Terminator gene technology refers to plants that have been genetically modified to render sterile seeds at harvest.
Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) are the name given to experimental methods, described in a series of recent patent applications and providing specific genetic switch mechanisms that restrict the unauthorized use of genetic material (FAO, 2001a) by hampering reproduction (variety-specific V-GURT) or the expression of a trait (trait-specific T-GURT) in a genetically modified (GM) plant.
I would like to share this presentation file.
Some basics information regarding to molecular plant breeding, hope this help the beginner who start working in this field.
Thanks for many original source of information (mainly from slideshare.net, IRRI, CIMMYT and any paper received from professor and some over the internet)
Genomics and its application in crop improvementKhemlata20
meaning ,definition of genome ,genomics ,tools of genomics ,what is genome sequencing ,methods of genome sequencingand genome mapping ,advantage of genomics over traditional breeding program, examples of some crops whose genome has been sequenced, important points about genomics, work in the field of genomics ,applications of genomics .classification of genomics .different Omics in genomics like Proteomics ,Transcriptomics ,Metabolomics ,Need of genome sequencing
Terminator gene technology refers to plants that have been genetically modified to render sterile seeds at harvest.
Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) are the name given to experimental methods, described in a series of recent patent applications and providing specific genetic switch mechanisms that restrict the unauthorized use of genetic material (FAO, 2001a) by hampering reproduction (variety-specific V-GURT) or the expression of a trait (trait-specific T-GURT) in a genetically modified (GM) plant.
I would like to share this presentation file.
Some basics information regarding to molecular plant breeding, hope this help the beginner who start working in this field.
Thanks for many original source of information (mainly from slideshare.net, IRRI, CIMMYT and any paper received from professor and some over the internet)
Genomics and its application in crop improvementKhemlata20
meaning ,definition of genome ,genomics ,tools of genomics ,what is genome sequencing ,methods of genome sequencingand genome mapping ,advantage of genomics over traditional breeding program, examples of some crops whose genome has been sequenced, important points about genomics, work in the field of genomics ,applications of genomics .classification of genomics .different Omics in genomics like Proteomics ,Transcriptomics ,Metabolomics ,Need of genome sequencing
Tissue culture and virus indexing for the production of clean planting materialsILRI
Poster prepared by P. Asami, C. Too, M. Macharia, P. Niyonzima, D. Bigirimanaa, G. Ndarubayemwo, D. Beyene, J. Harvey and T.A. Holton for the ILRI APM 2013, Addis Ababa, 15-17 May 2013
1.What is plant tissue culture?
2.Production of virus free plants.
3.History.
4.Virus elimination by heat treatment.
5.Virus elimination by Meristem Tip culture.
6.Factor affecting virus eradication by Meristem Tip culture.
7.Chemotherapy.
8.Virus elimination through in vitro shoot-tip Grafting.
9.Virus Indexing.
10.Conclusion .
11.References .
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
In the following slides, I have discussed the need for developing insect-resistant transgenic plants, the sources of transgenes, and methods for development
Biotechnology has been helping scientists to attain unbelievable and unattainable goals. biotechnology is not only making progress day by day but also has been helping other fields of science to rise. there are many applications, in this slideshare fragment i will sharing few application of biotechnology in the field of agriculture.
Tissue culture and virus indexing for the production of clean planting materialsILRI
Poster prepared by P. Asami, C. Too, M. Macharia, P. Niyonzima, D. Bigirimanaa, G. Ndarubayemwo, D. Beyene, J. Harvey and T.A. Holton for the ILRI APM 2013, Addis Ababa, 15-17 May 2013
1.What is plant tissue culture?
2.Production of virus free plants.
3.History.
4.Virus elimination by heat treatment.
5.Virus elimination by Meristem Tip culture.
6.Factor affecting virus eradication by Meristem Tip culture.
7.Chemotherapy.
8.Virus elimination through in vitro shoot-tip Grafting.
9.Virus Indexing.
10.Conclusion .
11.References .
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
In the following slides, I have discussed the need for developing insect-resistant transgenic plants, the sources of transgenes, and methods for development
Biotechnology has been helping scientists to attain unbelievable and unattainable goals. biotechnology is not only making progress day by day but also has been helping other fields of science to rise. there are many applications, in this slideshare fragment i will sharing few application of biotechnology in the field of agriculture.
Advancements in Non-Chemical Weed Management.pptxshivalika6
Weeds compete with crops for essential resources such as nutrients, water, and sunlight.
