Monsoon Winds
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Monsoons
This document summarizes the key aspects of monsoons in India. It describes that monsoons are seasonal winds that blow in a particular direction seasonally. The southwest monsoon brings moisture from the sea to land in India from June to September, while the northeast monsoon reverses the pattern from December to February. It then explains several mechanisms that drive the monsoons, including differential heating of land and sea, shifting of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, heating of the Tibetan Plateau, and high pressure systems. The southern oscillation and El Nino patterns can also impact monsoon rains in India.
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Cyclones are intense low pressure weather systems characterized by strong circulating winds. They are classified as either extra-tropical or tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones form over warm tropical waters and include hurricanes and typhoons. They develop through several stages from a tropical disturbance to a mature storm. Formation requires warm ocean waters, moisture, coriolis force, and low wind shear. Western disturbances originate in the Mediterranean and bring winter precipitation to South Asia when moisture is shed over the Himalayas. They are important for rabi crop growth but can also cause flooding.
Ppt on monsoon
Monsoon is a seasonal change in winds and precipitation associated with differing heating of land and sea. There are three main types of monsoon: summer monsoon brings heavy rain between April and September as warm air blows from the southwest Indian Ocean toward countries like India; winter monsoon has dominant easterly winds and a strong tendency toward drought; and a dry monsoon occurs between October and April in South and Southeast Asia with rain-bearing winds from May to September and dry winds the rest. Monsoons result from differing annual temperature trends over land and water.
Monsoon
The document discusses the Indian monsoon system. It defines monsoon as seasonal reversing winds accompanied by changes in precipitation. It notes that India's climate is strongly influenced by the monsoon winds. The monsoon seasons include the advancing monsoon from June to September, which brings heavy rainfall, and the retreating monsoon from October to November, marked by clearer skies and rising temperatures. Rainfall distribution across India is uneven, with higher amounts on the western coast and lower in parts of Rajasthan.
Air Masses
There are several major air masses that influence weather patterns:
1) Continental Arctic (cA) air masses are very cold and dry, originating north of the Arctic Circle.
2) Continental polar (cP) air masses are cold and dry, originating in northern Canada and influencing northern US weather.
3) Maritime polar (mP) air masses are cool and moist, originating over the North Atlantic and Pacific and influencing the Pacific Northwest and Northeast.
4) Maritime tropical (mT) air masses are warm and moist, originating in the Gulf of Mexico and influencing the eastern US.
Climate classification prepared by Dr.BABU N
The document discusses climate classification according to the Koppen system. It begins by defining climate and contrasting it with weather. It then explains the Koppen system classifies climates based on temperature and precipitation zones that correspond with vegetation types. The major climate zones include tropical, dry, mild, and polar climates. Within these zones are subtypes defined by factors like rainfall patterns, proximity to bodies of water, and temperature ranges. The Koppen system provides a standardized way to categorize and compare climates around the world based on observable environmental factors.
Monsoons
The document discusses different types of monsoons and their impacts. The southwest monsoon occurs from June to September over southern Asia, bringing warm, moist air and most of the annual rainfall to countries like India. The northeast monsoon affects southeast Asia from November to March, with cold air prevailing. Major storms like Typhoon Haiyan can cause widespread damage from high winds, heavy rains, storm surges, landslides and flooding.
Monsoons
The document discusses the monsoon seasons of South and Southeast Asia. It describes how seasonal winds and temperature differences between land and ocean create distinct wet and dry seasons. During the summer, warm, moist winds blow inland from the ocean, bringing heavy rains. In the winter, cool, dry winds blow from the interior out toward the ocean, creating drought-like conditions. The monsoon patterns greatly impact the regions' climates, agriculture, and populations.
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This document summarizes the key aspects of monsoons in India. It describes that monsoons are seasonal winds that blow in a particular direction seasonally. The southwest monsoon brings moisture from the sea to land in India from June to September, while the northeast monsoon reverses the pattern from December to February. It then explains several mechanisms that drive the monsoons, including differential heating of land and sea, shifting of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, heating of the Tibetan Plateau, and high pressure systems. The southern oscillation and El Nino patterns can also impact monsoon rains in India.
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Cyclones are intense low pressure weather systems characterized by strong circulating winds. They are classified as either extra-tropical or tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones form over warm tropical waters and include hurricanes and typhoons. They develop through several stages from a tropical disturbance to a mature storm. Formation requires warm ocean waters, moisture, coriolis force, and low wind shear. Western disturbances originate in the Mediterranean and bring winter precipitation to South Asia when moisture is shed over the Himalayas. They are important for rabi crop growth but can also cause flooding.
