimentary to the functions performed by the agencies of socialization such as the family, mass media, religious organizations, peer group, and non-government organizations. Consequently, the paper examined the nature, importance, roles and challenges of teacher education in meeting the global demand in Nigerian. The paper identified institutional corruption at all levels of teacher education, quality of programme and products, weak admission policy of students, poor facilities provision and management as part of its challenges in Nigeria. Five recommendations were made which includes the provision of adequate facilities, e-learning environments and improved security in collaboration with the host communities. by Dagogo A. F. Daminabo 2020. Teacher education: meeting the global demand and challenges in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 6 (Jul. 2020), 87-91. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i6.439. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/439/438 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/439
1. The document discusses the BERMUTU program presented at a workshop in Gorontalo, Indonesia, which aims to improve education through reformed management and universal teacher upgrading.
2. The program's goals are to make Gorontalo municipality smart, healthy, creative, and environmentally-friendly, as well as stabilize development to achieve prosperity and independence.
3. Key elements of the BERMUTU program include reforming teacher education, improving teacher quality, renewing accountability systems, and improving monitoring and evaluation to enhance teacher performance and student achievement.
Similar to Supervised Agricultural Experience Programme (SAEP): A Veritable Tool for Entrepreneurial Skills Development among Nigerian Youths (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
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2. Supervised Agricultural Experience Programme (SAEP): A Veritable Tool for Entrepreneurial Skills Development among Nigerian Youths
Fabamise et al 357
Agricultural education has a rich heritage of preparing
students for their futures. Students enrolled in agricultural
education programme get exposure to the opportunities
that await them after high school and gain the experience
needed to be very employable. Olaitan (2010) in Famiwole
& Kolawole (2013), emphasized that the teaching and
learning of agriculture in secondary schools must be more
than in-class instructions but should include learning by
doing to gain the experience needed for the establishment
of one job or career after graduation (Aderogba, 2011). It
has been observed that sometimes a person does not get
a particular job because the person lacks the experience
needed for that job. It is therefore imperative for any
agricultural education student to get experience for a
career that interests him/her while learning, hence, the
word “Supervised Agricultural Experience Programme”
A supervised agricultural experience programme (SAEP)
is a planned Practical activity that helps a student develop
skills, competencies, and experience in a career area of
the student’s choice in agricultural education programme
(CAERT, 2008). SAEP is a required component of a total
Agricultural Education Programme and intended for every
student. Through the student’s involvement in the
programme students are able to consider multiple careers
and occupations, learn expected workplace behaviour and
develop specific skills within an industry. They are also
provided opportunities to apply academic and
occupational skills in the workplace or a stipulated
workplace environment (NCAE, 2015)
According to Policy Handbook (2017), supervised
agricultural experience is defined as the individual and
independent application of knowledge acquired in the
agricultural classroom by a student under the supervision
of the agriculture teacher and is in direct correlation to
success in the classroom and within Future Farmers of
America (FFA). A Supervised Agricultural Experience is a
component of the total agricultural education programme
and is instrumental in preparing a graduate that is career
and college ready. SAEP or Work-based learning include
strategies that allow agricultural education programmes to
extend beyond the classroom and into the community in
order to develop industry and career-based student
competencies. Through these work-based strategies,
students learn how to apply what they are learning in the
classroom as they prepare to transition into the world of
college and career opportunities. The mission of SAEP
according to Phipps, Osborne, Dyer, & Ball (2008) is to
prepare students for successful careers and lifetime of
informed choices in the global agriculture, food, fibre and
natural resources sectors which are being guided by
philosophy and principles.
The paper is an opinion article which relied heavily on
current literature from journals, Internet, books,
magazines, and observations in the study area.
SAEP Philosophy and Principles
The National Council for Agricultural Education (NCAE,
2015) provides the following belief statements in regard to
high quality SAEP. These serve as the philosophy and
principles of SAEP. The following are some of the beliefs:
A key component of quality SAEP is documentation of
not only financial recordkeeping but also a record of
skills and knowledge attained, credentials or
certifications earned as an evidence of prior planning,
evidence of reflection and evidence of career planning.
