This document provides an overview of agricultural project planning and analysis. It defines key concepts like projects and programs. Projects are temporary endeavors with distinct objectives and timeframes, while programs are longer-term development efforts that can include multiple related projects. The document also discusses why project preparation and planning is important for success, common reasons agricultural projects fail, and ways to classify different types of projects.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Lecture 01 Introduction to Production EconomicsB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
ReSAKSS-AfricaLead Workshop on Strengthening Capacity for Strategic Agricultural Policy and Investment Planning and Implementation in Africa Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, June 25th‐ 26th 2012
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
This presentation shows the taxonomy, classification, management of natural resources based on the second chapter of the book Environmental Economics, edited by Rabindra N. Bhattacharya.
Project management material from chapter one up to chapter fourGetachewAbera3
Power point presentation (Project management material) it includes about definitions, meanings features of project and the difference between project and programs. Project cycle and phases of project and financial tools of NPV, PI, IRR, AR are included
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Lecture 01 Introduction to Production EconomicsB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
ReSAKSS-AfricaLead Workshop on Strengthening Capacity for Strategic Agricultural Policy and Investment Planning and Implementation in Africa Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, June 25th‐ 26th 2012
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
This presentation shows the taxonomy, classification, management of natural resources based on the second chapter of the book Environmental Economics, edited by Rabindra N. Bhattacharya.
Project management material from chapter one up to chapter fourGetachewAbera3
Power point presentation (Project management material) it includes about definitions, meanings features of project and the difference between project and programs. Project cycle and phases of project and financial tools of NPV, PI, IRR, AR are included
Economics of project evaluation for reference cpm module2ahsanrabbani
CONCEPT OF PROJECT AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT
The term project has a wider meaning. A project is accomplished by performing a
set of activities. For example, construction of a house is a project. The construction of a
house consists of many activities like digging of foundation pits, construction of
foundation, construction of walls, construction of roof, fixing of doors and windows,
fixing of sanitary fitting, wiring etc. Another aspect of project is the non-routine nature
of activities. Each project is unique in the sense that the activities of a project are unique
and non routine. A project consumes resources. The resources required for completing
a project are men, material, money and time. Thus, we can define a project as an organized
programme of pre determined group of activities that are non-routine in nature and that
must be completed using the available resources within the given time limit.
Let us now consider some definitions of ‘project’. Newman et. al define that “a
project typically has a distinct mission that it is designed to achieve and a clear
termination point the achievement of the mission”.
Download link: http://www.businessarena.fi/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Change2020-RIS3workbook-projects.pdf
Workbook provides practical insight on how to create project activity that meets the RIS3 requirements of EU programme period 2014-2020. It summarizes the insight into to 10 steps that help to plan stronger project with greater societal impact.
1. Indentify and formulate the need or opportunity
2. Co-create the vision
3. Co-create the solution
4. Share active ownership
5. Position the project
6. Take care of organisational integration
7. Have the right team
8. Make use of complementary strengths (you + partners + region)
9. Experiment!
10. Keep learning
Prioritisation and selection of public investment projects - James BALLINGALL...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by James BALLINGALL, United Kingdom, at the 11th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network of Senior PPP and Infrastructure Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 27 March 2018
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
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Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
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USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptx
Ppt for Agricultural Project Planning Evaluation and Analysis in 2021
1. Agricultural Project Planning Evaluation
and Analysis
Delivered to III year Students
Instructor’s: Deressa Bulcha chala
Jimma University.
E-mail: derresabulcha@gmail.com
Mobile no: 09 21435033
9/8/2021 Deressa Bulcha chala 1
2. CHAPTER 1
Concepts of Agricultural Projects
and Programs
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3. Concepts
• Project planning and analysis has a long history in financial and
business analysis.
• It has always been used as a means of checking the profitability of
a particular investment by private firms.
• Recent experiences show that project analysis has attracted the
attention of development economists.
• Projects are now assessed from the economy's viewpoint instead
of only from the firm's perspective.
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4. Concept cont’…
• Perhaps the most difficult problem confronting administrators in
developing countries is implementing development programs.
