The document provides details about the Nuclear Fuel Complex located in Hyderabad, India. It discusses the production of zirconium oxide through processes like dissolution, solvent extraction, scrubbing, stripping, and calcination. The zirconium oxide powder is then used to produce zirconium sponge and zircalloy components through further processes. The Nuclear Fuel Complex aims to indigenously manufacture nuclear fuel and reactor components through these processes to support India's three stage nuclear power program.
The document discusses zirconium oxide production and the designing of double pipe heat exchangers. It begins with an introduction to the need for nuclear power and an overview of the Nuclear Fuel Complex in India. It then describes the process of zirconium oxide production, including dissolution, solvent extraction, precipitation, and other steps. It also provides background information on zirconium and hafnium, and discusses properties and applications of zirconium oxide. Finally, it covers heat exchanger classification and designing double pipe heat exchangers through calculating parameters such as heat transfer rate.
Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
The document discusses the open hearth furnace process used in foundries. The open hearth furnace uses direct contact between fuel and metals to melt iron, aluminum, and other materials. It consists of a shallow bath capable of holding 60-300 tons of metal, with heating chambers on the sides and openings at each end to allow heated gases to burn and escape. The furnace lining depends on the impurities in the metal. Once charged and heated to 1500C, the scrap and pig iron melt over 3 hours as impurities are removed. The molten steel is then tapped and deslagged before being poured into ingots or castings.
Phosphorus should be removed after silicon. Phosphorus forms brittle iron phosphide so must be removed during steelmaking. It can be effectively removed by employing a high basicity slag created by adding lime, which separates the Fe and P lines in an Ellingham diagram. Soda ash is a stronger base than lime but is too corrosive for practical use. Phosphorus removal is best at lower temperatures to prevent reversion, and is proportional to basicity, iron oxide, and inversely proportional to temperature.
This document discusses the process of steel making. It begins by introducing steel and its types, which are classified based on carbon percentage as carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloy steel. It then describes the main steel making methods. The basic oxygen furnace uses carbon-rich pig iron and oxygen to produce low-carbon steel. The electric arc furnace produces specialty steels by heating scrap metal with an electric arc. Secondary steelmaking processes such as argon oxygen decarburization further refine the steel through decarburization, desulphurization, and alloying.
The document discusses materials science and engineering, specifically focusing on the production of iron and steel. It begins with an introduction to materials science and engineering. It then describes the production process of pig iron, including raw material procurement, blast furnace production, and products. It further discusses various steel production methods like basic oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace production. Continuous casting and different steel products are also outlined. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key industrial processes for producing iron and steel, from raw materials to final products.
The document provides information about electric arc furnaces (EAF) used for steelmaking. It discusses that EAFs use electric arcs between graphite electrodes and metallic charges to melt scrap steel at temperatures over 4000°C. EAFs allow oxidizing or reducing conditions and can use different slags. While costly due to electrical energy needs, EAFs offer flexibility in steel grades produced and can use scrap steel or hot metal from blast furnaces. Modern developments aim to reduce energy use and emissions in EAF steelmaking.
Vacuum degassing is commonly used in steel production to remove gases like hydrogen and nitrogen from liquid steel. It works by exposing the steel to vacuum conditions, which allows the gases to be readily removed. Specifically, vacuum degassing lowers the levels of dissolved gases to parts per million and improves the quality of the final cast product by preventing cracking defects. It is a critical process that improves both productivity and quality in continuous steel casting.
The document discusses zirconium oxide production and the designing of double pipe heat exchangers. It begins with an introduction to the need for nuclear power and an overview of the Nuclear Fuel Complex in India. It then describes the process of zirconium oxide production, including dissolution, solvent extraction, precipitation, and other steps. It also provides background information on zirconium and hafnium, and discusses properties and applications of zirconium oxide. Finally, it covers heat exchanger classification and designing double pipe heat exchangers through calculating parameters such as heat transfer rate.
Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
The document discusses the open hearth furnace process used in foundries. The open hearth furnace uses direct contact between fuel and metals to melt iron, aluminum, and other materials. It consists of a shallow bath capable of holding 60-300 tons of metal, with heating chambers on the sides and openings at each end to allow heated gases to burn and escape. The furnace lining depends on the impurities in the metal. Once charged and heated to 1500C, the scrap and pig iron melt over 3 hours as impurities are removed. The molten steel is then tapped and deslagged before being poured into ingots or castings.
Phosphorus should be removed after silicon. Phosphorus forms brittle iron phosphide so must be removed during steelmaking. It can be effectively removed by employing a high basicity slag created by adding lime, which separates the Fe and P lines in an Ellingham diagram. Soda ash is a stronger base than lime but is too corrosive for practical use. Phosphorus removal is best at lower temperatures to prevent reversion, and is proportional to basicity, iron oxide, and inversely proportional to temperature.
This document discusses the process of steel making. It begins by introducing steel and its types, which are classified based on carbon percentage as carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloy steel. It then describes the main steel making methods. The basic oxygen furnace uses carbon-rich pig iron and oxygen to produce low-carbon steel. The electric arc furnace produces specialty steels by heating scrap metal with an electric arc. Secondary steelmaking processes such as argon oxygen decarburization further refine the steel through decarburization, desulphurization, and alloying.
The document discusses materials science and engineering, specifically focusing on the production of iron and steel. It begins with an introduction to materials science and engineering. It then describes the production process of pig iron, including raw material procurement, blast furnace production, and products. It further discusses various steel production methods like basic oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace production. Continuous casting and different steel products are also outlined. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key industrial processes for producing iron and steel, from raw materials to final products.
The document provides information about electric arc furnaces (EAF) used for steelmaking. It discusses that EAFs use electric arcs between graphite electrodes and metallic charges to melt scrap steel at temperatures over 4000°C. EAFs allow oxidizing or reducing conditions and can use different slags. While costly due to electrical energy needs, EAFs offer flexibility in steel grades produced and can use scrap steel or hot metal from blast furnaces. Modern developments aim to reduce energy use and emissions in EAF steelmaking.