Students can engage in suitable SAEP for which no
FFA outcome may currently be available since there
are over three hundred careers in agriculture. SAEP is
not defined by FFA award or recognition programs.
SAEP should be teacher supervised and guided with
the help of appropriate adult mentors to connect to
classroom instruction and ensure a safe learning
environment for the student.
SAEP supervision does not equate to an onsite visit by
the teacher every time and in every instance.
Supervision can occur in groups, using computer
technology, using social media or any other
appropriate measures that allow teachers to be as
efficient with their time as possible. However, this does
not mean that onsite instructional visits are not
valuable for many types of SAE.
All SAEPs should conform to national and state youth
labour standards and students should attain all
appropriate recognized safety and/or certifications
needed to perform necessary job functions included
within the SAEP. Exploration of career interests,
requirements and opportunities within a chosen career
pathway is a key component of quality SAEP
SAEP provides for application of classroom learning
(both academic and technical) in a real world setting
or simulated real world setting.
SAEP can happen in the school facilities and
occasionally during the school day as long as the
programme is student managed, outside formal
instructional time, simulates a real world
SAEP allows for the establishment of a clear
connection between education and the world of work
including participation in authentic work related tasks.
SAEP helps students assess and understand the
expectations of the workplace.
SAEP supervision requires additional instructor time
outside the classroom/laboratory component of the
program and should occur on a year round basis;
therefore some of this additional time occurs beyond
the normal teaching contract. To accommodate this
individualized, year-round instruction, the teacher
should be provided extended contract days to facilitate
supervis ion during summer months.
The overall effect of the philosophy and principles guiding
the SAEP is that, it showcases quality indicators for a
Supervised Agricultural Experience Programme.
3. Supervised Agricultural Experience Programme (SAEP): A Veritable Tool for Entrepreneurial Skills Development among Nigerian Youths
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 358
Indicators for a Supervised Agricultural Experience
Programme
Quality indicators for a Supervised Agricultural Experience
Programme according to Phipps et. al., (2008) include:
1. All students have experiential learning (SAEP)
programmes based on career Pathways / interests
and agricultural curriculum standards;
2. Experiential learning (SAEP) programmes are
planned, developed, and managed by the student with
instruction and support from the agriculture teacher,
parents and/or employer;
3. The agriculture teacher maintains accurate records of
all experiential learning (SAEP) supervision;
4. Continuous instruction and supervision of student
experiential learning (SAEP) programmes are
provided by the agriculture teacher throughout the
calendar year;
5. Each student maintains up-to-date and accurate
experiential learning (SAEP) records;
6. An annual summary of students’ experiential learning
(SAEP) programs is completed and submitted to the
appropriate entities;
7. Students have comprehensive experiential learning
(SAEP) programs that show evidence in growth in size
and/or scope;
Types of Supervised Agricultural Experience
Programmes (SAEP).
There are four types of Supervised Agricultural Experience
Programmes. These are Exploratory, Entrepreneurship,
Placement, and Research/Experimentation SAEPs. Each
student’s SAE is based on the student’s interests and
available opportunities. These are being explained by
CAERT, (2008)
Exploratory SAEP
An exploratory SAEP allows a student to have a wide
range of experiences to learn more about career
opportunities or the agricultural industry in general. This
type of experience is not a long-term project or even
necessarily focused on a single career path. Rather, it is
intended for the student to “get a taste” of a variety of
experiences. By getting a variety of experiences, students
can make better choices about their future, including the
type of education they need and the career opportunities
that interest them. Exploratory SAEPs may involve job
shadowing. Job shadowing is spending time with someone
during the person’s normal work day. Other types of
exploratory experiences include: Visiting a factory or
production facility to see how machinery is made, Assisting
in the care of plants in the school greenhouse, Caring for
small animals at home, Observing a soil conservationist
prepare an improvement plan for a farm, Assisting a
landscaper install flowers or grass, Visiting a museum to
learn about the history of agriculture (CAERT,2008).