Uncontrolled weed growth can significantly reduce crop yields, leading to economic losses for farmers.
Weeds serve as hosts for pests and diseases, increasing the risk of crop damage and yield loss.
Effective weed management is essential for maintaining soil health and promoting optimal crop growth.
Sustainable weed control practices contribute to environmental conservation and long-term agricultural sustainability.
Problems Causing due to Chemical Pesticides and its Effect on Environmentijsrd.com
Agriculture has been facing the destructive activities of numerous pests like insects, weeds and fungi, from time immemorial, leading to radical decrease in yields. To encounter these problems and for protection of the crops application of pesticides is primary and old method. The pesticides residues create severe problems as cause toxicity to humans and warm-blooded animals. Include the development of insecticide resistance, resurgence, secondary pest outbreak and use-cancellation or de-registration of some insecticides due to human health and environmental concerns. Pesticides pollution is categorized into diffuse and point sources. Diffuse contamination via leaching, runoff, drainage and drift usually contributes only the smaller part of pesticide pollution of surface and groundwater. However, point sources or farmyard activities are significant contributors to pesticide pollution of surface water. This article reviews the different type of pesticides and its effect of on environment.
Herbicide Resistant Crops : Boon or Bane for Global Agriculture shivalika6
Acc to weed science society of America, Herbicide resistance is the inherited ability of a plant to survive and reproduce following exposure to a dose of herbicide normally lethal to the wild type
In a plant resistance may naturally occur or may get induced by such techniques as
genetic enggineering or a selection of variant produced by tissue culture.
It was altered response to a herbicide by a plant species which was earlier susceptible.
Process of transferring gene from one living organisms to another to serve specific purposes is called Genetic engineering
The crops produced by this process is called transgenic crops.
If gene transfer into the crop is responsible for the herbicide resistant then crops are called THRC’s .
HRC’s are genetically modified crops to which resistant to certain non-selective herbicides has been conferred.
1984, Commercially introduced in Canada through atrazine resistant canola variety.
1995, Monsanto introduced Roundup ready soybean.
1996, GM foods were first put on the market in USA.
71% of the of GM (genetically modified) plants were herbicide resistant. (Barber, 1999).
Cotton and rapeseed varieties are resistant to three herbicides- glyphosate, sulfonylurea and bromoxynil, in USA (DOWNEY 1999).
There are 22 transgenic crops approved for commercial use in the world till March 2008.
In the world, herbicide resistant corn, oilseed rape, soybean and cotton have been commercialized.
Transgenic cotton crop is allowed for cultivation in India.
Of the 29 countries that planted biotech crops in 2019, 19 countries were considered as biotech mega-countries, which grew at least 50,000 hectares .
The USA remained as the top producer of biotech crops globally, which planted 71.5 million hectares & Brazil landed on the second spot, with 52.8 million hectares in 2019.
Do u know where biotech crops are grown
More than 30 countries have planted biotech crop since 1996.
2.7 billion ha of biotech crops planted since 1996
17 million small, resource-poor farmers and their families totaling greater than 65 million people benefited from biotech crop in 2019
see where they were grown in 2019
Usa is the largest producer of biotech crops in the world,planting37.6% of global biotech crop area
10 countries in latin america planted biotech crop in 2019
Biotech canolas adoption rate in canada reached 95%
Brazil is the top developing country in the world planting biotech crops
Spain is the leading country planting biotech maize in europe
Malawi, euthopia and nigeria planted bt cotton for the first time in 2019
More than 6 million farmers in india planted 11.9 million hectare of bt-cotton.According to international service for the acquisition of agribiotech application In 2019
highest area and adoption rate was of biotech soyabean
which was cultivated in 91.9 million heactares
Biotech Maize was cultivated on 60.9 million hectares
Biotech cotton was cultivated in 25.7 million ha
Biotech canola in 10.1 million ha
And other
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
A herbicide-resistant weed is a weed species that has developed the ability to survive application of a herbicide which previously controlled it. The intensive and continuous use of the same herbicide(s) over the last few decades has resulted in the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Alert-driven Community-based Forest monitoring: A case of the Peruvian Amazon
SUPER WEEDS POWER POINT PRESENTATION
1. SEMINAR
On
“ SUPER WEEDS ”
Presented by,
S. MANIBHARATHI
Reg. N0: 207010012
II M.Sc.,(Agri.) Agronomy
Department of Agronomy
Faculty of Agriculture
Annamalai University
(2020 - 2022 batch)
5. WEEDS
The term weed was coined by Jethro Tull .