Vacuum degassing is commonly used in steel production to remove gases like hydrogen and nitrogen from liquid steel. It works by exposing the steel to vacuum conditions, which allows the gases to be readily removed. Specifically, vacuum degassing lowers the levels of dissolved gases to parts per million and improves the quality of the final cast product by preventing cracking defects. It is a critical process that improves both productivity and quality in continuous steel casting.
Ladle Metallurgy: Basics, Objectives and ProcessesElakkiya Mani
Worldwide steel production in 2019 reached 1869 million tons, with China as the largest producer at 996 million tons. India was the second largest steel producer at 111 million tons. Ladle metallurgy involves further refining of molten steel in a ladle after tapping from a converter or electric furnace. It allows for homogenization, deoxidation, desulfurization, and other processes. Key ladle metallurgy techniques include ladle furnace treatment, argon stirring, vacuum degassing, and alloy additions to adjust steel chemistry and properties.
The document summarizes the key steps in the oxygen top blowing steelmaking process. It describes:
1) The raw materials charged including hot metal, scrap, and fluxes that are used to form slag.
2) The reactions that occur during blowing including decarburization, desulfurization, and removal of phosphorus, silicon, and manganese. Slag composition also changes during this stage.
3) After blowing is complete, the steel is sampled and additional blowing may occur if specifications are not met. Slag is also analyzed to check composition.
The document discusses sinter making technology used in iron ore mining. It describes how iron ore fines generated during mining cannot be directly charged in blast furnaces due to size restrictions. Sintering is used to agglomerate the fines into a porous mass that meets size requirements. The key steps in sinter making include: 1) raw material preparation through crushing, mixing and granulation to produce a homogeneous mixture, 2) ignition of the mixture on a traveling grate where combustion of fuel preheats and agglomerates the fines into sinter.
The document discusses the structure and properties of metallurgical slags. It states that slags comprise complex compounds of oxides from gangue minerals and sulphides that protect the metal melt. The structure and properties of slags, such as basicity and viscosity, are controlled by their composition. Network forming oxides like SiO2 form stable hexagonal networks, while network breaking oxides like CaO disrupt these networks. The fraction of ionic and covalent bonding in oxides determines their behavior in slags.
The Bessemer process has limitations that make it outdated for steel production. It requires specific pig iron composition, can only remove some impurities, and produces steel with high nitrogen levels. The open hearth process overcomes many of these issues. It can use scrap iron alone, takes longer but allows for more control and uniform product quality. The open hearth process involves charging raw materials into a Siemens furnace, melting them, refining to the desired analysis, and then tapping the molten steel. Fettling repairs the furnace lining between heats to improve furnace life.
This document provides information about monolithic refractories produced at Vesuvius India Ltd. It discusses the advantages of monolithic refractories over precast refractories. It also categorizes and describes different types of monolithic refractories like low cement castables, conventional castables, ultra low cement castables and no cement castables. Furthermore, it lists the raw materials used and their properties, including various aluminas, alumino silicates, silica based materials, zircon sand and insulating materials. The document aims to give an overview of the manufacturing and applications of monolithic refractories.
Here is a slide, which introduces basic information about cast aluminum alloys, how to name each alloy, selection rules, some example regrading of alloys from each group and their properties.
Hope you find it interesting and helps you in any way possible.
In this presentation at the Tire Technology Expo and Conference 2023, 5 mega topics for recovered carbon black are discussed, the history of carbon black and recovered carbon black, the recovered carbon black industry scale up, specifications and norms for recovered carbon black, recovered carbon black composition, green credentials for recovered carbon black and last but not least the changing business paradigm in the recovered carbon black industry.
Nitriding and carbonitriding are heat treatment processes that diffuse nitrogen into the surface of a metal to harden it. Carbonitriding additionally incorporates carbon to create a harder case. Both processes increase wear resistance, fatigue life, and surface hardness, while reducing distortion compared to other hardening methods. They are commonly used to treat aircraft, automotive, tool, and industrial parts.
This document discusses coal blending for coke making. It begins by explaining the role of coke in the blast furnace process for iron production. Coke provides heat, acts as a chemical reducing agent, and supports the iron burden. High quality coals are advantageous for making better quality cokes. The document then covers topics like coal formation, coalification, testing methods for coal and coke, and the components of coal. It discusses parameters for determining the coking characteristics of coal like volatile matter, rank, caking behavior, fluidity and composition. The importance of coal blending to control rank and agglomerating properties is explained. Finally, the carbonization and coke making process is briefly outlined.
Surface treatment of metals is an important process that dates back thousands of years. It involves changing the surface properties of metals for purposes such as decoration, hardness, and corrosion prevention. Common surface treatment methods include case hardening to harden surfaces while leaving interiors soft, electroplating to deposit different metals on surfaces, and vapor deposition to apply coatings through chemical reactions with gases. Joining and cutting are also important manufacturing processes that involve combining or shaping materials.
This document summarizes a project at Sohar Aluminium to handle hazardous aluminum dross generated at the casthouse. It discusses how dross is formed, its composition, and initial challenges with accumulation. The project implemented internal dross processing by cooling it with inert gas to stop combustion, then feeding it into the bath plant for separation and metal recovery. These improvements addressed dross issues, reduced waste, and allowed for complete recycling and cost benefits.
This document summarizes the process of preparing a tundish for continuous casting of steel. It discusses what a tundish is, the different lining layers including insulation, backup, and working linings. It details the steps to deskull, cool, and apply each lining layer. Key tundish furniture like the submerged entry nozzle and stopper are also described. The final steps of preheating the tundish and attached equipment before use in continuous casting are outlined.
The blast furnace is a counter-current heat exchanger used to smelt iron from iron ore for steel production. Reactions inside reduce iron oxides to molten iron and separate impurities into a slag. The furnace operates at over 1500°C, using coke as the reducing agent and limestone as a flux. Key reactions include the reduction of iron oxides to iron and carbon monoxide, and the removal of impurities like sulfur. The process produces molten iron, known as pig iron, and a slag byproduct. The composition of the pig iron depends on the burden chemistry and furnace operating temperature.