Entrepreneurship SAEP
An entrepreneurship SAEP involves personally owning all
or part of an enterprise in agriculture or a related area. The
student has an ownership interest in the materials,
supplies, and inventory of the business. He or she may be
the sole owner or have an ownership share. Regardless of
a student’s ownership interest, he or she is expected to be
actively involved in the planning and work involved in the
business. The student is responsible for the risk and
reward of ownership. Normally, an entrepreneurship SAE
starts small and grows in size and scope. Scope according
to CAERT (2008), refers to the amount of responsibility,
labor, and assets that the student has involved in the
project. Owning a business enterprise usually involves
getting the needed tools, supplies, or inventory to start. An
entrepreneurship SAE may be a production enterprise or
an agribusiness enterprise. A production enterprise
involves producing plants or animals for sale or home use.
An agribusiness enterprise involves providing services or
selling products that you do not produce.
Placement SAEP
A placement SAEP involves gaining work experience and
competencies in an agricultural or related business by
working for another person or a company. The work may
be paid or unpaid, depending on the experience and
arrangement. You may already have a part-time job that is
a natural fit for a placement SAEP. A school’s agricultural
education facilities may provide an opportunity for an
unpaid placement experience by managing a school
greenhouse or mechanics laboratory as observed by
CAERT, (2008). An aquaculture placement SAEP is
possible by managing the school aquaculture facility.
Through a placement SAEP, competencies of a career
without the risk of operating a particular own business
ensured is, one learns the value of workplace skills and
financial management skills.
Research/Experimentation SAEP
A research/experimentation SAEP is a science-based
experience. It may involve using a science laboratory or an
environmental site for study. In Research/Experimental
SAEP, students plan and conduct an agricultural science
experiment using the scientific process. Research and
experimentation SAEPs can combine science and
agriculture into science fair projects or other research-
based activities. A student placed in a local laboratory may
have the opportunity to study under an experienced
agricultural scientist. Students who participate in science
fairs could use their projects as research and
experimentation SAE programmes ( CAERT, 2008) Some
examples of research and experimentation supervised
agricultural experiences include; working with an
agronomist to improve a crop variety, studying the effects
of salinity on seed germination, experimenting to see how
certain feed additives affect weight gain in livestock,
4. Supervised Agricultural Experience Programme (SAEP): A Veritable Tool for Entrepreneurial Skills Development among Nigerian Youths
Fabamise et al 359
testing different food packages to see which ones are most
effective and conducting water testing around agricultural
fields among others. The different projects of SAEP
aforementioned above can be carried out under the
different proficiency areas of SAEP.
Proficiency Award Areas of SAEP
According to National FFA (2013), some of the award
areas under Supervised Agricultural Experience
Programme are highlighted below;
• Agricultural communication,
• Agricultural education,
• Agricultural services,
• Agricultural processing, agricultural sales-
entrepreneurship,
• Agricultural sales-placement,
• Livestock production, small animal production and care,
• Fibre and oil crop production,
• Forest management and products,
• Agricultural mechanics design and fabrication among
others
Famiwole, (2015) noted that to equip the in-school youths
with saleable and marketable skills in the proficiency areas
of SAEP, there is the need to provide vocational guidance
to them, to learn by doing through the various experiential
activities embedded in the programme which will in turn
bring about self- reliance. Invariably, this makes the SAEP
in agricultural education have the potential of gearing up
the entrepreneurial traits in the students; thereby making
them to be creative and innovative in their thinking, attitude
and actions. One of the ways of empowering the youths is
to rekindle their spirit of creativity in entrepreneurship, so
that they will be able to link their education with enterprise
development and innovations so as to fully utilize their
head, hands and heart for sustainable agricultural
development. (Famiwole, Bandele and Oke 2013).