Weeds are unwanted and undesirable plants which
interfere with the utilization of land and water resources
and thus adversely affect human welfare. They can also be
referred as plant out of place.
6. About 30,000 species of weeds have been listed in the
world, out of which nearly 18,000 species cause
serious damage in different ways resulting in
considerable losses to agricultural production.
18 weeds identified as the most serious in the world.
7. YIELD LOSSES :
Weeds compete with crop plants , largely for soil
moisture, nutrients and Sunlight.
8. Crop Yield loss % Crop Yield loss %
Wheat 10-60 Rice 10-100
Cotton 40-60 Sugarcane 25-50
Maize 30-40 Sorghum 45-69
Cumbu 16-65 Ragi 50
Horsegram 30 Jute 30-70
Niger 20-30 Soybean 10-100
Chickpea 10-50 Lentil 30-35
Greengram 10-45 Pigeonpea 20-30
Groundnut 30-80 Potato 20-30
Reduction of yield in major crops in India due to weed infestation
(Rao et al., 2014)
9. HERBICIDE
Latin word = Herba (plant) + Caedre (to kill).
Chemicals that kills or suppress the unwanted vegetations.
In India 2,4-D First tested as herbicide in1946 and introduced at
commercially in field level in 1948.
Maximum herbicides used are rice, wheat & plantation crops.
10. Herbicide Resistance :
In India herbicide resistance was first reported in
wheat crop in Haryana.
Where some biotype of Phalaris minor found
resistance to Isoproturon ( Malik and Singh, 1993) .
Highest number of weeds found resistance against
atrazine herbicide (66 weed species) and maximum
number of weeds resistance has been reported in wheat
crop.
Herbicide resistance is most serious problem of
present time.
Currently there are 480 cases of herbicide resistance
in 252 plant species ( Sunil et al., 2020).
15. Factors affecting resistance development :
Characteristics of weed
1. Initial frequency of resistant biotype
2. Annual growth habit
3. Selection procedure for evolution of resistant
population
Characteristics of herbicides
Cultural characteristics
16. RESISTANCE MECHANISM :
There are two following two mechanisms given by
Dekker & Duke (1995).
A). Exclusively resistance
a). Differential herbicide uptake
b). Differential translocation
c). Compartmentation (Sequestration)
d). Metabolic detoxification
B). Site of action of resistance
a). Target site alteration
b). Overproduction of site of action
17. Scenario of herbicide resistance in India :
Herbicide resistance was originated over last 40 years.
Discovery of atrazine resistance in Senecio vulgaris in 1968
(Ryan et al., 1970).
Herbicide resistance has become major problem in 92 crops in 70
countries.
Maximum resistance was found against traiazine group of
herbicides.
In crops mainly in wheat, HR has developed in both grassy and
broad leaf weeds.
Grassy weeds, P. minor & A. fatua resistance against
sulfosulfuron & clodinofop.
Senecio vulgaris
18. Cont..
Repeated use of IPU over several years caused evolution of
resistance in P. minor in 1990s (Malik and singh,1993).
Multiple resistance in P. minor has developed against
photosystem II inhibitors, ACCase inhibitors & ALS
inhibitors Heap (2016).
P. minor resistant against Pinoxaden Kaur et al., (2015).
Singh et al., (2016) HR in wild oat against application of
sulfosulfuron, clodinafop & fenoxaprop to population from
farmer’s field.
Herbicide resistance in wild oat has been reported in 50
countries to >24 herbicides (Heap, 2016).
Reports of herbicide resistance in P. minor in India are
Isoproturon,Sulfosulfuron,Clodinafop,Fenoxaprop,
Pinoxaden. (Bhullar et al., 2017)
19. What is super weeds ?
“A weed which is extremely resistant to herbicides,
especially one created by the transfer of genes from
genetically modified crops into wild plants”.
“Super weed” proposed by WSSA (Weed science society of
America) is “ Refers to a weed that has become resistant to
one or herbicide mechanisms of action due to their repeated
use, in the absence of more diverse control measures.
20. How are super weeds harmful ?
They are highly toxic to broad leaf crops, including many of the
most common fruit and vegetable crops.
How do super weeds grow ?
Continual use of a single type of herbicide has led to weeds
developing resistance.
25. Is super weeds will create a problem ?
As a result, super weeds can continue to infest
fields and siphon nutrients from valuable crops
planted there, leading farmers to use other costlier
and potentially harsher herbicides to control them.