This document discusses induction melting technologies and processes. It begins with an outline and overview of induction furnaces for melting, holding, and pouring metals, including induction crucible furnaces and induction channel furnaces. It then discusses specific applications like melting ferrous and non-ferrous metals, holding and pouring metals, and melting high-performance metals. The document also covers melting in cold crucibles, and skull melting and pouring of oxides and glass. Diagrams and images are provided to illustrate typical designs and applications of different induction furnace types.
The document discusses various topics related to iron making and steel production, including:
1. It defines metallurgy and divides it into extractive metallurgy, physical metallurgy, and other subfields. Extractive metallurgy involves separating and concentrating raw materials.
2. It describes the production of pig iron using a blast furnace, which involves heating iron ore with coke to produce a molten iron alloy containing 3-4% carbon.
3. It then discusses the various processes for producing steel from pig iron, including the Bessemer process, open hearth furnace, and basic oxygen furnace, which reduce the carbon and impurity levels in pig iron
This document provides information about the sintering process used in iron and steelmaking. It defines sintering as the agglomeration of iron ore fines into a porous mass through controlled combustion. It describes the main components and sections of a sinter plant, including raw material preparation, stockpiles, sinter machines, and product screening. It also explains the principles of sintering, where a permeable iron ore and additive mix is ignited to fuse particles together into agglomerates through heat generated within the mix.
India has an installed nuclear power capacity of X GW as of 2008, accounting for a% of total power generation. The government aims to increase capacity to Y GW by 2012 and Z GW by 20--. Several domestic and foreign companies have recently signed partnerships focused on engineering, construction, and manufacturing to capitalize on the government's ambitious nuclear energy expansion plans. Key challenges include the high costs of nuclear power, reliance on foreign fuel supplies, and the lack of domestic expertise.
TAPS Industrial Visit Report 2015 BCOE by Raviraj AhireRaviraj Ahire
The document summarizes an industrial visit by 120 mechanical engineering students from Bharat College of Engineering to the Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS). The students visited various areas of the nuclear power plant including the control room, turbine room, and nuclear training center. They learned about nuclear technology and the working of TAPS. Presentations were given on nuclear safety, emergency preparedness, and radiation monitoring. Students gained exposure to nuclear power plant operations and career opportunities. The visit provided valuable practical learning experience supplementing the students' academic coursework in power plant engineering.
Ladle Metallurgy: Basics, Objectives and ProcessesElakkiya Mani
Worldwide steel production in 2019 reached 1869 million tons, with China as the largest producer at 996 million tons. India was the second largest steel producer at 111 million tons. Ladle metallurgy involves further refining of molten steel in a ladle after tapping from a converter or electric furnace. It allows for homogenization, deoxidation, desulfurization, and other processes. Key ladle metallurgy techniques include ladle furnace treatment, argon stirring, vacuum degassing, and alloy additions to adjust steel chemistry and properties.
The document summarizes the key steps in the oxygen top blowing steelmaking process. It describes:
1) The raw materials charged including hot metal, scrap, and fluxes that are used to form slag.
2) The reactions that occur during blowing including decarburization, desulfurization, and removal of phosphorus, silicon, and manganese. Slag composition also changes during this stage.
3) After blowing is complete, the steel is sampled and additional blowing may occur if specifications are not met. Slag is also analyzed to check composition.
The document discusses sinter making technology used in iron ore mining. It describes how iron ore fines generated during mining cannot be directly charged in blast furnaces due to size restrictions. Sintering is used to agglomerate the fines into a porous mass that meets size requirements. The key steps in sinter making include: 1) raw material preparation through crushing, mixing and granulation to produce a homogeneous mixture, 2) ignition of the mixture on a traveling grate where combustion of fuel preheats and agglomerates the fines into sinter.
The document discusses the structure and properties of metallurgical slags. It states that slags comprise complex compounds of oxides from gangue minerals and sulphides that protect the metal melt. The structure and properties of slags, such as basicity and viscosity, are controlled by their composition. Network forming oxides like SiO2 form stable hexagonal networks, while network breaking oxides like CaO disrupt these networks. The fraction of ionic and covalent bonding in oxides determines their behavior in slags.
The Bessemer process has limitations that make it outdated for steel production. It requires specific pig iron composition, can only remove some impurities, and produces steel with high nitrogen levels. The open hearth process overcomes many of these issues. It can use scrap iron alone, takes longer but allows for more control and uniform product quality. The open hearth process involves charging raw materials into a Siemens furnace, melting them, refining to the desired analysis, and then tapping the molten steel. Fettling repairs the furnace lining between heats to improve furnace life.
This document provides information about monolithic refractories produced at Vesuvius India Ltd. It discusses the advantages of monolithic refractories over precast refractories. It also categorizes and describes different types of monolithic refractories like low cement castables, conventional castables, ultra low cement castables and no cement castables. Furthermore, it lists the raw materials used and their properties, including various aluminas, alumino silicates, silica based materials, zircon sand and insulating materials. The document aims to give an overview of the manufacturing and applications of monolithic refractories.
Here is a slide, which introduces basic information about cast aluminum alloys, how to name each alloy, selection rules, some example regrading of alloys from each group and their properties.
Hope you find it interesting and helps you in any way possible.
In this presentation at the Tire Technology Expo and Conference 2023, 5 mega topics for recovered carbon black are discussed, the history of carbon black and recovered carbon black, the recovered carbon black industry scale up, specifications and norms for recovered carbon black, recovered carbon black composition, green credentials for recovered carbon black and last but not least the changing business paradigm in the recovered carbon black industry.
Nitriding and carbonitriding are heat treatment processes that diffuse nitrogen into the surface of a metal to harden it. Carbonitriding additionally incorporates carbon to create a harder case. Both processes increase wear resistance, fatigue life, and surface hardness, while reducing distortion compared to other hardening methods. They are commonly used to treat aircraft, automotive, tool, and industrial parts.
This document discusses coal blending for coke making. It begins by explaining the role of coke in the blast furnace process for iron production. Coke provides heat, acts as a chemical reducing agent, and supports the iron burden. High quality coals are advantageous for making better quality cokes. The document then covers topics like coal formation, coalification, testing methods for coal and coke, and the components of coal. It discusses parameters for determining the coking characteristics of coal like volatile matter, rank, caking behavior, fluidity and composition. The importance of coal blending to control rank and agglomerating properties is explained. Finally, the carbonization and coke making process is briefly outlined.