Ppt on monsoon
Monsoon is a seasonal change in winds and precipitation associated with differing heating of land and sea. There are three main types of monsoon: summer monsoon brings heavy rain between April and September as warm air blows from the southwest Indian Ocean toward countries like India; winter monsoon has dominant easterly winds and a strong tendency toward drought; and a dry monsoon occurs between October and April in South and Southeast Asia with rain-bearing winds from May to September and dry winds the rest. Monsoons result from differing annual temperature trends over land and water.
Monsoon
The document discusses the Indian monsoon system. It defines monsoon as seasonal reversing winds accompanied by changes in precipitation. It notes that India's climate is strongly influenced by the monsoon winds. The monsoon seasons include the advancing monsoon from June to September, which brings heavy rainfall, and the retreating monsoon from October to November, marked by clearer skies and rising temperatures. Rainfall distribution across India is uneven, with higher amounts on the western coast and lower in parts of Rajasthan.
Air Masses
There are several major air masses that influence weather patterns:
1) Continental Arctic (cA) air masses are very cold and dry, originating north of the Arctic Circle.
2) Continental polar (cP) air masses are cold and dry, originating in northern Canada and influencing northern US weather.
3) Maritime polar (mP) air masses are cool and moist, originating over the North Atlantic and Pacific and influencing the Pacific Northwest and Northeast.
4) Maritime tropical (mT) air masses are warm and moist, originating in the Gulf of Mexico and influencing the eastern US.
Climate classification prepared by Dr.BABU N
The document discusses climate classification according to the Koppen system. It begins by defining climate and contrasting it with weather. It then explains the Koppen system classifies climates based on temperature and precipitation zones that correspond with vegetation types. The major climate zones include tropical, dry, mild, and polar climates. Within these zones are subtypes defined by factors like rainfall patterns, proximity to bodies of water, and temperature ranges. The Koppen system provides a standardized way to categorize and compare climates around the world based on observable environmental factors.
Monsoons
The document discusses different types of monsoons and their impacts. The southwest monsoon occurs from June to September over southern Asia, bringing warm, moist air and most of the annual rainfall to countries like India. The northeast monsoon affects southeast Asia from November to March, with cold air prevailing. Major storms like Typhoon Haiyan can cause widespread damage from high winds, heavy rains, storm surges, landslides and flooding.
Monsoons
The document discusses the monsoon seasons of South and Southeast Asia. It describes how seasonal winds and temperature differences between land and ocean create distinct wet and dry seasons. During the summer, warm, moist winds blow inland from the ocean, bringing heavy rains. In the winter, cool, dry winds blow from the interior out toward the ocean, creating drought-like conditions. The monsoon patterns greatly impact the regions' climates, agriculture, and populations.
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Air can flow when there are differences in temperature and pressure conditions. It helps study variations in the atmosphere. Large masses of air with uniform temperature and humidity properties are called air masses. They start flowing from source regions and help study cyclones and anticyclones. The contact line between different air masses is called a front, which can be a warm front when warm air moves over cold air, or a cold front when cold air moves over warm air. Cyclones are areas of low pressure surrounded by high pressure, while anticyclones are areas of high pressure surrounded by low pressure. Tropical cyclones are circular over seas in summer, while extra-tropical or temperate cyclones are V-shaped over land
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Fronts are boundaries between two air masses of differing characteristics. There are four main types of fronts: cold fronts, warm fronts, occluded fronts, and stationary fronts. Cold fronts are steep boundaries where cold air overrides warm air, bringing precipitation. Warm fronts are more gradual, with light, continuous precipitation as warm air rises over cold air. Occluded fronts occur when a cold front catches up to a warm front. Stationary fronts have little or no movement as the air masses are parallel.
Factors influencing temperature
The document discusses several key factors that influence temperature:
1) Altitude - Temperature decreases about 0.6°C for every 100 meters gained in elevation, so a place 1000m above sea level would be cooler. This is why places in the Blue Mountains are cooler.
2) Distance from the sea - Places farther inland have greater temperature extremes than coastal areas, as the sea moderates temperatures.
3) Latitude - Temperatures are generally highest near the equator where the sun's rays are most direct, and decrease further from the equator.