Concept of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is ‘an individual’s ability to turn ideas into
action. It includes creativity, innovation and risk-taking, as
well as the ability to plan and manage projects in order to
achieve objective’. Fostering entrepreneurial spirit
supports the creation of new firms and business growth
(EU, 2014). Entrepreneurship is being conceptualized by
Timmons & Spinelli (2007) as a way of thinking, reasoning
and acting that is opportunity-based, holistic in approach
and leadership balanced. Entrepreneurship, therefore,
involves innovation which can be simplified as a process
of change comprising identification, evaluation and
exploration of an opportunity, management and creation of
value through the successful exploration of a new idea by
an entrepreneur. This is not far-fetched from a SAEP
project youth, who becomes entrepreneur having ability to
turn ideas into action and manage projects in order to
achieve objectives. He possesses some skills as an
entrepreneur called entrepreneurial skills.
Entrepreneurial Skills
Entrepreneurial skills are skills needed to have to succeed
in business. They are the necessary skills an individual
needs to successfully run a business or add value to the
work as submitted by Gordon (2017). Entrepreneurial skills
are the basic skills necessary to enable you start, develop,
finance and succeed in your home enterprise. The
entrepreneur is a giver of employment, provider of
infrastructures and valuable services to the community.
For an entrepreneur to be successful, he/she should
possess the following characteristics skills according to
Aminu (2009): determination, leadership quality, creativity,
self-nurturing, self-discipline, energetic, future oriented
among others. The entrepreneurial skills include:
communication skill; creative/innovative skills; planning
and organizing skills; risk management skills; self-
management skills; technical skills, initiative skills;
leadership skills; teamwork skills; learning skills among
others (Edith Cowan University, 2013).
Roles of SAEP in Entrepreneurship among Nigerian
Youths
The role of Supervised Agricultural Experience
Programme cannot be over-emphasized; hence Angbre
(2016) highlighted the following among others:
Reduction in rural-migration
Empowering youth
Decreasing youth unemployment
Poverty reduction
Self- reliance on food production
Provision of entrepreneurship initiatives
Raw materials essential for industrial growth.
Reduction in Rural-Urban Migration
Rural-urban youth migration can be seen as the physical
transnational of young individuals or group of young
people from rural areas to urban centers. Rural-urban
youth migration is the most important aspect of labour
migration because it affects the structures and
composition of the population (Mbah, Ezeano & Agada
2016). One major cause of insecurity and instability in a
nation is the mass movement of unemployed youths from
the rural areas to urban centers in search of jobs. They
easily become available tools for use in promoting
insecurity. If these youths are well trained in vocational
agriculture, with basic skills acquisition in the various
proficiency areas in SAEP, and given the necessary
assistance, they can be self-reliant and productive
entrepreneurs. This will drastically reduce rural-urban
migration, thereby creating enabling environment for
effective participation in nation building and development
Youth Empowerment
The present Nigeria Government has passion and
commitment to agriculture and rural development to turn
5. Supervised Agricultural Experience Programme (SAEP): A Veritable Tool for Entrepreneurial Skills Development among Nigerian Youths
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 360
around agriculture through the Agricultural Transformation
Agenda (ATA) which has special packages for youths
living in rural areas with little or no access to job
opportunities to earn a living according to Agu et.al 2013.
The author emphasized that, federal government through
the Ministry of Agriculture has developed programmes to
sustain the initiative such as Youth Employment in
Agriculture Programme (YEAP), Youth Collaborative
Community Agriculture Programme (YOCCAP) and Youth
Initiative for Sustainable Agriculture (YISA) among others.
Youth Initiative for Sustainable Agriculture (YISA) has
embarked on Youth Agricultural Re-orientation workshop
to educate Nigerian youths that agriculture is pure
business and plays a critical role in the national food
security. It also holds a lot of prospects for business-
oriented individuals who can seize the opportunities
created by some of the programmes mentioned above to
better their lots.
YISA do not merely encourage youths to take up
agriculture as a business but creates a platform for active
participation through the organization’s Youth
Collaborative Community Agriculture Programme
(YOCCAP) (Agu et.al., 2013).When youths are exposed to
simple farm operations in SAEP like gardening, poultry
production, bee production, raising nurseries for seedlings,
getting involved in animal husbandry or lawn maintenance
and being experiential in them, they will “earn to live”
becoming entrepreneurs and be empowered to serve their
families and the nations. Hence the rate of crime and
involvement in violence will be a thing of the past.