Surface treatment of metals is an important process that dates back thousands of years. It involves changing the surface properties of metals for purposes such as decoration, hardness, and corrosion prevention. Common surface treatment methods include case hardening to harden surfaces while leaving interiors soft, electroplating to deposit different metals on surfaces, and vapor deposition to apply coatings through chemical reactions with gases. Joining and cutting are also important manufacturing processes that involve combining or shaping materials.
This document summarizes a project at Sohar Aluminium to handle hazardous aluminum dross generated at the casthouse. It discusses how dross is formed, its composition, and initial challenges with accumulation. The project implemented internal dross processing by cooling it with inert gas to stop combustion, then feeding it into the bath plant for separation and metal recovery. These improvements addressed dross issues, reduced waste, and allowed for complete recycling and cost benefits.
This document summarizes the process of preparing a tundish for continuous casting of steel. It discusses what a tundish is, the different lining layers including insulation, backup, and working linings. It details the steps to deskull, cool, and apply each lining layer. Key tundish furniture like the submerged entry nozzle and stopper are also described. The final steps of preheating the tundish and attached equipment before use in continuous casting are outlined.
The blast furnace is a counter-current heat exchanger used to smelt iron from iron ore for steel production. Reactions inside reduce iron oxides to molten iron and separate impurities into a slag. The furnace operates at over 1500°C, using coke as the reducing agent and limestone as a flux. Key reactions include the reduction of iron oxides to iron and carbon monoxide, and the removal of impurities like sulfur. The process produces molten iron, known as pig iron, and a slag byproduct. The composition of the pig iron depends on the burden chemistry and furnace operating temperature.
This document discusses induction melting technologies and processes. It begins with an outline and overview of induction furnaces for melting, holding, and pouring metals, including induction crucible furnaces and induction channel furnaces. It then discusses specific applications like melting ferrous and non-ferrous metals, holding and pouring metals, and melting high-performance metals. The document also covers melting in cold crucibles, and skull melting and pouring of oxides and glass. Diagrams and images are provided to illustrate typical designs and applications of different induction furnace types.
The document discusses various topics related to iron making and steel production, including:
1. It defines metallurgy and divides it into extractive metallurgy, physical metallurgy, and other subfields. Extractive metallurgy involves separating and concentrating raw materials.
2. It describes the production of pig iron using a blast furnace, which involves heating iron ore with coke to produce a molten iron alloy containing 3-4% carbon.
3. It then discusses the various processes for producing steel from pig iron, including the Bessemer process, open hearth furnace, and basic oxygen furnace, which reduce the carbon and impurity levels in pig iron
This document provides information about the sintering process used in iron and steelmaking. It defines sintering as the agglomeration of iron ore fines into a porous mass through controlled combustion. It describes the main components and sections of a sinter plant, including raw material preparation, stockpiles, sinter machines, and product screening. It also explains the principles of sintering, where a permeable iron ore and additive mix is ignited to fuse particles together into agglomerates through heat generated within the mix.
India has an installed nuclear power capacity of X GW as of 2008, accounting for a% of total power generation. The government aims to increase capacity to Y GW by 2012 and Z GW by 20--. Several domestic and foreign companies have recently signed partnerships focused on engineering, construction, and manufacturing to capitalize on the government's ambitious nuclear energy expansion plans. Key challenges include the high costs of nuclear power, reliance on foreign fuel supplies, and the lack of domestic expertise.
TAPS Industrial Visit Report 2015 BCOE by Raviraj AhireRaviraj Ahire
The document summarizes an industrial visit by 120 mechanical engineering students from Bharat College of Engineering to the Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS). The students visited various areas of the nuclear power plant including the control room, turbine room, and nuclear training center. They learned about nuclear technology and the working of TAPS. Presentations were given on nuclear safety, emergency preparedness, and radiation monitoring. Students gained exposure to nuclear power plant operations and career opportunities. The visit provided valuable practical learning experience supplementing the students' academic coursework in power plant engineering.
This document is an application form for a trainee mechanical position at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. The applicant provides personal details like name, date of birth, address, education history, and employment history. He indicates his highest qualification as a diploma in mechanical engineering from MSBTE in 2010. He is currently pursuing a Bachelor of Engineering degree in mechanical engineering at SRT Nanded University.
Heavy engineering corporation summer traing projectShashi Ranjan
This project contains various glimpses and working information of this organisation by which viewer can get a short idea about what the H.E.C. actually deal with.
The document summarizes an industrial training at Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd (HEC) in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. HEC has three main manufacturing units: a Foundry Forge Plant that produces castings and forgings, a Heavy Machine Building Plant that manufactures equipment for steel plants and other industries, and a Heavy Machine Tools Plant that designs machine tools. The training covered tours of each plant and their manufacturing capabilities. Key equipment seen included a 6000-ton hydraulic press and large lathes and boring mills. HEC produces products like electric overhead cranes, mining shovels, and specialized machine tools.
Heavy engineering corporation project reportAshish Raj
The document summarizes the casting, forging, heat treatment, and machining processes at Heavy Engineering Corporation's Foundry Forge Plant, Heavy Machine Building Plant, and Heavy Machine Tool Plant. It describes the key areas like the foundry, forge shop, machine shop, and their core processes. It also provides details on melting, furnaces like electric arc and vacuum arc degassing, heat treatment techniques like annealing and normalizing, and machining operations. The overall document gives an overview of the different production areas and manufacturing processes at Heavy Engineering Corporation.
This document provides an overview of an industrial training report submitted by Shyamakant Sharan at Heavy Engineering Corporation Limited in Ranchi, India. The summary covers:
1) HEC operates four main divisions - Heavy Machine Building Plant, Foundry Forge Plant, Heavy Machine Tools Plant, and Projects Division which designs and executes turnkey projects.
2) HEC's key business areas and products include steel plant equipment, mining equipment, machine tools, products for defense and strategic sectors, and heavy castings/forgings.