Koppen climatic classification
The Koppen climate classification system is the most widely used system for classifying the world's climates. It categorizes climates into five main groups - A, B, C, D, and E - based on annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation. Each group is further divided into more specific climate classifications. For example, the tropical climates under group A are divided into rainforest, monsoon, and savanna climates. The Koppen system provides a standardized way to quantitatively compare and characterize climates around the world.
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The document discusses various weather elements and climate concepts. It defines weather as the short-term atmospheric conditions of a place, while climate refers to the average weather conditions over a long period, typically 30 years. It then describes different weather elements such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind, and cloud cover. It explains how these elements are measured and influenced by various factors like latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and cloud cover. The document also discusses different climate types including equatorial, monsoon, and cool temperate climates. It examines evidence that the global climate is changing due to natural and human-induced causes such as increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
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A monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction that typically brings a marked change in local weather. It refers mainly to the Asian monsoon affecting India and Southeast Asia. The monsoon winds are caused when temperature differences between oceans and continents lead to winds blowing from land to ocean most of the year, but from ocean to land during certain months, bringing moist air and monsoon rains. Many parts of the world experience monsoons, most notably Asia where the monsoons are critical for agriculture and life in regions like India.
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The document discusses monsoons, which are seasonal winds that change direction with the seasons. Monsoons occur due to differences in land and sea temperatures causing changes in atmospheric pressure. India's climate is dominated by monsoons, with summer monsoons from June to September bringing most of India's rainfall. Monsoons are important but also cause floods and droughts depending on rainfall variability from year to year. Predicting monsoon rainfall amounts is challenging but important for agriculture and the economy.
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This document discusses air masses and fronts. It defines air masses as large bodies of air that extend thousands of kilometers and have uniform temperature and humidity. Air masses form over source regions and are classified as either tropical or polar, and continental or maritime. Fronts occur at the boundary between differing air masses and can be cold, warm, stationary or occluded fronts. Each front type brings characteristic weather conditions from rain to thunderstorms as the warmer air is displaced.
Air masses and fronts
Air masses are large bodies of air that maintain consistent temperatures and moisture levels as they move across regions. They are classified by their source location and surface, resulting in four main types: continental polar, continental tropical, maritime polar, and maritime tropical. When two air masses meet, fronts form along the boundary which can cause precipitation. The main front types are warm, cold, stationary, and occluded fronts, which differ based on the advancing air mass temperature and resulting weather impacts.
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This document discusses global air circulation patterns driven by uneven heating of the atmosphere. It describes three main factors that influence winds: pressure gradient force, Coriolis force, and friction force. Unequal heating creates high and low pressure systems that drive winds according to these forces. The document outlines the major wind systems in different latitudes, including the trade winds near the equator; westerlies in mid-latitudes between subtropical highs and subpolar lows; and polar easterlies near the poles. Diagrams are provided showing typical January and July surface pressure patterns and winds in each region.
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The document discusses different types of winds and factors that influence wind patterns. It explains that convection currents cause local winds like sea and land breezes as land and bodies of water heat and cool at different rates. Prevailing winds blow over long distances due to global wind patterns influenced by unequal heating from the sun and the Coriolis effect from the Earth's rotation. These winds are classified into belts and some regions experience seasonal monsoon winds as air pressures and temperatures shift between land and ocean areas.
Air masses and fronts
- Air masses are large bodies of air with uniform temperature and moisture characteristics that form over source regions. The main types are continental polar (CP), maritime polar (MP), continental tropical (CT), and maritime tropical (MT).
- Fronts occur at boundaries between converging air masses. The main types are cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts, and occluded fronts. Cold fronts bring strong winds and thunderstorms while warm fronts bring gentle rain.
- Frontogenesis is the formation of fronts while frontolysis is the dissipation of fronts. Mid-latitude cyclones form due to frontogenesis between air masses.
Air mass
An air mass is a large body of air with similar temperature and moisture properties that can cover hundreds of thousands of square miles. Air masses originate over land or water source regions and take on the characteristics of the surface below over time. There are four main types of air masses defined by their source region in tropical or polar latitudes and whether that region is over land or water. When polar air meets warmer air over the United States, it causes the formation of the polar jet stream, a narrow belt of strong winds near the top of the troposphere that influences weather patterns and temperatures in the US.
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The document discusses air masses and fronts. It defines air masses as large bodies of air with uniform properties that form over land or water surfaces. There are four main types of air masses classified by their region of formation: maritime/continental and polar/tropical. Fronts are boundaries between unlike air masses. There are three main types of fronts: cold fronts, where cold air overtakes warm air; warm fronts, where warm air overtakes cold air; and occluded fronts, where a warm air mass is overtaken by two cooler air masses.