What are examples of super weeds ?
Soybeans, cotton , alfalfa and sugar beets are
genetically engineered to be immune to the
company’s Roundup herbicide (Glyphosate).
29. How do super weeds affect the environment ?
Already, a recent study found, 28 species
worldwide are resistant to 2,4-D and/or dicamba.
30. How do GMO cause super weeds ?
These super weeds were spawned by overuse of
the chemicals on fields planted with herbicide
resistant crops, mostly GMO corn and soybeans
from Monsanto.
31. Are super weeds GMOs ?
Super weeds are super only in their ability to resist
one or more specific herbicides.
Are super weeds real ?
Super weeds are all too real, and they have now
spread to over 60 million acres of our farmland,
wreaking environmental and economics etc….
32. Why is GMO bad for the environment ?
GMO crops not improved yields, they have vastly increased
the use of Glyphosate …
Glyphosate use is not only bad for farmers health, its also
bad for the environment, especially for certain birds, insects
and other wildlife.
33. Herbicide resistance management :
Diagnose various herbicide resistant weeds
Monitoring of their nature, distribution & abundance
(Beckie et al., 2000)
Managed efficiently by focusing on the ways of
reducing selection pressure for evolution of resistance.
At present time, herbicide resistance in P. minor is the
most serious issue of Indian agriculture.
So its management is very necessary for sustaining
wheat productivity.
34. Management of herbicide resistant populations Alternate
herbicides :
Zero tillage
Method of crop establishment
Cultural practices
Planting time
Crop rotation
Sowing method & seed rate
Competitive variety
Stale seed bed
Soil mulch
Fertilizer placement
IWM (Bhullar et al., 2017)
35. Some important strategies regarding herbicide use :
Stop use of herbicide to which resistance has developed
Use alternative herbicides
Herbicide mixture
Herbicide rotation
Herbicide selection
Herbicide application
Use of herbicides with short residual life
36. Assessment of risk associated with herbicide resistance
Management
options
Risk of resistance
Low Medium High
Herbicide mix or
rotation
> 2 modes of
action
2 modes of action 1 modes of action
Weed control in
cropping system
Cultural,
mechanical and
chemical
Cultural and
chemical
Chemical only
use of same mode
of action of
herbicide
1 year More than one > 3 year
Cropping system Full rotation Limited rotation No rotation
Weed infestation Low Moderate High
Herbicide
residual period
Short Intermediate Long
(Sunil et al., 2020)
37. Additional cultural practices for herbicide resistance
management :-
Use of efficient sprayers fitted with multiple-
flat fan nozzles.
Growing of competitive crop varieties with
closer row spacing.
Use of clean seed and certified seed
Optimization of water and nutrient management
Follow up efficient crop rotation
39. Current management strategies for mgt of P. minor & other weeds
in wheat in INDIA
1.Chemical - Pre –emergence
Early post- emergence
post emergene
Seq. apply PE &POE
2. Cultural - Zero Tillage
Agronomic Intervensions
3. Mechanical - Bed planting
4. IWM - All above methods integrated
(Bullar et al., 2017)
40. Prevention & management strategies for herbicide
resistant weed biotypes :- (NCWSS)
Only use herbicides when necessary
Rotate herbicides (site of action)
Apply herbicides that includes multiple sites of action
Rotate crops, particularly those with different life cycle
Avoid more than two consecutive herbicide
applications with herbicide –resistant crops
Include mechanical weed control practices
Consider primary tillage
Regularly scout fields to identify the weeds present
Clean tillage & harvest equipment
Encourage others to adopt prevention management
strategies.
41. Ten ways to beat and prevent Super weeds :
1. Monitor wind speed
2. Monitor weed growth
3. Pre- Emergence Residual Hericides
4. Get Sneaky
5. Follow label instructions
6. Cover crops
7. Stop waiting
8. 2,4-D Improvements
9. Roundup Ready Xtend
10. Enlist Duo
42. Conclusion :
Serious issue
Main reason behind this problem is excess use of highly efficient
herbicides with single site of action.
Proper knowledge
Herbicide mixtures and sequence, herbicide rotations are best
management measure to tackle the problem of resistance.
Several other practices like alternate cultivation and fallows, use
molecular biology and biochemistry are also helpful in avoiding
herbicide resistance.
Field demonstration programs should be conducted to provide
information to farmers about improved spraying technologies.