3) The report describes various equipment manufactured by HEC such as blast furnaces, coke oven batteries, continuous casting machines, steel melting converters, forged rolls, electric
The document discusses rural marketing in India. It defines rural as areas with populations under 5,000 and where 75% of males work in agriculture. Rural marketing involves all aspects of bringing a farm commodity to market. Key features of rural markets include their large, scattered size; diverse socioeconomics; agriculture-based income; and traditional outlook. The document outlines strategies for rural marketing, including addressing availability, affordability, acceptability, and awareness. It also discusses the rural consumer profile and strategies to motivate rural consumers.
The document provides information about the vocational training report submitted by Ashish Ranjan on casting, forging, heat treatment, and machining processes at Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd (HEC). It discusses the various plants at HEC - Foundry Forge Plant (FFP), Heavy Machine Building Plant (HMBP), and Heavy Machine Tools Plant (HMTP). The FFP comprises six main shops for activities like pattern making, grey iron casting, steel casting, forging, machining, and fettling. Detailed processes, equipment and products of these shops are described. The HMBP and HMTP are involved in manufacturing heavy machinery and machine tools respectively using castings and forgings from FFP.
This document provides a training report on a plant data history viewer application created by four students under the guidance of Mr. Nilesh Gohel at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. The application was developed using C# and .NET framework to monitor and log parameters like temperature, pressure, and radiation from a reactor. It allows querying the historical data and generates alarms if parameters exceed normal ranges. The report describes the technologies used to create the application like object-oriented programming, Visual Studio 2010, Windows Presentation Foundation, and databases.
Nuclear power plants produce electricity through nuclear fission, which is the splitting of uranium atom nuclei. This releases a large amount of energy that is used to heat water and produce steam that spins turbines to generate electricity. While nuclear energy produces few greenhouse gas emissions, it generates radioactive nuclear waste that is difficult to store and remains dangerous for thousands of years. The economics of nuclear power are impacted by its high capital costs to build plants, but also low fuel costs over the plant's lifetime.
The document describes a leaching agitation tank used in gold cyanidation processes. It has two rotating impellers that agitate and disperse air through the ore pulp to improve absorption rates. The tank uses a dual impeller system to move the pulp downward and diffuse it along damping plates while air is fed in to form a uniform suspended mixture for leaching. Technical parameters are provided for different tank models ranging from 2 to 8.5 meters in diameter and height, with information on volume, impeller speed, motor power and weight.
This document provides an overview of an internship presentation at Hindustan Zinc Smelter Ltd. in Debari, Udaipur. It introduces the company and describes the key processes involved in zinc production including acid and roaster plants, leaching and purification, electrolysis, and melting and casting. It also summarizes the intern's project studying the operation and maintenance of the acid-roaster plant, outlining the basic processes within the plant such as roasting, gas cleaning, and sulfuric acid production.
This document provides an overview of an internship presentation at Hindustan Zinc Smelter Ltd. in Debari, Udaipur. It introduces the company and describes the key processes involved in zinc production including acid and roaster plants, leaching and purification, electrolysis, and melting and casting. It also summarizes the intern's project studying the operation and maintenance of the acid-roaster plant, outlining the basic processes within the plant such as roasting, gas cleaning, and sulfuric acid production.
Hindustan Zinc Limited operates zinc, lead and silver mines and smelting facilities in India. It produces zinc, lead, silver and sulfuric acid. The document discusses Hindustan Zinc's hydrometallurgical plant processes which involve roasting zinc sulfide ore to produce zinc oxide, leaching the zinc oxide in sulfuric acid to produce zinc sulfate, and electrolysis in a cell house to electrowin zinc from the zinc sulfate solution. It also summarizes three student projects on pneumatic conveying of zinc dust, installation of rotary control valves for material handling, and development of air conditioning for a crane cabin.
HIGH PRESUURE LEACH PLANT PRESENTATION - W KAUZIwina kauzi
The document describes the key components and processes of a high pressure leach plant, including:
1) Autoclaves that oxidize copper sulphide concentrate at high pressure and temperature, producing acid and dissolving copper.
2) A BFS leach circuit that dissolves iron precipitates from the autoclaves, producing ferric sulphate to increase copper recovery.
3) Solid/liquid separation equipment including thickening and filtration to recover solids for further gold processing on site.
The plant utilizes two autoclaves, flash vessels, splash heaters and leaching tanks to oxidize concentrate and recover copper and gold.
The document discusses extractive metallurgy processes for zinc extraction. It describes the major zinc ores and details several pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical extraction processes. The key processes are roasting to produce zinc oxide from zinc sulfide ores, followed by leaching and electrolysis to recover zinc. Approximately 80% of zinc is produced via hydrometallurgical routes like roast-leach-electrowinning.
The document discusses extractive metallurgy processes for zinc. It describes major zinc ores like sphalerite and zincite. Common extraction methods include retort processes, electrolysis, and imperial smelting. Currently, about 80% of zinc is extracted via roast-leach-electrowinning which involves roasting zinc sulfide concentrates, leaching the roasted product, and electrolysis to deposit zinc on cathodes. Alternative methods like pressure leaching and imperial smelting directly produce zinc sulfate solutions or simultaneously extract zinc and lead.
The document summarizes a project to analyze the effect of leaching on the coking properties of coal. Tailings from coal washing contain around 39% ash but leaching reduces this significantly. Alkali leaching at high temperatures is followed by acid leaching to further remove ash-bearing compounds. Testing shows the leached coal has lower ash, higher fixed carbon and volatile matter, and lower oxygen content, all indicating improved coking properties. Analysis of the leached coal using techniques like petrography, FTIR, and CSN index confirm increased vitrinite content and reactivity, translating to higher coke strength for blast furnaces.
history
Humans have known about and used sodium carbonate for thousands of years.
The ancient Egyptians extracted the compound from a mineral known as natron found in dry lake bottoms.
Natron is a combination of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.
The Egyptians used sodium carbonate in the mummification of dead bodies.
chemistry
Structure
Molecular formula: NA2CO3
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 105.988
Density: 2.54 g/cm³
Boiling Point: 1,600 °C
Melting Point: 851 °C
Ph: 11
IUPAC Name: disodium carbonat
Odorless, tasteless and Colourless crystals or white, granular or crystalline powder
chemistry
Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol.
