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- 1. Geography
- 2. Study material ATLAS • Orient Longman • Study publication – India and world • Oxford publication Book list • Goh Cheng Leong • Physical Geography – by Savinder singh • India: comprehensive geography by D.R. Khullar
- 4. Meaning and span of Geography • Geo= earth and Graphy = study, which means study of earth • Geography can be divided into two parts: • Physical geography and Human geography
- 5. Two Parts of Geography Physical • Landforms • Atmosphere • Hydrosphere • Biosphere Human • Habitation • Population • Agriculture • Industries- resources
- 6. FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOGRAPHY 1. Latitudes 2. Longitudes 3. Seasons on Earth 4. Time-zones
- 7. latitudes • Latitudes =angular distance of a place from the equator • All latitudes are concentric circles • They are called parallels as well
- 8. Latitudes • Largest latitude – equator • Tropics – heat surplus • Temperate, polar regions – heat deficit • Responsible for pressure system and planetary wind system
- 10. Q. Who among the following was first to state that Earth was spherical? A. Aristotle B.Copernicus C.Ptolemy D.Strabo UPSC Prelims 2001 Correct Answer is A
- 11. Reason for seasons: Tilted Earth
- 12. Summer and Winter Solstice
- 13. Prelims 2013 Q. Variations in length of daytime and night-time from season to season are due to a) Earth’s rotation on its axis b) Earth’s revolution around the sun in an elliptical manner c) Latitudinal position of the place d) Revolution of earth on a tilted axis UPSC Question
- 14. Prelims 2013 Variations in length of daytime and night-time from season to season are due to a) Earth’s rotation on its axis b) Earth’s revolution around the sun in an elliptical manner c) Latitudinal position of the place d) Revolution of earth on a tilted axis UPSC Question
- 15. Daylight Saving in Temperate regions
- 16. Longitudes • Angular distance of a place from prime meridian • Also called meridians • 0 degree = Greenwich in UK • 180 degree = International date line
- 18. • Earth rotates 360 °s in 24 hours • 360/24 = 15° • 15° longitude • = 1 hour
- 20. International Date Line Moving West 1 DAY Lost Moving East 1 DAY Gain
- 21. Standard time 1) Every country selects its standard meridian. 2) Angular distance between standard meridian of a nation to Greenwich meridian time (GMT)
- 22. Indian Standard Time • IST – 82.5 E Meridian • IST - 5.5 hours ahead of GMT, so GMT+5.5
- 23. British launched Chaibagaan time (1 hr ahead of IST) 150 years ago in Assam After independence – rejected 2007 DST study – rejected – admin challenges Jan 2014 CM of Assam – declare to apply Chaibagaan time Chaibagaa n time zone IST
- 25. If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at 75 °E? • Difference = 75 ° • 15 ° => 1 hour • 75 ° => 5 hours • East (means add) 12 +5 = 5 pm Time zones Question
- 26. If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at 30 °W? • Difference = 30 ° • 15 ° => 1 hour • 30 ° => 2 hours • East (means minus) 12 - 2 = 10 am Time zones Question
- 27. Prelims 1999 Q. If it is 10.00 am IST, then what would be the local time at Shillong on 92 deg E Longitude? a) 9.38 am b) 10.38 am c) 10.22 am d) 9.22 am Ans. B) UPSC Exercise
- 28. Prelim s 2006 Q. Through which one of the following groups of countries does equator pass? a) Brazil, Zambia and Malaysia b) Columbia, Kenya and Indonesia c) Brazil, Sudan and Malaysia d) Venezuela, Ethiopia and Indonesia UPSC Exercise
- 29. Prelims 2008 Q. Which of the following cities is nearest to the equator ? a) Colombo b) Jakarta c) Manila d) Singapore UPSC Exercise
- 30. Prelims 2008 Q. Which one of the following straits is nearest to the International Date Line? a) Malacca Strait b) Bering strait c) Strait of Florida d) Strait of Gibraltar UPSC Exercise
- 31. Malacca strait
- 34. Prelims 2009 Q. Consider the following countries: 1. Australia 2. Namibia 3. Brazil 4. Chile Through which of the above does the Tropic of Capricorn pass? UPSC Exercise
- 35. Prelims 2009 a) 1 only b) 2,3 and 4 c) 1,2 and 3 d) 1,2,3,4 UPSC Exercise
- 36. 1. Longitude 2. Latitude 3. Reason for Seasons on Earth 4. Time zones
- 37. GEOMORPHOLOGY
- 38. Origin of the Earth Nebula Theory Theory of Laplace Overview Geomorpholo gy
- 39. Origin of earth – Nebular theory of Laplace Gaseous cloud of H, He – radiation – cooling- Contracting • Separation of outer ring – 9 parts => 9 planets
- 40. Nebular Theory of Laplace • Heavier elements near the core and lighter at the surface • Layered structure of earth’s interior
- 41. 1. Density study: 2. Temperature study 3. Structural study - Direct evidences - Indirect evidences Interior of the Earth Geomorpholog y
- 42. Edward Suess • Outer layer (continents)– SIAL • Mantle and oceanic crust – SIMA • Core – Ni +Fe
- 43. Seismic wave studies • Seismic waves = mechanical waves = require medium for propagation • Their behaviour changes with changes of medium • 2 imp waves: primary P and secondary S waves • S waves can travel into only S and G medium • P can travel in all 3 mediums • But speed is highest in S>L>G
- 46. Observations • Asthenosphere – semi-molten • Beyond Asthenosphere- mantle rocks are dense • Outer core – liquid • The inner core is solid