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This document summarizes the climate of India, focusing on the tropical monsoon climate and seasonal variations. It discusses key factors like the Indian monsoon winds which are influenced by differential heating/cooling of land and sea and the movement of pressure systems. India experiences a hot summer season from March to May with high temperatures, a rainy season from June to September brought by the southwest monsoons, and a mild winter season from November to February in the north with variable winds and occasional rainfall. The climate varies significantly by region due to factors like latitude, altitude, proximity to oceans, and monsoon patterns.
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Air can flow when there are differences in temperature and pressure conditions. It helps study variations in the atmosphere. Large masses of air with uniform temperature and humidity properties are called air masses. They start flowing from source regions and help study cyclones and anticyclones. The contact line between different air masses is called a front, which can be a warm front when warm air moves over cold air, or a cold front when cold air moves over warm air. Cyclones are areas of low pressure surrounded by high pressure, while anticyclones are areas of high pressure surrounded by low pressure. Tropical cyclones are circular over seas in summer, while extra-tropical or temperate cyclones are V-shaped over land
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The document discusses several key factors that influence temperature:
1) Altitude - Temperature decreases about 0.6°C for every 100 meters gained in elevation, so a place 1000m above sea level would be cooler. This is why places in the Blue Mountains are cooler.
2) Distance from the sea - Places farther inland have greater temperature extremes than coastal areas, as the sea moderates temperatures.
3) Latitude - Temperatures are generally highest near the equator where the sun's rays are most direct, and decrease further from the equator.
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The Koppen climate classification system is the most widely used system for classifying the world's climates. It categorizes climates into five main groups - A, B, C, D, and E - based on annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation. Each group is further divided into more specific climate classifications. For example, the tropical climates under group A are divided into rainforest, monsoon, and savanna climates. The Koppen system provides a standardized way to quantitatively compare and characterize climates around the world.
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The document discusses various weather elements and climate concepts. It defines weather as the short-term atmospheric conditions of a place, while climate refers to the average weather conditions over a long period, typically 30 years. It then describes different weather elements such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind, and cloud cover. It explains how these elements are measured and influenced by various factors like latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and cloud cover. The document also discusses different climate types including equatorial, monsoon, and cool temperate climates. It examines evidence that the global climate is changing due to natural and human-induced causes such as increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
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This document discusses air masses and fronts. It defines air masses as large bodies of air that extend thousands of kilometers and have uniform temperature and humidity. Air masses form over source regions and are classified as either tropical or polar, and continental or maritime. Fronts occur at the boundary between differing air masses and can be cold, warm, stationary or occluded fronts. Each front type brings characteristic weather conditions from rain to thunderstorms as the warmer air is displaced.
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Air masses are large bodies of air that maintain consistent temperatures and moisture levels as they move across regions. They are classified by their source location and surface, resulting in four main types: continental polar, continental tropical, maritime polar, and maritime tropical. When two air masses meet, fronts form along the boundary which can cause precipitation. The main front types are warm, cold, stationary, and occluded fronts, which differ based on the advancing air mass temperature and resulting weather impacts.
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This document discusses global air circulation patterns driven by uneven heating of the atmosphere. It describes three main factors that influence winds: pressure gradient force, Coriolis force, and friction force. Unequal heating creates high and low pressure systems that drive winds according to these forces. The document outlines the major wind systems in different latitudes, including the trade winds near the equator; westerlies in mid-latitudes between subtropical highs and subpolar lows; and polar easterlies near the poles. Diagrams are provided showing typical January and July surface pressure patterns and winds in each region.
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Cyclones involve a closed circulation around a low pressure center, spinning counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. They bring strong winds inward and cause extensive damage from heavy rain. Cyclones are known by different names depending on location, such as hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the Western Pacific. Anticyclones circulate clockwise around a high pressure center, pushing winds outward and typically bringing fine weather. Key differences between cyclones and anticyclones are the direction of circulation and associated weather patterns.
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The document discusses different types of winds and factors that influence wind patterns. It explains that convection currents cause local winds like sea and land breezes as land and bodies of water heat and cool at different rates. Prevailing winds blow over long distances due to global wind patterns influenced by unequal heating from the sun and the Coriolis effect from the Earth's rotation. These winds are classified into belts and some regions experience seasonal monsoon winds as air pressures and temperatures shift between land and ocean areas.