Sodium Carbonate is the disodium salt of carbonic acid with alkalinizing property
When dissolved in water, sodium carbonate forms carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide
The anhydrous form is hygroscopic
occurrence
Sodium carbonate occurs naturally in mineral form as its hydrate salts (such as trona, natron, natrite, etc.). There are several of its mineral deposits found in dry regions around the world
The Solvay process provides most sodium carbonate for industrial use. It is found in large natural deposits and is mined in Wyoming; it is also recovered (with other chemicals) from lake brines in California.
Method of preparation
Sodium carbonate is now exclusively manufactured by the Solvey process.
In this process carbon dioxide and ammonia are passed into a cold saturated solution of sodium chloride.
In the reactions which occur sodium hydrogen carbonate is formed which is only very slightly soluble in the presence of sodium ions, is almost completely precipitated.
It is removed by filtration and ignited to produce sodium carbonate.
The ingredients of this process are readily available and inexpensive.
These are salt brine (NaCl), ammonia (NH3) and limestone (CaCO3).
In this process, CaCl2 is an important by-product obtained.
The reactions can be represented by the following equation
2NH3 + H2O + CO2 → (NH4)2CO3(NH4)2CO3 + H2O + CO2 → 2NH4HCO3
Addition of common salt to the solution containing NH4+ and HCO3– results in the precipitation of NaHCO3 which is least soluble. It is then filtered off.
NH4HCO3 + NaCl → NH4Cl + NaHCO3
Sodium bicarbonate is then heated to give Na2CO3.
2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
The CO2 gas evolved can be reused again
Anhydrous sodium carbonate is dissolved in water and recrystallizes to get washing soda crystals containing 10 molecules of water of crystallization.
The document describes the process for manufacturing heavy liquid paraffins. It involves treating base oils with oleum to convert unsaturated compounds. The treated oil is then neutralized, purified through steps like IPA washing and water washing. It is blended and filtered through a bed of activated earth to remove any remaining impurities. Finally, it is blended to the required viscosity and packed in drums or tankers.
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NALCO is Asia's largest integrated aluminium producer, operating bauxite mines, alumina refineries, aluminium smelters, and casting facilities in Odisha, India. It produces aluminium metal, ingots, billets, wire rods, and alloy products. The company's operations are divided into three major areas: carbon area for anode production, potline area for electrolysis, and casting area for final product shaping. NALCO sources bauxite from open-cast mines and produces alumina at a refinery before smelting aluminium in large pots at its smelter facility.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
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Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
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Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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2. CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION.
- HISTORY.
- SCOPE.
- VISION AND MISSION.
• ABOUT ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM.
• PRODUCTION OF ZIRCALLOY COMPONENTS.
• FLOW SHEET OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE PRODUCTION.
• PROCESS OF PRODUCTION.
- DISSOLUTION.
- SOLVENT EXTRACTION.
- SCRUBBING.
- STRIPPING.
- TREATMENT WITH SODA SOLUTION.
- PERCIPITATION.
- REPLUPING.
- VACCUM FILTRATION.
- DRYING.
- CALCINATION.
- GRINDING.
- BLENDING.
• PROPERTIES AND USES OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE.
3. INTRODUCTION.
HISTORY.
• The Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), established in the year 1971 is a major
industrial unit of Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India.
• NFC is located near the famous shrine of Moula-ali at Hyderabad, is
spread over an area of 150 acres.
• The complex is responsible for the supply of nuclear fuel bundles and
reactor core components for all the nuclear power reactors operating in
India.
SCOPE.
• It is a unique centre in the world where Nuclear fuel and other reactor
core components are manufactured under one roof starting from ore
concentrations to finished, ready to use products thus emulating the
slogan ”ORE TO CORE UNDER ONE ROOF”.
• The complex also symbolizes the strong emphasis on self-reliance in the
Indian Nuclear Power Programme. The advanced technologies for the
production of nuclear grade uranium di-oxide fuel, zirconium.
4. VISION AND MISSION.
• Indiaispursuingathreestagenuclearpower
ProgrammelinkingthefuelcyclesofPressurized
HeavyWaterReactors(PHWR)andLiquidMetal
CooledFastBreederReactors(LMFBR).
• LightWaterReactors(LWR)havealsobeenincludedinthe
programmeinordertoachievethetargetof 20,000MWeofnuclear
powerbytheyear2020.
• Beside supplyingfuelfornuclearinIndia,it also manufactures and supplies
stainless steel core components for the Fast Breeder Reactor
programme, seamless alloy steel and Titanium tubes and other special
high purity materials for both nuclear and non-nuclear applications.
• With highly qualified and committed team of Scientists, Engineers
Technicians, resources, state of the art equipment and technology the
main objective of NFC is poised to meet challenges in the year to come.
6. ZIRCONIUM BELONGS TO GROUP IV PERIOD V, IS A
TRANSITION ELEMENT.
HAFNIUM BELONGS TO GROUP IV AND PERIOD VI, IS ALSO A
TRANSITION ELEMENT.
ATOMIC NO. OF ZIRCONIUM IS 40 AND THAT OF HAFNIUM IS
72.
AS BOTH BELONG TO SAME GROUP, IT BECOME DIFFICULT TO
SEPARATE HAFNIUM FROM ZIRCON SAND.
ABSORPTION CROSS SECTION OF NEUTRON FOR ZIRCONIUM IS
ABOUT 0.18 BARN AND THAT OF HAFNUM IS 115 BARN.
ZIRCONIUM FOUND IN NATURE IN FORM OF ZIRCON SAND (ZrSiO4) IN
WHICH HAFNIUM CONTENT VARY FROM FEW TENTHS OF 1 PERCENT
TO SEVERAL PERCENT.
WHILE NUCLEAR GRADE ZICONIUM IS USED AS CHAIN REACTION
INITIATOR, HAFNIUM IS USED TO CONTROL THE CHAIN REACTION.
ABOUT ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM.
7. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ZIRCONIUM AND
HAFNIUM.
