Sun transit outage
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Sun transit outage occurs for geostationary satellites around the equinoxes for up to 10 minutes, interrupting signals due to interference from solar radiation. A satellite experiences a solar eclipse when the Earth or Moon prevents sunlight from reaching it. For geostationary satellites, eclipses due to Earth occur in the 23 days before and after equinoxes. To avoid eclipses impacting operations, satellites should be positioned west of Earth stations.
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AIAA Paper dlt228
The document discusses methods for characterizing the global environment using satellite data to help overcome challenges posed by weather effects on missile defense sensors. It describes adjusting infrared imagery thresholds to approximate radar observations, extracting weather event boundaries, projecting 3D shapes onto a model Earth, and using an existing satellite constellation to provide continuous coverage. The goal is to determine visibility and sensor performance to optimize sensor selection and placement for missile defense.
Solar system as a radio telescope by the formation of virtual lenses above an...
Solar system as a radio telescope by the formation of virtual lenses above an...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.Solar system as a radio telescope by the formation of virtual lenses above an...
Abstract The boundaries of multiverse are almost infinite and so the thirst of mankind for latest technology .man has startled many principles of space and nature by gaining them facing all fatal difficulties. Time is one quantity which is considered to be fast happening, but when it comes to happenings in space it is faster. All what we look into space is past; under least possible cases we could see the present. So, there has a necessicity for us to keep a big eye on making our search for extra-galactic recourses or extra-celestial life forms etc with equal speeds of space time. for this to be achieved by us we need to make some drastic changes in our telescope usage and we have to adopt technological up gradation and we should no longer make our telescope concentrate on the same celestial body for days continuously , indeed mili seconds should be enough to grab the required information . Index Terms- RTS, LEO, MEO, GEO, RT
Computational Physics Final Report (MATLAB)
The document describes a program developed to model the trajectory of a satellite leaving low Earth orbit and exiting Earth's sphere of influence. The program allows the user to input the initial orbit height and thruster angle and outputs the trajectory plot and time taken. Testing various initial conditions revealed that a thrust directed along the satellite's velocity vector provided the fastest exit time from Earth's sphere of influence.
Polar orbiting satellites (cf Geostationary) Sun-synchronous daily orbital path
This document discusses various satellite instruments used to measure tropical cyclones from space, including scatterometers, passive microwave radiometers, and microwave imagers. Scatterometers like ASCAT and SCATSAT use radar to measure ocean surface wind speeds, while radiometers detect microwave and infrared radiation emitted by the storm and environment. Microwave imagery from sensors like SSMIS can observe storm structure through clouds, with 37GHz showing low-level circulation and 85GHz distinguishing deep convection. Together these satellite tools provide vital data on tropical cyclone intensity, size, structure, and movement.
Interplanetary Mission Design
The Broseidon Orbiter mission will launch on September 27, 2014 from Cape Canaveral, Florida to conduct a two-year orbital mission around Mars beginning June 13, 2015. The mission aims to landscape terrain for potential human settlement and study Martian climate and weather conditions. Using a Hohmann transfer orbit, the spacecraft will depart Earth with a hyperbolic trajectory, cruise in an elliptical orbit around the sun, and arrive at Mars with another hyperbolic trajectory to enter a 250km circular orbit. Calculations determine propellant needs, launch parameters, and optimal transfer trajectory between Earth and Mars to complete the seven-month interplanetary journey.
MAGIA satellite. Experimental Astronomy (8 December 2010), pp. 1-20
The document describes the MAGIA satellite mission, which aims to study the Moon's internal structure, polar regions, and exosphere. The satellite will carry a suite of instruments including cameras, an altimeter, particle detectors, and accelerometers. It will be launched via Soyuz rocket into a lunar transfer orbit, then enter a polar mapping orbit for 6 months before transitioning to a gravity science orbit. Key challenges include meeting tight budget constraints while achieving ambitious science goals and accommodating multiple payloads and propulsion systems for orbital maneuvers.
