Supercomputers are extremely powerful computers used for complex calculations. The document discusses the history of supercomputers from ENIAC in 1946 to current systems exceeding 100 petaflops. Supercomputers run on Linux/Unix and must be cooled due to large heat output. They are used for weather modeling, climate research, materials science and nuclear weapons simulation. The fastest is Sunway Taihulight in China with over 10 million cores. Pakistan's fastest is at NUST with over 30,000 cores and used for research.

2. SUPER COMPUTERS
SUBMITTED TO:
Sir Abdul Rehman sb
SUBMITTED BY:
Zeeshan Rehman(2014-B.Sc-48)
Saqib Javed(2014-B.Sc-10)

3. OVERVIEW
•Definition
•History
•Processing speed
•OS Of SuperComputers
•SuperComputer Challenges
•Uses Of SuperComputers
•“SUNWAY TAIHULIGHT” The TOP SuperComputer
•SuperComputers In Pakistan

4. DEFINITION
•A supercomputer is a computer with a high-level
computational capacity compared to a general-purpose
computer.
•Super computers were designed and built to work on extremely
large jobs. It is most expensive(about billion$) & most power
full.

5. HISTORY
•1946: John Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert construct ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator
And Computer) at the University
of Pennsylvania.

6. HISTORY(cont’d)
•1956: IBM develops the Stretch supercomputer for Los
Alamos National Laboratory. It remains the world's
fastest computer until 1964.
• 1957: Seymour Cray co-founds Control Data
Corporation (CDC) and pioneers fast.
•1976: First Cray-1 supercomputer is installed at Los
Alamos National Laboratory. It manages a speed of
about 160 MFLOPS.

7. HISTORY(cont’d)
•1989: Seymour Cray starts a new company, Cray
Computer, where he develops the Cray-3 and Cray-4.
•1993: Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel becomes the
world's fastest computer using 166 vector processors.

8. HISTORY(cont’d)
•1997: ASCI Red, a supercomputer made from Pentium
processors by Intel and Sandia National Laboratories,
becomes the world's first teraflop (TFLOP)
supercomputer.
•2008: The Jaguar supercomputer built by Cray
Research and Oak Ridge National Laboratory
becomes the world's first petaflop (PFLOP) scientific
supercomputer. Briefly the world's fastest computer, it
is soon superseded by machines from Japan and

9. PROCESSING SPEED
•Supercomputer computational power is rated in FLOPS
(Floating Point Operations Per Second).
•The first commercially available supercomputers reached
speeds of 10 to 100 million FLOPS. The next generation
of supercomputers is predicted to break the petaflop
level.
•This would represent computing power more than 1,000
times faster than a teraflop machine.

10. PROCESSING SPEED(cont’d)
•A relatively old supercomputer such as the Cray
C90(1990s) has a processing speed of only 8 gigaflops.
It can solve a problem, which takes a personal
computer a few hours, in .002 seconds.

11. OS OF SUPERCOMPUTERS
•Most supercomputers run on a
Linux or Unix operating system, as
these operating systems are
extremely flexible, stable, and
efficient. Supercomputers typically
have multiple processors and a
variety of other technological tricks
to ensure that they run smoothly.

12. SUPERCOMPUTER
CHALLENGES
•A supercomputer generates large amounts of heat and
therefore must be cooled with complex cooling systems.

13. SC CHALLENGES(cont’d)
How SuperComputers Are Cooled?

14. SC CHALLENGES(cont’d)
•Another issue is the speed at which information can be
transferred or written to a storage device, as the speed
of data transfer will limit the supercomputer's
performance.

15. USES OF SUPERCOMPUTER
•Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-
intensive tasks such as problems involving quantum
mechanical physics, weather forecasting, climate
research, physical simulations, Major universities,
military agencies and scientific research laboratories
depend on and make use of supercomputers very
heavily.

16. USES OF
SUPERCOMPUTER(cont’d)
Some Common Uses more of Supercomputers in
industry.
1)Predicting climate change.
2)Testing nuclear weapons.
3)Recreating the Big Bang.
4)Forecasting hurricanes.

17. USES OF
SUPERCOMPUTER(cont’d)
How Do Scientists Use SuperComputers:

18. USES OF
SUPERCOMPUTER(cont’d)
• Predicting climate change:
The challenge of predicting global climate
is immense. There are hundreds of variables, from
the earth's surface(high for icy spots,low for dark forests) to
the vagaries of ocean currents.Dealing with these variables
requires supercomputing capabilities. One model, created
in 2008 at Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York,
mapped the aerosol particles and turbulence of clouds to a
resolution of 30 square feet.

19. USES OF
SUPERCOMPUTER(cont’d)
• Testing Nuclear Weapons:
The Stockpile Stewardship program uses non-
nuclear lab tests and, yes, computer Simulations
to ensure that the country's cache of nuclear
weapons are functional and safe.Most work
for stockpile stewardship is undertaken at United States
Department of Energy national laboratories. It costs more than
$4 billion annually to test nuclear weapons and build
advanced science facilities

20. USES OF
SUPERCOMPUTER(cont’d)
•Recreating the Big Bang
It takes big computers to look into the
Biggest question of all: What is the origin
of the universe?The "Big Bang" or the initial expansion
of all energy and matter in the universe, happened more
than 13 billion years ago in trillion-degree Celsius
temperatures, but supercomputer simulations make it
possible to observe what went on during the universe's
birth.

21. USES OF
SUPERCOMPUTER(cont’d)
• Forecasting hurricanes
This supercomputer, with its cowboy
moniker and 579 trillion calculations per
second processing power, resides at the TACC in Austin,
Texas. Using data directly from National Oceanographic
and Atmospheric Agency airplanes, Ranger calculated
likely paths for the storm. According to a TACC report,
Ranger improved the five-day hurricane forecast by 15
percent.

22. SUNWAY TAIHULIGHT THE
TOP SC
China revealed its latest supercomputer,
a system with 10.65 million compute
cores built entirely with Chinese
microprocessors. Its theoretical peak
performance is 124.5 petaflops.It is the first system to exceed 100
petaflops. A petaflop equals one thousand trillion (one quadrillion)
sustained floating-point operations per second. It was designed by
the National Research Center of Parallel Computer Engineering &
Technology (NRCPC) and is located at the National Supercomputing
Center in Wuxi in the city of Wuxi, in Jiangsu province, China.

23. SUNWAY TAIHULIGHT THE
TOP SC

24. SUPERCOMPUTERS IN
PAKISTAN
•National University of Sciences and
Technology (NUST) Announced Pakistan’s
Fastest SuperComputer,It is located at
NUST Islamabad.
•The supercomputer installed in NUST is the fastest GPU
(Graphics Processing Unit) based parallel computing system
operating in any organization/academic institution in Pakistan
till date.
•The supercomputer can perform parallel computation at a

25. SC IN PAKISTAN(cont’d)
Specifications:
•66 NODE supercomputer with 30,992 processor cores
•2 Head Node (16 Processor Cores)
•32 Dual Quad Core Computer Nodes (256 Processor
Cores)
•21.6TB SAN storage

26. SC IN PAKISTAN(cont’d)
Other SuperCumputers In Pakistan:
•GIK Institute
•COMSATS
•KRL
•KUST
•Riphah International University

27. QUESTIONS