Summary mindmaps physical geography 2015
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This summary mind map covers various topics in physical geography including earth's internal structure, tectonic plates and forces, responses to tectonic hazards, landforms and phenomena, coastal features and processes, elements of weather and climate, climate change, and extreme weather events. Some key points include: - Earth's structure includes the core, mantle, crust, asthenosphere and lithosphere. Tectonic forces include convection currents and slab-pull forces. - Plate boundaries include transform, convergent and divergent boundaries. Responses to hazards involve preparation, short-term emergency response, and long-term recovery and infrastructure improvement. - Coastal landforms are created by erosion and deposition processes driven
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Summary mindmaps physical geography 2015
- 1. Summary Mind-Map Slides Physical Geography
- 3. Earth’s internal Structure Structure • Core • Mantle • Crust (Oceanic) • Crust (Continental) • Asthenosphere • Lithosphere Tectonic Forces • Convection Currents • Slab-pull force Plate Boundaries • Transform / Shear • Convergent / Destructive • O-C / C-C / O- O • Divergent / Constructive • O-O / C-C
- 4. Responses Preparing for Earthquakes • Landuse regulation • Building design • Improve Infrastructure • Emergency Drills • Technology, monitoring & warning system. Short-term • Handling Status of the area • Provide medical aid, food & water • Set up emergency shelter • Calling for humanitarian aid • Search & Rescue Long-term • Recover Economically • Improve infrastructure • Compensation • Health Option
- 5. Landforms & Phenomena Landforms • Rift valley (Graben) • Block Mountain (Horst) • Fold mountain • Volcanoes • Shield volcano • Stratovolcano Phenomena
- 6. PhenomenaEarthquakes Volcanic Eruptions • Impact / Risks • Landslide / Lohars • Pollution • Effect on weather • Destruction by pyroclastic flow Benefits • Fertile soil • Tourism • Geotherm al energy • Minerals Factors causing damage • Magnitude • Depth of focus • Distance from Epicentre • Pop Density • Time of occurrence • Type of soil • Level of preparedness. Effects • Tsunami • Landslides • Destruction of building and infrastructure • Loss of services.
- 8. Coastal Feature Waves Wave Refraction Processes Erosion • Corrasion • Attrition • Solution • Hydraulic Action Transportation • Longshore Drift theory Deposition • Beach formation Landforms Erosion • Stack • Stump • Arch • Cave • Notch Erosion & Deposition • Headlands & Bays Deposition • Spit • Tombolo • Beach
- 9. Value of Coasts Human Value • Provisionary • Regulating • Cultural • Supporting Ecosystem Coral Reefs Mangroves • Distribution • Value to humans • Threats faced
- 10. Threats to Coast Climate Change • Rising global population • Pollution • Coastal Development and Habitat loss • Eroding Shorelines
- 11. Coastal Management Management • Limiting Activities • Restricting Development Soft Engineering • Beach nourishment • Dune Stabilising • Encourage growth of corals Hard Engineering • Seawall • Gryone • Tetrapods • Gabions
- 12. Weather and Climate Elements of Weather Climate Change Extreme Weather (Pure Geog)
- 13. Elements of Weather Temperature • Altitude • Latitude • Distance from sea • Cloud Cover Humidity & Rainfall • Relative Humidity • Clouds • Saturation Dew Point • Orographic and Convectional Rain Winds & Pressure • Pressure • Land & Sea Breezes • Monsoon winds ` Climate Types • Equatorial • Monsoon • Cool Temperate
- 14. Climatic Changes Current Trends Man-Made • Burning fossil fuels • Deforestation • Changing landuse – • Agriculture • Industries • Urbanisation Impacts • Sea level rising • More extreme weather • Increase in speed of diseases • Change in growing season Responses Natural • Solar Variations • Volcanic Eruptions Causes Responses • Kyoto Protocol • Copenhagen Conference National • Plant a tree • Green Mark • Green Plan • Energy Labelling • INCCA • NUTD
- 15. Extreme Weather (Tropical Cyclone) Responses • Short-term • Long-term Impacts • Economic • Physical • Social Hazards • Torrential rain • Wind Damage • Storm Surge Formation / Disturbution • Warm Sea surface temperature • Strong Coriolis effect • Tropical Regions