This document discusses how and where people live. It describes the evolution of human society from hunter-gatherer societies to modern agrarian and industrial societies. It also examines factors influencing population growth and migration to urban areas. Hunter-gatherer societies were nomadic and lived in small groups, while agrarian societies engaged in farming and trade. Now, over half the world lives in urban areas due to push factors like lack of opportunities in rural places and pull factors like jobs and amenities in cities. Population growth is impacted by birth rates, death rates, and migration between rural and urban areas.

1. ALL ABOUT
GEOGRAPHY
SEC TWO
CHAPTER 1 :
HOW AND WHERE DO PEOPLE LIVE?
2018
Edition

2. HUMAN
ENVIRONMENT
• A place.
• Surroundings changed by
people.
• Includes settlements and
economic activities.
• Natural environment is
unaltered by people.

3. RURAL ENVIRONMENT
• Less developed.
• Primary industries
• Mining, Farming, Logging, etc.

4. URBAN
ENVIRONMENT
• More developed.
• Built-up area.
• Town, city.
• Secondary or Tertiary
Industries.
• Factories, Service industry.

5. LETS TRY THIS OUT
FOR EACH PHOTO, TRY TO SEE
IF IT’S A NATURAL OR HUMAN
ENVIRONMENT.
IF IT’S A HUMAN
ENVIRONMENT, DECIDE IF ITS
URBAN OR RURAL.

15. HUMAN SOCIETY
DEVELOPMENT
3 main stages
1. Hunter-gatherer society
2. Agrarian society
3. Industrial society

16. HUNTER-GATHERER
SOCIETY
• Nomadic
• Move around in search for food.
• No permenant shelters.
• Small groups of 20-40 persons.
• Hunt wild animals (fish, deer, horses,
primates)
• Gather wild plants, fruits and nuts.
• !Kung bushmen (Kalahari Desert)
• Efe people (DRC)

18. AGRARIAN SOCIETY
• Communities with crops and livestock.
• Non dependent on hunting and
gathering.
• Stable food source.
• Use of technology (simple inventions)
• Increase crop output
• Sale of crops for profit / traded

20. AGRARIAN SOCIETY
‘CONT
• Increased stable food leads to
development
• Culture/ technology/ education/ war
• Early major civilisation centres
developed with agrarian societies.
• Xi’an / Lisbon / Cairo / etc.

21. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
• Mainly manufacturing of goods.
• Food / clothing / building materials / etc.
• Use of technology and machinery.
• Important to be near good transport
routes
• Rivers/ Deep sea harbours/ Air routes/
Railway stations
• Near raw materials to lower transport
costs

23. BRAIN BREAK

24. Lesson 1 Part 2
Modern Living

25. WHERE DO PEOPLE
LIVE TODAY?
Where would you prefer to live in?
* Discuss with your partner which location you would prefer
to live in. (tell each other 2 things that are better at your
choice location.)
A B

26. URBANISATION
• Living in a built up
area
• Modern amenities
and facilities
• Over 52% of global
population lives in
urban areas

27. CHART READING
EXERCISE
1. Turn to Pg 10 of your
textbook
2. Look at the line graph
3. Answer the questions
on pg 11.
4. Check with your partner
if you have the same
answers

28. TIPS ON LINE GRAPHS
• Estimate!
• Measure and divide for
readings that are not
there!
• Look at the different
sections!

29. ANSWERS
1.Increase of 19%
2.South America (38%)
3.Asia (9%)

30. FEATURES OF CITIES
• Large population size
• High population density
• Cosmopolitan population
• Built-up area

31. POPULATION
INDICATORS
• Natural increase
• Increase in population due to
natural causes
• Birth rate – Death rate
• Migration
• Change of residence in a
voluntary/forced manner
• Rural-Urban / Urban-Rural

32. FACTORS THAT LEAD TO
INCREASE IN BIRTH RATE

33. EARLY MARRIAGE
As early as 15 years old.
Women who marry young
more likely to have more
children.
•Longer potential fertility period

34. CHILDREN SEEN AS
WEALTH
Children viewed as assets.
Free labour on farms.
Tradition of filial piety.
•Children will look after their
parents
•Bring in additional income

35. HIGH NUMBER OF
CHILD DEATHS
Lack of basic health care services.
Bad water and food hygiene.
Easy spread of diseases.
Children die easily of common
ailments
Additional children seen as security
/ insurance.

36. LACK OF BIRTH
CONTROL KNOWLEDGE
People ignorant of birth
control methods.
•Illiterate
•Not well-informed
•Lacking in available information
Birth Control might not be
readily available

37. PREFERENCE FOR A
MALE CHILD
Asian (Patriarchal ) societies
prefer male children.
•Carry on the family name
•Inherit the family business
People keep giving birth if
they don’t have male
offspring.

38. OTHER CAUSES FOR
POPULATION CHANGE

39. RURAL-URBAN
MIGRATION
Pull Factors
• More job opportunities
• Better amenities
• Salary
• Better living standards
• Better education opportunities

40. RURAL-URBAN
MIGRATION
Push Factors
• Low/ no salary
• No job opportunities
• Few amenities
• Low standard of living
• Lesser education opportunities

41. POPULATION DENSITY
• Amount of people living in a unit
of land area.
• Number of people / area they
occupy.
• Larger number = more crowded
environment
• Used to look at Cities /
Countries

42. DENSELY POPULATED
CITIES
Tokyo
Hongkong
Mongkok
Mumbai
New York
Look at
Pg 11

43. COSMOPOLITAN
POPULATION
• Multicultural society
• People from diverse cultural
backgrounds
• Open to different ideas and
comfortable interacting
• New York

44. BUILT-UP AREA
Area covered by buildings and
roads
Dense transport networks
Tall buildings (commercial –
offices / residential – homes)

45. SUMMARY
• How did ancient man live?
• How did we evolve over the past million
years?
• How does modern man live?
• What are the factors that affect
population size?
• Are there benefits to living a
cosmopolitan life?

46. REVIEW WORK
TIME
Remove Pg 3-6 of the
workbook (Activity 1.2)
Complete the activity
You have 15 minutes