Physical Properties Zr Hf
Atomic number 40 72
Atomic weight 91.22 178.49
Melting point, 0C 1830 2222
Density, g/cc 6.49 13.01-13.09
Boiling point, 0C 2900 3100
Transition temperature,0C 862 1670
Chemical Property Zr Hf
Atomic radius,0A 1.452 1.442
Ionic radius, 0A 0.74 0.75
8. PRODUCTION OF ZIRCALLOY COMPONENTS.
ZIRCONIUM OXIDE PLANT (ZOP).
• Zirconium oxide plant (ZOP) involved in production of zirconium oxide powder
for which zircon sand is used as basic raw material having silicates and hafnium
as critical impurities.
• Zircon sand is subjected to fusion process with Caustic Soda at 650℃ followed by
series of leaching tank to remove sodium silicate.
• After leaching ,it is washed in plate and frame filter press to remove impurities
and alkalinity.
• Obtained washed feed is dried in turbo dryer and then subjected to dissolution
with nitric acid followed by solvent extraction to obtain pure zirconium nitrate
solution.
• Pure zirconium nitrate solution is then precipitated and subjected to drying and
calcination to obtain granules, which is pulverized to obtain fine powder of
zirconium oxide.
ZIRCONIUM SPONGE PLANT (ZSP).
• To produce reactor grade sponge, chlorination of zirconium oxide powder is done
at high temperature in presence of petroleum coke and starch solution.
• ZrO2 + 2Cl2 ZrCl4
9. • Starch in removed in the furnace by coking with continuous supply of cooling
water and N2.
• This briquette is chlorinated at high temperature to obtain zirconium chloride.
ZrCl4 is converted to zirconium metal by Kroll’s reduction reaction.
ZrCl4 (g) + 2Mg (l) Zr (s) + 2MgCl2 + 76 Calmole-1 (at 11500C).
• The reduced mass is vacuum treated at high temperature to distil out MgCl2 to
get pure zirconium.
ZIRCALLOY FABRICATION PLANT (ZFP).
The activities of this plant can be divided into three categories:
• INGOT MAKING: The alloys made in the melt shop are Zircalloy-2 for BWR fuel,
zircalloy-4 for PHWR fuel and Zr-Nb-Cu for a special PHWR component.
• The process involves mixing of alloying elements during briquetting, these are
welded in electro-beam welding equipment to form electrode.
• The electrode melted in furnace vacuum arc melting to make the primary ingots
which are subjected to re-melting to make a homogeneous melt.
10. • HOT EXTRUSION: The ingots are melted in two sizes viz., 300mm diameter and
350mm diameter, which are broken down in hot extrusion press to either rounds
or slabs depending on the end products.
• FINISHING OPERATIONS: Hot extruded rounds are subjected to pilgering to
produce fuel tubes. Slabs are rolled into sheets and further cold rolled to get the
final dimensions.
• These sheets are used for making PHWR/BWR fuel component or calandria
tubes by steam making.
15. PROCESS OF PRODUCTION
DISSOLUTION:(SS-304L)
Raw materials:
• Dry feed powder which is procured in 50kg bags is tested in control lab
before charged in the reactor.
• Nitric Acid (60% concentrated). Nitric acid is stored in two horizontal SS tank
of 150KL capacity.
Chemical reaction:
Zr(OH)4 + 4HNO3 Zr (NO3)4 + 2H2O
16. PROCESS DESCRIPTION.
• Required amount of nitric acid (12N) is charged in the reactor and heated
up to 60℃ by steam at pressure of 3 kg/cm2.
• Calculated amount of dry powder is added to the reactor and agitated for
2 hours followed by settling time of extra 2 hours.
• Dry powder dissolve in nitric acid and reacts to give zirconium nitrate
solution which is feed material for Solvent extraction process.
• As reaction is exothermic reaction ,temperature rises up to 85℃ which
indicates the dissolution process is completed.
• The nitrate solution is then stored in feed tanks having conical bottom
which ensures the draining of slit settles in due course time.
• Temperature should not exceed more than 85℃ ,otherwise nitrate fumes
will form and the batch is rejected.
• Free acidity should be maintained in order to extract zirconium from
zirconium nitrate solution by solvent extraction process.
17. SOLVENT EXTRACTION.
• The process of separation of components of a solution depends upon the
unequal distribution of the components between two immiscible liquids is
known as “LIQUID – LIQUID EXTRACTION”
• Solvent extraction is based on the principle that a solute can distribute
itself in a ratio between two immiscible solvents.
Raw materials:
• Zirconium nitrate solution from the feed tanks.
• Lean solvent (Tri Butyl Phosphate + Kerosene).
• Nitric acid (to maintain free acidity).
PROCESS DESCRIPTION.
• Mixer-settler (made of SS316/304L) is used for the process of extraction.
• The process involve ten stage counter current solvent extraction in which
nitrate solution is introduced in first stage and lean solvent in tenth stage.
• The solvent TBP is selected because of its tendency to extract only
zirconium at a given acidity in the nitrate medium.
18. • A digital rotameter is used in place of float type rotameter as slurries is
handled.
• Nitric acid is added accordingly to each stage after 1st stage to maintain free
acidity.
• The mixing and propagation is done by means of compressed air (air lift
mechanism).
• The principle of air lift mechanism is that when air is mixed with solution, the
density of solution decreases and it causes the solution to rise and also
enhance mixing operation.
19. SCRUBBING:(SS316)
Raw materials:
• Organic (extract) from the slurry extraction.
• Pure solution from stripping.
• Nitric acid.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION.
• Counter current scrubbing of extract is done in mixer-settler by using pure
zirconium nitrate solution obtained from stripping process.
• Mixers contain side baffles and agitator to create turbulence to provide good
mass transfer.
• After proper mixing it is sent to settling compartment where it settles and
then transfer to next stage by means of density difference.
• After ten stages of mixing and settling ,we obtain scrub raffinate and extract
which is feed for stripping process.
• The main importance of this unit is that the hafnium composition is totally
eliminated (<50 ppm).
• Scrub raffinate contain some amount of zirconium which is used for dilution in
dissolution tank to maintain free acidity.