Air masses and fronts
- Air masses are large bodies of air with uniform temperature and moisture characteristics that form over source regions. The main types are continental polar (CP), maritime polar (MP), continental tropical (CT), and maritime tropical (MT).
- Fronts occur at boundaries between converging air masses. The main types are cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts, and occluded fronts. Cold fronts bring strong winds and thunderstorms while warm fronts bring gentle rain.
- Frontogenesis is the formation of fronts while frontolysis is the dissipation of fronts. Mid-latitude cyclones form due to frontogenesis between air masses.
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The document discusses air masses and fronts. It defines air masses as large bodies of air with uniform properties that form over land or water surfaces. There are four main types of air masses classified by their region of formation: maritime/continental and polar/tropical. Fronts are boundaries between unlike air masses. There are three main types of fronts: cold fronts, where cold air overtakes warm air; warm fronts, where warm air overtakes cold air; and occluded fronts, where a warm air mass is overtaken by two cooler air masses.
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This document discusses various mesoscale winds that occur due to uneven heating of the Earth's surface, creating pressure differences. It also describes the global circulation patterns including Hadley cells and the trade winds and horse latitudes. Additionally, it explains ocean currents and phenomena like El Niño and La Niña that influence global weather and precipitation patterns.
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The document summarizes ocean currents. There are two types of ocean currents: surface currents driven by wind and solar heating in the top 400 meters, and deep water currents below 400 meters driven by water density variations. Surface currents form circular ocean gyres and influence climate by transporting heat. Examples include the Gulf Stream and El Niño/La Niña currents. Deep water currents are less understood and form when surface currents generate upwelling or dense water sinks from cooling or evaporation. Ocean currents significantly impact global and regional climates.
Ocean current
Oceans are a vast body of salt water that covers almost three to fourths of the earth's surface.
Seas are smaller, found on the margins of the ocean and are partially enclosed by land.
Seawater:
High density, high heat capacity, colder, salty and slightly compressible (its volume decreases under pressure), thus its density increases with pressure.
Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
•Similar to winds in the atmosphere, they transfer significant amounts of heat from equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions.
•The ocean circulation pattern exchanges water of varying characteristics, such as temperature and salinity
•ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another.
•in addition, they transport nutrients and organisms
Climate
The document discusses the climate and monsoon patterns of India. It describes the jet streams that flow over India at 27-30 degrees north latitude and influence the regional climate. The monsoon winds are dominant, with seasonal reversals that were first observed by sailors and traders. The monsoon is influenced by several key factors, including differential heating of land and water, the shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, high pressure east of Madagascar, and heating of the Tibetan Plateau. Climate refers to average weather conditions over a long period of time, while weather describes atmospheric conditions at a point in time.
Indian agriculture gambling with monsoon.ppt
The Indian agriculture sector is highly dependent on monsoons for irrigation and electricity generation. Monsoons bring most of India's annual rainfall between June to September, but the timing and distribution of rains can vary significantly each year. Failure of monsoons results in drought and devastating impacts on agriculture, economy, and livelihoods. Regions like Rajasthan are particularly vulnerable to monsoon failures.
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Monsoon Winds
- 1. Monsoon Winds Muhammad Jahanzeb Malik 01-161122-066
- 2. Contents • What are Monsoon Winds. • Types Of Monsoon Winds. • Summer/Winter Monsoon Winds. • Importance/Effects Of Monsoon
- 3. Monsoon Winds • An interchange of air between the land and oceans due to unequal heating and cooling of continents and oceans is known as monsoon winds. • Monsoon Winds are source of precipitataion. • Ex. West African , Asian , Australian Monsoon Monsoon Systems.
- 4. Types Of Monsoon Winds • Summer Monsoon • Winter Monsoon • Indo-Pak
- 5. Summer Monsoon (Indo-pak) • Monsoon Winds Which Blow From Water body To land. • Coming From Bay Of Bengal. • Stopped By Mountains. • SE To NW.
- 7. Winter Monsoon ( Indo Pak) • Monsoon Winds which blow from Land to water body. • Sub Continent To Bay Of Bengal. • Land To Water Body. • High Altitude To Low Altitude. • N/W To S/E.
- 9. Effects of Monsoon Winds • Monsoon winds cause rainfall in pak/india. • Pak/india both depent upon agriculture. • Agriculture is gamble of rain. • Economic Importance • Water Needs of country.