- 47. Composition of the interior of the earth Earth as a whole • Iron (Fe) - highest • Oxygen (O2) • Silicon (Si) • Magnesium (Mg) • Sulphur (S) • Nickel (Ni) • Calcium (Ca) • Aluminum (Al) - lowest Earth’s crust • Oxygen (O2) - highest • Silicon (Si) • Aluminum (Al) • Iron (Fe) • Calcium (Ca) • Magnesium (Mg) • Sodium (Na) • Potassium (K) - lowest
- 48. Igneous rocks Metamorphous rocks Sedimentary rocks Rocks in the crust Geomorph o
- 49. Rock cycle
- 50. formed due to solidification of magma (Interior) or lava (Exterior) They don’t have strata or layers Because entire lava is solidified They are crystalline They don’t have fossils Igneous Rocks Rock Types
- 51. formed due to lithification of soil erosion of rocks => deposition of granules => compaction => lithification Always stratified They may have fossils Sedimentary rocks Rock Types
- 52. Metamorphosed rocks • both igneous and sedimentary rocks changed under heat or pressure or both • No fossils • No stratification
- 53. Examples of metamorphosed rocks gneiss Granite Marble Limestone quartzite Sandstone Slate/ schist Clay/muds tone
- 54. Prelims 2001 Consider the following statements made about sedimentary rocks: 1. Sedimentary rocks are formed at earth’s surface by hydrological system 2. Formation of sedimentary rocks involves the weathering of pre-existing rocks 3. Sedimentary rocks contains fossils 4. Sedimentary rocks occur in layers UPSC Question
- 55. Prelims 2001 Q. Quartzite is metamorphosed from: a) Limestone b) Obsidian c) Sandstone d) shale UPSC Question
- 56. Interior of the earth Different layers – structure and composition Rocks Properties of rocks
- 57. Geological time scale of Earth years Eon Era Importanc e 4.6 -3.5 billion Pre- Cambrian Proterozoic No Life 3.5 -2.5 billion Archean 1st life form 2.5 to 545 million Hadean 1st fish eveloved
- 58. Geological time scale of the Earth Years Eon Era Period Epoch Importan ce 545 ml – 245 ml Phaneroz oic Paleozoic Carbonife rous Coal 245 ml-65 ml Mesozoic Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceou s Reptiles => Dinosaur s => extinct 65 ml – present Cenozoic tertiary Oiligocene , Pliocene Birds and mammals 65000 years quaternar y Holocene Human
- 60. Rodinia break up - Palaeozoic
- 61. Mesozoic merger - Pangaea
- 62. 200 ml years ago – break up of Pangaea
- 63. 165 ml – break up of Gondwana
- 66. Alfred Wegener • 1st to propound movement of continents • His Continental Drift Theory • His 4 main observations
- 68. 2nd Observation Similarity of Age of the rocks
- 71. Continental Drift Theory • Super continent - Pangaea • Ocean – Panthalasa • Continent – SIAL rocks • Ocean – SIMA rocks • Mid- Mesozoic Pangaea broke up and drifted apart
- 72. Limitation of Continental Drift theory • Driving force? • Gravitational pull of sun and moon • Idea of SIAL and SIMA
- 73. Limitation of Continental Drift theory
- 74. Main s 2013 What do you understand by theory of continental drift? Discuss the prominent evidences in its support. (5) UPSC Question
- 75. Preli ms 2014 Q. Which of the following phenomena might have influenced the evolution of organisms? 1. Continental drift 2. Glacial cycles Ans. Both UPSC Question
- 76. Arthur Holmes • Arthur Holmes: • Convection current theory • Convection cells – force behind drifting of continents
- 78. Sea-floor mapping • During 1940s and 1950s • Diversity of ocean-floor • Submarine hills – guoyts – MOR –Trench
- 79. Ocean floor mapping Questions: 1) Ocean crust not older than mid-Mesozoic 2) Age increase away from MOR 3) Sea-mounts deformed at trenches
- 80. Sea floor spreading Theory • 1960s Harry Hass and Dietz answered question regarding ocean mapping using convection theory • revealed mystery of mid-oceanic ridge and trenches
- 83. MOR • Rising limb of current breaks the Ocean crust • Basaltic eruption • Accumulation of lava – ridge => MOR • New Oceanic crust • Divergent limb – expansion of ocean crust
- 84. Trenches
- 85. MOR - Trench • At trench Ocean floor destroyed – melted in mantle • Oceanic crust heavier than continental crust • Ocean floor act like conveyor belt • Ocean floor – cyclic process – 300 ml yrs
- 86. Mariana trench
- 87. Prelims 2006 Q. In which one of the following oceans the Diamantina Trench is located? a) Pacific Ocean b) Atlantic Ocean c) Indian Ocean d) Arctic Ocean Ans. C) UPSC Question
- 89. Palaeo-magentism • Magnetism of rocks along MOR • Magnetometer - Magnetic parallel stripes– normal and reverse magnetic profile • 1st Carlsberg ridge – Indian ocean
- 90. Palaeo-magentism • Vine and mattheus • Molten lava get polarity geomagnetic field of that period -Solidify • Ocean floor – magnetic tape
- 91. Palaeo-magnetism conclusion 1) Periodic reversal of magnetic field of the earth 2) Rate of sea-floor spreading decided by age + distance between two equal magnetic stripes • Atlantic – 1.0 cm/ year • Indian – 1.5 cm/year • Pacific – 6.0 cm/year
- 92. Prelims 2011 Q. Between India and East Asia, the navigation time and distance can be greatly reduced by which of the following? a) Deepening Malacca strait between Indonesia and Malaysia b) Opening a new canal across Kra Isthmus between gulf of Siam and Andaman sea UPSC Question
Editor's Notes
- World Geography: Asia= China, Japan, South East Asia, West Asia Europe = UK, Russia, Germany-France, Eastern Europe North America = USA, Canada South America and Africa
- Earth is spherical - tropics - temperate zones