Jaswal item ukp.pdf
This document contains a test bank of 100 multiple choice questions for a Deck Officer Assessment. The questions cover topics related to navigation including compass errors, position fixing methods, GPS, celestial navigation, tides, currents, and navigation instruments. An accurate understanding of these topics is important for safely planning and conducting a voyage and determining a ship's position.
Paska ukp 2024.pdf
This document contains a test bank of 100 multiple choice questions for a Deck Officer Assessment. The questions cover topics related to navigation including compass errors, position fixing methods, GPS, celestial navigation, tides, currents, and navigation instruments. An accurate understanding of these topics is important for safely planning and conducting a voyage and determining a ship's position.
Kepler and Newton vs. Geocentrism, Flat Earth, and the "Vortex"
This presentation compares predictions of Kepler's 3rd Law to data from almost all of the orbital systems in the Solar System (including orbits of Pluto's moons), then predicts the height of a geostationary orbit.
Ch11 ssm
1) Jupiter's moon Europa orbits Jupiter with a period of 3.55 days at an average radius of 6.71 x 10^8 m. Using Kepler's third law, the mass of Jupiter is calculated to be 1.902 x 10^27 kg, consistent with its accepted value.
2) Jupiter's moon Callisto orbits at an average radius of 18.8 x 10^8 m with a period of 16.7 days. The ratio of the centripetal accelerations of Europa and Callisto is consistent with an inverse-square law for gravity.
3) Kepler determined relative distances in the solar system by considering the maximum elongation angle between Venus and the sun, which was found to be 47
IRJET - Intelligence Satellite Tracking System
This document describes a satellite tracking system that uses a microcontroller to track a satellite's position and correct its orbit if it drifts from its intended path. The system includes an orbital correction engine that calculates needed adjustments and a tracking processor that monitors the satellite's position over time to detect any deviations. It sends the satellite's location data to an earth station via an RS-232 interface. The microcontroller compares the data to an orbital database and determines corrections to guide the satellite back to its proper orbit. A visual basics program is used to model and simulate the satellite's movement and drift.
Gps based debris removal system
Space debris poses a hazard to satellites and spacecraft. Thousands of small pieces of debris orbit Earth at high speeds and can damage satellites through collision. The risk of impact is increasing as the amount of debris grows. Proposed solutions to reduce debris include attaching rocket motors to slow objects, preventing collision through satellite maneuvering and shielding, and using electrodynamic tethers to deorbit junk. Other ideas are to use radiation pressure from lasers or sunlight to slow debris for atmospheric reentry and removal. With the growing number of satellites launched, space debris will increasingly threaten continued space exploration and use unless addressed.
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Solar system as a radio telescope by the formation of virtual lenses above an...
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Solar system as a radio telescope by the formation of virtual lenses above an...
Polar orbiting satellites (cf Geostationary) Sun-synchronous daily orbital path
Polar orbiting satellites (cf Geostationary) Sun-synchronous daily orbital path
MAGIA satellite. Experimental Astronomy (8 December 2010), pp. 1-20
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Kepler and Newton vs. Geocentrism, Flat Earth, and the "Vortex"
Kepler and Newton vs. Geocentrism, Flat Earth, and the "Vortex"
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Scaling in conventional MOSFET for constant electric field and constant voltage
Scaling in conventional MOSFET for constant electric field and constant voltageRCC Institute of Information Technology
Scaling in conventional MOSFETCarrier scattering and ballistic transport
The document discusses various types of carrier scattering that can occur in semiconductor devices. It describes scattering from ionized impurities, neutral impurities, dipoles, acoustic phonons via deformation potential and piezoelectric potential, optical phonons through polar and nonpolar interactions, and dislocations. It also defines ballistic transport as occurring when the carrier mean free path is longer than the device dimensions, resulting in phase coherent motion without scattering or heat generation.
Electromagnetic Wave Propagations
This document summarizes lecture notes on electromagnetic wave propagation in free space from a course on electromagnetic theory. It begins with an introduction and lists the course details. It then derives Maxwell's equations in free space and shows that they lead to wave equations for the electric and magnetic fields. It is shown that the electric and magnetic field vectors are perpendicular to each other and the propagation vector. Key concepts discussed include the Poynting vector, energy, impedance, phase velocity, wavelength, and the relation between the electric and magnetic fields. Several examples are worked through.