Reduction in Youth Unemployment
In Nigeria, agriculture is a major employer of labour as
opined Angre (2016). Training in vocational agriculture
allows for skill acquisition in all the disciplines of agriculture
which further makes the youths to be self-employed
through supervised agricultural experience programme
(SAEP). Adabara (2013), affirmed that youth
unemployment and poverty are on the increase in Nigeria,
with an army of unemployed youths parading the streets in
search of limited jobs. He further stressed that this has
been responsible for the present security challenges the
country is facing. It has also been opined that countries
where government is a major employer of labour is bound
to face high unemployment rate, Nigeria being a typical
example (Kolade, 2012). When these youths are fully
engaged with SAEP and become entrepreneurs in their
chosen fields, it is perceived that they will no longer have
the time to be involved in violence and other criminal
activities. This will reduce insecurity and unemployment to
the barest minimum in the society (Oluseye, Sylvanus &
Joseph 2017).
Poverty reduction
The poverty reduction programme being implemented by
the Nigerian government in all areas of the economy now
is the National Economic Empowerment and Development
Strategy (NEEDS), a comprehensive reform strategy
geared towards addressing the economic, social and
political challenges facing Nigeria. It is primarily being
monitored by the National Planning Commission of
Nigeria. The sub-objective of the Nigeria poverty reduction
programme is to promote agriculture and rural
development aimed at reducing extreme poverty in rural
areas where 90% of the poor reside (Akpan, 2010). It has
been observed that, poverty and hunger have been
identified as the major factors that make youths take to
crime and other social vices. When youths are being
exposed to Supervised Agricultural Experienced
Programme (SAEP) most especially while in school, it is
believed that they will eventually become young
entrepreneurs in their field of interest and begin to earn to
live.
Provision of Entrepreneurship Initiatives.
Supervised Agricultural Experience Programme are
designed to pull out the qualities and characteristics of an
entrepreneurs from students right from the secondary
school level. The programme equips potential students of
agriculture to start, run and manage a small or medium
scale agricultural project, under the supervision of an
adviser, subject teacher, professionals in the specific
agric-business and at times parents. Students are made to
complement the classroom instructions with actual skill
development projects on the field, having real agricultural
life, so as to be able to ask questions and get improved
through such activities as exploratory, ownerships,
placement and supplementary projects Famiwole,
Bamidele, Oke (2013).
Self-Reliance in Food Production
Agricultural development is one of the most powerful tools
to end extreme poverty, boost shared prosperity and feed
a projected 9.7 billion people by 2050. Growth in the
agriculture sector is two to four times more effective in
raising incomes among the poorest compared to other
sectors. 2016 analyses found that 65% of poor working
adults made a living through agriculture (World Bank
2018). Globally, extreme poverty has rapidly declined.
New poverty estimates by the World Bank suggest that the
number of extremely poor people—those who live on
$1.90 a day or less—has fallen from 1.9 billion in 1990 to
about 736 million in 2015(World Bank 2018).
This implies that, when youths put into more practical use
the acquired skills in vocational agriculture through SAEP,
there would be abundance of food for the teaming
population. Through their entrepreneurship ideas and
innovations, the increase in food production would be
sustained and the country can boast of self-reliance in
agricultural production. Poverty and hunger would be
eradicated from the society, thereby paving the way for
peace and stability to prevail in the country.
6. Supervised Agricultural Experience Programme (SAEP): A Veritable Tool for Entrepreneurial Skills Development among Nigerian Youths
Fabamise et al 361
Industrial Growth
According to Olajide, Akinlabi & Tijani (2012), the
agricultural sector contributes a lot to the growth and
development of an economy in four major ways namely;
food for man, factor contribution, market contribution and
foreign exchange earnings. These are major factors to the
making of an economy. The role of agriculture is too
paramount and would never be over emphasized as earlier
stated. Statistically, agriculture engages a larger
percentage or greater chunk of the active labour force in
Nigeria. Olajide et. al., (2012) wrote that agricultural sector
is the largest sector in the Nigerian economy with its
dominant share of the GDP, employment of more than
70% of the labour force and generation of about 88% of
non-oil foreign exchange earnings. Development
economists have focused on how agriculture can best
contribute to overall economic growth and modernization.