21. STRIPPING:(SS316)
Raw materials:
• Extract pure from the scrubbing section.
• De Mineralized water.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION.
• Pure extract from scrubbing unit is counter currently mixed with
demineralised water.
• As free acidity is reduced, zirconium in organic phase transferred to aqueous
phase.
• The stripped organic solution is sent for recycling by treatment with soda
solution.
• The zirconium in aqueous phase is called Pure solution.
• Some part of pure solution is transferred to storage tank and some part is
recycle to scrubbing unit.
23. TREATMENT WITH SODA SOLUTION:
Raw materials:
• Lean solvent from the stripping unit.
• Soda solution.
• DM water.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION.
• The Lean solvent from the stripping section is sent to mixer-settler unit in
which soda solution is passed in a counter current flow.
• The lean solution i.e., tri butyl phosphate degrades into mono butyl
phosphate and di butyl phosphate
• The aim of this treatment is to remove the mono butyl phosphate and di
butyl phosphate, which dissolve in soda solution thereby producing free
tri butyl phosphate.
• MBP and DBP have higher solubility in aqueous medium than that of TBP.
• This process is done in order to recycle TBP so that process become more
economical.
• TBP has 0.39g/l solubility in water
• DBP has 0.64g/l solubility in water
• MBP has complete solubility in water
26. PRECIPITATION:(SS-304)
Raw materials:
• Pure solution from the stripping unit.
• Ammonium hydroxide.
• Sulphuric acid.
Chemical reaction:
Zr (NO3)4 + 6NH4OH + H2SO4Zr (OH)4 + 4NH4NO3 + (NH4)2SO4
PROCESS DESCRIPTION.
• The required amount of pure solvent ,ammonium hydroxide and sulphuric
acid is mixed in precipitation tank and mixed till temperature reach 600C.
• Ammonium hydroxide is added to precipitate zirconium nitrate to zirconium
hydroxide.
• The slurry obtained during precipitation is passed through vacuum drum
filter which is maintained around 450 mm Hg.
• The filter cloth is made of polypropylene.
27. Precipitation tank (SS-304)
• The drum rotates with a speed of 1.33 revolutions per minute.
• The cake coming out contains 80-85% moisture which consists of water,
ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate.
28. REPULPING.
Raw materials:
• Filtered cake.
• Demineralized water.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION.
• The cake obtained from vacuum drum filter is mixed with demineralised
water in a tank and the process is called Repulping.
• The repulping process is done so that ammonium compounds dissolve in
demineralized water thereby reducing the possibility of explosion in the
drying chamber.
29. VACUUM FILTRATION.
Raw materials:
• Filtered cake from repulping.
Material of construction:
• Apart from cast iron, other materials of construction include stainless steel,
titanium and plastics such as poly vinyl chloride etc.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION.
• When the drum dips into the slurry vacuum is applied because of which the
slurry is sucked into the drum.
• When the drum comes out of the boot then air is applied to blow out the
filter cloth thereby helping the easy scraping of the cake.
• The cake is scraped using a doctor blade.
• We have to agitate the slurry during the filtration to avoid settling of any
solids in the equipment.
31. DRYING.
Raw materials:
• Wet cake from vacuum filtration.
Material of construction:
• High temperature drying is done to remove moisture content from 85% to
30% and to remove ammonium nitrate from cake.
Exhaust
Discharge
BLOWER
Heating
elements
FEED POINT
HOT TEMPERATURE OVEN
32. PROCESS DESCRIPTION.
• The wet cake from filtration is charged into static bed dryers which use hot
air for drying purpose.
• The temperature of oven is around 250℃ .
• Drying time : 12hours – 16 hours.
• The dry product is then charged in to calcination hopper for calcination.
CALCINATION.
Raw materials:
• Dry cake from drying section.
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION.
• Hollow cylindrical shell of diameter 350mm-500mm and length of 5m-8m
with axis at slight angle of horizontal.
• It is supported on rollers so that it can rotate to evenly distribute the heat
to the material.
• Materials move through dryer by virtue of its motion, heat effects and
inclination of the cylindrical shell.
• The cylindrical shell is rotated by a gear mechanism at a speed of 2-2.5rpm.
34. PROCESS DESCRIPTION.
• The dried material is charged through an opening at the top and is fed into
the rotary furnace.
• The cylindrical tube is made up of SS310 and the heating elements are made
of nichrome.
• The temperature reached in a calcinations chamber is about 800OC.
• The main use of this furnace is to drive away the moisture and the other
volatile impurities to the specified limits.
• The collected zirconium oxide is sent for grinding.
GRINDING.
Principle:
• Size reduction is achieved by impact and attrition.
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION.
• The hammer mill consists of essentially of high-speed rotor turning inside a
cylindrical casing.
• In this mill, the particles are broken by sets of swing hammers.
• Several rotor discs each carrying 4 to 8 swing hammers is often mounted on a
single shaft.
35. PROCESS DESCRIPTION.
• The grinding section essentially consists of a feed charger, a feed rate
adjusted hammer mill, a blower and a big filter.
• The material is ground in the hammer mill.
• The ground power is pneumatically carried using a centrifugal blower.
• The product is of 325 mesh.
36. BLENDING.
• Blending is a process of mixing the ground solids in required proportion
to get the required percentage purity of zirconium oxide.
• After blending, the final composition are as follows:
Hafnium <100 ppm
Titanium <150ppm.
• The zirconium oxide thus obtained is then sent to Zirconium Sponge
Plant (ZSP) for production of zirconium metal.
37. PROPERTIES AND USES OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE.
PROPERTIES OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE
• High density
• Thermal conductivity (20% that of alumina)
• Chemical inertness
• Ionic electrical conduction
• Resistance to molten mass
• High fracture toughness
• High hardness Zirconium oxide (zircon) also has a high index of refraction
USES OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE
• Precision ball valve balls and seats
• Rollers and guides for metal tube forming
• Thread and wire guides
• Hot metal extrusion
• Marine pump seals and shaft guides
• Oxygen sensors
• High temperature induction furnace susceptors
• Fuel cell membranes
• Electric furnace heaters over 2000OC in oxidizing atmospheres