Biot-Savart law
This document contains lecture notes on electromagnetic theory from a course taught by Arpan Deyasi. It discusses the Biot-Savart law, which gives mathematical expressions for the magnetic field created by steady current-carrying wires and distributions of electric current. It also covers the Lorentz force law and how it relates to the combined electric and magnetic forces on a moving charged particle. Examples are presented on calculating magnetic fields and forces. The document concludes by deriving the solenoidal property of magnetic fields.
Ampere's circuital law
This document contains lecture notes on Ampere's circuital law from an Electromagnetic Theory course taught by Arpan Deyasi. It includes the integral and differential forms of Ampere's law, examples of using the law to determine magnetic fields and currents, and a case study of the magnetic field due to an infinite sheet of current. The key points covered are that the line integral of the magnetic field around a closed path equals the total current enclosed, and the curl of the magnetic field equals the current density.
Magnetic Potentials
This document contains lecture notes from a course on electromagnetic theory taught by Arpan Deyasi. It covers topics on magnetic scalar and vector potentials, including their definitions, properties, and applications to problems involving magnetic fields generated by currents. The notes provide the mathematical relationships between magnetic fields and potentials, and work through examples such as calculating the potentials for an infinite solenoid and current-carrying wire.
Reflection and Transmission coefficients in transmission line
Reflection and Transmission coefficients in transmission lineRCC Institute of Information Technology
This document discusses transmission line propagation coefficients including reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient. It defines the reflection coefficient as the ratio of reflected to incident voltage or current. Reflection and transmission coefficients are derived for a transmission line terminated by a load impedance. Standing wave patterns on transmission lines are also analyzed. Key properties of standing waves include maximum and minimum voltages occurring at intervals of half wavelength and voltages/currents being 90 degrees out of phase.Impedance in transmission line
The document discusses transmission line impedance and input impedance. It defines characteristic impedance as the ratio of voltage to current waves travelling along a transmission line. It provides expressions for characteristic impedance in terms of line parameters R, L, G, C. It then derives expressions for input impedance of open circuit, short circuit, matched and mismatched lossless transmission lines. It shows that input impedance is capacitive for a short open circuit line and inductive for a short circuit line.
Distortionless Transmission Line
This document discusses transmission lines and the conditions required for distortionless transmission. It notes that losses in transmission lines can occur due to I2R loss, skin effect, and crystallization. Distortion can arise from amplitude distortion, attenuation distortion, and phase distortion. The conditions for distortionless transmission are that the attenuation constant must be zero and the phase velocity must be independent of frequency. This requires that the line's inductance and capacitance per unit length satisfy LG/RC=1/2. The document also examines propagation constants and phase velocity for lossless transmission lines. It provides examples of calculating phase velocity, propagation constant, and phase wavelength for given line parameters.
Quantum Hall Effect
The document summarizes a lecture on the quantum Hall effect. It defines the quantum Hall effect as a phenomenon where the resistance of a quantum well system is quantized under low temperature and high magnetic field conditions. It then provides calculations to show that the quantum Hall resistance is quantized and equal to h/q^2, where h is Planck's constant and q is the elementary charge. Finally, it discusses how the quantization occurs due to the formation of discrete energy levels called Landau levels in the presence of a magnetic field.
Telegrapher's Equation
This document discusses transmission lines and the Telegrapher's equation. It begins by introducing transmission lines and their parameters such as resistance, inductance, conductance and capacitance per unit length. It then derives the Telegrapher's equation that describes voltage and current on a transmission line. It shows how the equation can be used to find the propagation constant and solve for voltage and current as a function of position and time. It also discusses phase velocity and provides examples of calculating attenuation constant, phase constant, and phase velocity for different transmission line scenarios.