• Much of the failures can be traced to poor project preparation.
• Unless projects are carefully prepared in substantial details,
inefficient or even wasteful expenditure is almost sure to result –
– a tragic loss in nations short of capital be presented year-by-
year.
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5. What is a Project?
What do you think about the difference
between project and program?
Why agricultural project fail?
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6. Definitions
• The literal meaning of project is to mean plan, envisage, propose,
intend, anticipate, expect, plan ahead
A project is a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique
product or service.
Projects are parts of overall programmes and may be broken down
into tasks, sub-tasks, and further if desired (Mantel & Meredith, 2005)
• Project can be defined as an investment activity in which financial
resources are expended to create capital assets that produce benefits
over an extended period of time.
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7. Definition cont’…
• A project is a set of investments and of other planned activities
aimed at achieving specific objectives within a pre-determined
time-frame and budget (Baum & Tolbert, 1985).
• A project is a complex set of activities where resources are used
in expectation of return and which lends itself to planning,
financing and implementing as a unit.
• A project is a piece of planned work or activity which is
completed over a period of time and intended to achieve a
particular aim.
• It consumes resources.
– The resources required for completing a project are
human, material, money and time resource.
9/8/2021 Deressa Bulcha chala 7
8. Examples of a project may involve
8
Projects can be large or small and involve one person or
thousands of people.
They can be done in one day or take years to complete.
Examples of projects:
A college campus upgrades its technology infrastructure to
provide wireless Internet access.
A construction company designs and constructs a new
office building for a client.
A pharmaceutical company launches a new drug.
9/8/2021 Deressa Bulcha chala
9. Why to develop a Project ?
1. It is a vehicles for mobilizing and allocating resources to
development
2. It can be an effective means of translating development
plans and policies into specific courses of action …
The Minimum Requirement for developing a project is ?
• Project planning ( develop proposals funded)
– Is a discipline for stating how to complete a project within a certain
timeframe,
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10. Project Planning and Analysis
• Project planning and analysis is essentially a process of “seeking
alternative choices” to reach an agreed upon set of objectives in the
most efficient manner.
• A project can also be viewed as a “Proposal for capital investment to
create opportunities for producing goods and services”. Recently
defined a development project as follows:
– “Project can be defined as an investment activity in which financial
resources are expended to create capital assets that produce benefits
over an extended period of time.
– A project is a complex set of activities where resources are used in
expectation of return and which lends itself to planning, financing
and implementing as a unit. 10
9/8/2021 Deressa Bulcha chala
11. • Perhaps the distinction between projects and programs would
be clear if we see the basic characteristics of projects.
11
S – Specific
Specific in its objective.
Specific activities.
A specific group of benefits.
A specific group of people
M - Measurable
• Projects activities and benefits expected should be identified and
if possible be valued (expressed in monetary terms) in financial,
economic and if possible social terms.
The Basic Characteristics Of Projects.
9/8/2021 Deressa Bulcha chala
12. 12
A – Area bounded
• As projects have specific and identifiable group of
beneficiaries, so also have to have boundaries.
• In designing a project, its area of operation must clearly be
identified and delineated.
• Though some secondary costs and benefits may go beyond the
boundary, its major area of operation must be identified.
• Hence projects are said to be area bounded.
9/8/2021 Deressa Bulcha chala
13. 13
R – Real
• Planning of a project and its analysis must be made based on
real information.
• Planner must make sure whether the project fits with real
social, economic, political, technical, etc situations.
T – Time bounded
• A project has a clear starting and ending point.
• The overall life of the project must be determined.
• Moreover, investment and production activities have their own
time sequence.
9/8/2021 Deressa Bulcha chala
14. Classification of Projects
• The classification of projects varies according to a number of
different factors such as:
– Its Complexity, source of capital, its content, those
involved and its purpose
– The location, type, technology, size, scope and speed are
normally the factors which determine the effort needed in
executing a project.