The physiocrats laid more emphasis on agriculture in the
development of an economy (Egbulonu & Nwokoro 2016).
This is what SAEP offers if the programme is well
harnessed.
Availability of essential agricultural raw materials and its
effective utilization can only be achieved when the right
skills are acquired through training in Supervised
Agricultural Experience Programme. The skilled
manpower goes into mass production, which are essential
prerequisites for industrial growth. The multiplier effect of
this is the fostering entrepreneurial spirit among Nigerian
youths which supports the creation of more job
opportunities for the unemployed youths, reduction in
poverty level and crime. The overall benefit of this to the
society is the reduction in security threats. Despite all the
laudable benefits of SAEP, the programme is inevitably
faced with some challenges, militating against its
prevalence among the Nigerian youths.
Challenges facing Supervised Agricultural Experience
Programme (SAEP)
Literature indicates that there are economic, social and
environmental factors affecting rural youths’ involvement
in agricultural production in Nigeria (Echebiri, 2005).
Economic factors include inadequate credit facilities, low
farming profit margins, and lack of agricultural insurance
scheme, initial capital and production inputs. Social factors
include public perception about farming and parental
influence to move out of agriculture. Environmental issues
include inadequate land, continuous poor harvests and soil
degradation It has also been observed that declining
production, which is a result of poor irrigation, limited
adoption of new technology and research, inadequate
storage techniques and a lack of access to credit for
farmers pose a great challenge to agricultural programmes
such as Supervised Agricultural Experienced Programme.
Furthermore, there are many outside factors that can
affect the use and growth in a SAEP’s portion of the three-
circle model in agricultural education. Many times, the way
the school system is set up can have an effect on the way
the programme can be implemented and maintained
(Croom, Johnson, Flowers & Wilson, 2012). If the setting
of the school does not give room for the training and
implementation of SAEP, it will definitely mar the
programme. Other factors such as budgets for the career
and technical education department, along with the
teacher’s viewpoints of the three-circle model, can
influence if and how SAEP projects are implemented
(Croom et.al., 2012). The community and parents can be
a big help with these projects, but if they are not in support,
this can make it more difficult on the teacher to implement
or find placement locations for student projects. There are
many views of SAEP projects within programmes based
on the student populations that are in the programme and
those that the programme seeks to serve. Knowing how to
reach out to the students in the school may pose another
serious hitch to the programme.
CONCLUSION
Agricultural education covers a broad range of formal and
informal activities that build capacity within the agricultural
sector and for wider national development, encompassing
training, skill acquisition and entrepreneurship. Supervised
Agricultural Experienced Programme (SAEP), as a
component in agricultural education, is a veritable tool for
entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial skill development
among Nigerian youths. As a skill-inclined programme, it
inculcates entrepreneurial skills in its recipients. It was
established that, SAEP has the potentials of promoting
entrepreneurial skills in Nigerian youths. This is because
of the investment opportunities it offers. However, SAEP
seems to still be at infancy stage due to poor awareness,
several economic and infrastructural constraints.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the discussion in this paper, the following
recommendations were put forward.
1. Agricultural programme in schools should include
SAEP. The state school boards in collaboration with
relevant ministries should conduct information on
SAEP, workplace and orientation for educational
planners, administration and teachers of agriculture in
Nigeria.
2. More research is needed regarding the specific scope
and structure of SAE in todays to meet the needs of a
new clientele as the agricultural industry changes and
more non-traditional students and youths enroll in
agricultural classes,
3. Nigerian youths should be encouraged to train in
Supervised Agricultural Experienced Programme
(SAEP). This could be done through career counseling
both at home and in schools and also through creation
of awareness through the National Orientation Agency