Dielectrics
This document discusses the topic of electrostatics and dielectrics in the Electromagnetic Theory course. It defines a dielectric as a material where charge displacement occurs in an external electric field rather than free motion of charges. Dielectrics are classified as polar or nonpolar depending on whether they have a permanent dipole moment. The types of polarization in dielectrics are electronic, orientation, and ionic polarization. Key concepts discussed include polarization density, polarization charge density, the relationship between polarization and electric field through susceptibility and relative permittivity, atomic polarizability, and the relationship between polarization and electric displacement. An example problem calculates the polarization given the electric displacement.
Capacitor
1) The document discusses different types of capacitors including parallel plate, cylindrical, and spherical capacitors. Equations for electrostatic potential and electric field are derived for each type.
2) Examples problems are worked out on determining the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor when a dielectric slab is inserted, and the capacitance of a coaxial cylindrical capacitor with dielectrics of different permittivities in each region.
3) Key equations presented include the capacitance of parallel plate, cylindrical, and spherical capacitors in terms of their geometric parameters and dielectric properties.
Electrical Properties of Dipole
1) An electric dipole is formed when two equal but opposite charges are separated by an infinitesimal distance. The dipole moment is defined as the product of the charge magnitude and the distance between them.
2) The electrostatic potential and electric field due to a dipole can be expressed in terms of the dipole moment. The potential and field decrease with increasing distance from the dipole.
3) A torque is experienced by a dipole when placed in an external electric field, with the torque being proportional to the cross product of the dipole moment and the electric field.
Application of Gauss' Law
This document contains lecture notes on electrostatics and the application of Gauss' law from a course on electromagnetic theory taught by Arpan Deyasi. It defines line charge density, surface charge density, and volume charge density. It then uses Gauss' law to derive expressions for the electric field and potential due to different charge distributions, including line charges, surface charges on a ring and plane, and volume charges in a cylinder and sphere. Example problems are worked through applying Gauss' law to find electric fields and potentials for these various charge distributions.
Fundamentals of Gauss' Law
This document discusses Gauss's law and related electromagnetic theory concepts taught in a course. It provides:
1) An overview of Gauss's law, which states that the total outward electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the total charge enclosed divided by the permittivity of the medium.
2) Derivations and proofs of Gauss's law using calculus theorems like divergence theorem.
3) Applications of Gauss's law to problems involving charge distributions and electric field calculations.
4) Discussions of related concepts like Gauss's law in polarized media, current continuity equation, relaxation time, and Poisson's equation.
5) Example problems demonstrating the application of these electromagnetic theory principles.
Fundamentals of Coulomb's Law
This document discusses Coulomb's law and some key concepts in electrostatics, including:
- Coulomb's law describes the electrostatic force between two point charges, being directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
- The electric field intensity and electric flux density are introduced.
- Properties of the electric field such as it being irrotational are examined.
- The electrostatic potential is defined and its relationship to the electric field is explored.
Vector Integration
This document discusses vector calculus theorems including Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem. Stokes' theorem relates the line integral of a vector field around a closed curve to the surface integral of the curl of the vector field over any surface bounded by the curve. The divergence theorem relates the volume integral of the divergence of a vector field over a volume to the surface integral of the vector field over the boundary surface of that volume. The document provides proofs of these theorems and examples of their applications to problems involving conservative vector fields and evaluating integrals.
Scalar and vector differentiation
This document discusses a course on electromagnetic theory taught by Arpan Deyasi. It covers topics related to vector differentiation, including the vector differential operator in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates. It also covers differentiation of scalar functions, including calculating gradients, directional derivatives and finding normals to surfaces. Finally, it discusses differentiation of vector functions, specifically divergence, which represents the volume density of the net outward flux from a vector field.
Coordinate transformation
The document discusses various coordinate transformations between Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. It provides the transformation equations for scalar and vector variables between these coordinate systems. Examples are included to demonstrate transforming between Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates for points in both scalar and vector form. The key topics covered are the four types of coordinate transformations, the transformation equations, and examples to illustrate the transformations.