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15. • According to complexity
• Easy: A project is classified as easy when the
relationships between tasks are basic and detailed
planning or organizations are not required
• Complicated: The project network is broad and
complicated
• According to source of capital
• Public: Financing comes from Governmental
institutions
• Private: Financing comes from businesses or private
incentives
• Mixed: Financing comes from a mixed source of both
public and private funding 15
Classification a Project cont’…
9/8/2021 Deressa Bulcha chala
16. • According to project content
– Construction: These are projects that have anything to do with the
construction of a civil or architectural work.
– IT: Any project to do with software development, IT system etc.
– Business: These projects are involved with the development of a
business,
• management of a work team,
• cost management, etc., and usually follow a
commercial strategy
– Service or product production: those involved with the
development of an innovative product or service,
– They are often used in the R & D department.
16
Classification a Project cont’…
9/8/2021 Deressa Bulcha chala
17. • According to those involved
– Departmental: When a certain department or area of an
organization is involved
– Internal: When a whole company itself is involved in the
project’s development
– Matriarchal: When there is a combination of departments
involved
– External: When a company outsources external project
manager or teams to execute the project.
17
Classification a Project cont’…
9/8/2021 Deressa Bulcha chala
18. • According to its objective
– Production: Oriented at the production of a product or service
taking into consideration a certain determined objective.
– Social: Oriented at the improvement of the quality of life of
people.
– Educational: Oriented at the education of others.
– Community: Oriented at people too, however with their
involvement.
– Research: Oriented at innovation and the gaining of
knowledge
18
Classification a Project cont’…
9/8/2021 Deressa Bulcha chala
19. Programs
• A program is “a group of related projects managed in a coordinated
way to obtain benefits
• A program resembles a project in that it is a set of activities designed to
facilitate the achievement of specific objectives but on a large scale and
over a longer time frame.
• A construction firm has programs for building single-family homes,
apartment buildings, and office buildings.
– Each home, apartment building, and office building is a separate
project for a specific sponsor, but each type of building is part of a
program.
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20. • There would be several benefits to managing these projects
under one program. Eg.
– For the single family homes, the program manager could try to
get planning approvals for all the homes at once, advertise them
together, and purchase common materials in bulk to earn
discounts.
20
Program cont’…
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21. Program cont’…
21
It is necessary to distinguish between projects and programs because
there is sometimes a tendency to use them interchangeably.
A project is an investment activity where resources are used to
create capital assets, which produce benefits over time and has a
beginning and an end with specific objectives.
A program is an ongoing development effort or plan which may not
necessarily be time bounded.
Examples
a road development program,
a health improvement program,
a nutritional improvement program,
a rural electrification program, etc.
9/8/2021 Deressa Bulcha chala
22. • A development plan or a program is a wider concept than a project.
– It may include one or several projects at various times whose
specific objectives are linked to the achievement of higher level of
common objectives.
– For instance,
• a health program may include a water project as well as a construction
of health centers both aimed at improving the health of a given
community, which previously lacked easy access to these essential
facilities.
• Projects, which are not linked with others to form a program, are
sometimes referred to as “stand alone” projects.
22
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23. The difference and similarities between projects and
programs are:
Project Program
Difference
Is specific in objectives/purpose
Has specific area/geographic
unit,
Has specific target groups
Has clearly determines and
allocated fund
Has specific life span
Rigorously detailed
Has general objectives
May not have specific area
Many not have specific target
groups
May not have clear and detailed
financial allocation
May not have specific time of
ending
Less detailed
Similarities
Both have objectives which they are trying to pursue,
Requirement of resources ( financial, manpower, material, etc)
Both generate an output ( goods, services, skills etc)
Vehicle for execution of development plan
Operate over space and time
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25. Why do developmental projects fail?
The reasons for the failure of projects could be:
A lack of local ownership and responsibility, i.e. participative planning and
development.
Problems of project design and implementation.
The use of inappropriate technology, cropping systems and animal
husbandry.
Inadequate or inappropriate infrastructure.
Failure to appreciate the social and political environment.
Administrative problems.
Changing economic situations and market conditions.
Externally driven project initiatives.
Problems related to poor project analysis.
Unrealistic expectations.
Unsupportive policy environment
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