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Scaling in conventional MOSFET for constant electric field and constant voltage
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留信网认证的作用:
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
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校名:学校英文全称
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毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
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Sun transit outage
- 1. Arpan Deyasi Dept of ECE, RCCIIT, Kolkata, India Course: MCE203A Sun Transit Outage 5/18/2020 1Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 2. Sun transit outage is an phenomena where geostationary satellite signals are interrupted caused by interference from solar radiation What is Sun Transit Outage? 5/18/2020 2Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 3. Features of Sun Transit Outage This effect lasts for 6 days around the equinoxes This effect occurs for a maximum period of 10 minutes Generally, sun outages occur in February, March, September, October 5/18/2020 3Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 4. Solar Eclipse on Satellite 5/18/2020 4Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 5. A satellite is said to be in eclipse when sunlight is prevented to reach it by the earth or the Moon Solar Eclipse on Satellite 5/18/2020 5Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 6. If Earth’s orbital plane around Sun coincides with Earth’s equatorial plane, then geostationary orbit will be eclipsed by the earth. This is called the earth eclipse of satellite. Solar Eclipse on Satellite 5/18/2020 6Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 7. For geostationary satellite, the Solar eclipse due to Earth occurs during two periods begins 23 days before equinox and ends 23 days after equinox Features of Solar Eclipse During eclipse, satellite receives no power from its solar panels and it has to operate on its onboard standby batteries which reduce satellite life 5/18/2020 7Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 8. Mathematical formulation of Solar eclipse ie(t): inclination angle of earth’s equatorial plane w.r.t Sun’s direction 2 ( ) 23.5sine t i t T π = where T = 365 days ie(t): maximum is summer and winter solstices zero in spring and autumn solstices 5/18/2020 8Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 9. Mathematical formulation of Solar eclipse Maximum shadow angle of Earth 1 e max e 0 R 180 2cos R R φ − = °− + Re: Earth radius R0: satellite distance 5/18/2020 9Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 10. Mathematical formulation of Solar eclipse Re = 6378 km R0 = 35786 km Φmax = 17.4° Duration of eclipse considering 24 hours period max 17.4 24 360 t hr ° = × ° max 1.16t hr= 5/18/2020 10Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 11. Mathematical formulation of Solar eclipse Relative position of Sun is calculated from first eclipse day before equinox and last day after equinox max( ) 0.5 8.7ei t φ= = ° Corresponding time ‘t’ is 1365 87 sin 23.5 t π − = 21t days 5/18/2020 11Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 12. Features of Solar Eclipse 5/18/2020 12Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 13. 5/18/2020 13Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 14. When moon passes in front of sun, moon eclipse occurs It is less important as it takes place for short duration (twice in every 24 hours for an average of few minutes) Lunar Eclipse 5/18/2020 14Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 15. Way to avoid eclipse during satellite lifetime When satellite longitude is East of the Earth station, then it enters in the eclipse during daylight and early morning This is undesirable if the satellite has to operate on reduced battery power Conclusion: Satellite longitudes should be set at West of Earth station When satellite longitude is West of the earth station, eclipse does not occur until the Earth station is in darkness when usage is likely to be low 5/18/2020 15Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 16. Doppler frequency shift LEO satellite is in relative motion w.r.t Earth station terminal GEO satellite appears stationary w.r.t Earth station terminal 5/18/2020 16Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 17. Doppler frequency shift As GEO satellites moves w.r.t Earth station, frequency of satellite transmitter varies w.r.t receiver of Earth station Doppler shift R T T T T P f f f v f f v ∆ − = = fR: transmitted signal frequency fT: received signal frequency vT: component of satellite transmitter velocity directed towards Earth station receiver vP: phase velocity of e.m wave in free space 5/18/2020 17Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A
- 18. http://archive.mu.ac.in/myweb_test/Satelight%20Comm..pdf A. K. Maini, V. Agarawal, “Satellite Communications”, Wiley, 1st Ed., 2019 References S. Katiyar, “Satellite Communication”, S. K. Kataria & Sons, 1st Ed., 2007 5/18/2020 18Arpan Deyasi, RCCIIT, MCE203A