The fundamental idea of storage is to transfer available energy During periods of low demand , using only a fraction of the fuel that would be consumed by the standard production machine (gas turbine, thermal engine, etc.). The main role of energy storage is therefore to introduce an energy degree of freedom to decouple Consumers and the producer by supplying or Delivering the difference between these two powers. In this paper is this paper presents a brief study and dimensioning of compressed air storage tanks to a hybrid system wind-PV. adopts the CAES system as a storage agent. starting with the technical criteria on which the choice of reservoirs is based and the mechanical constraints that must be taken into consideration for dimensioning of the reservoirs
This document discusses steam turbine power plant design and cycles. It describes typical steam conditions between 600-1450 psig at 750-950°F for Army power plants. Back pressure turbines exhaust at 250-15 psig and condensing turbines exhaust at 1-5 inches of mercury absolute. Cogeneration plants use back pressure or controlled extraction/condensing cycles to simultaneously produce electric power and steam for heat. The document compares plant heat rates, turbine heat rates, and discusses optimizing steam power plant cycles for maximum efficiency and economy.
This document summarizes a numerical simulation study of entropy generation in centrifugal compressors for micro-turbine applications with different exit blade angles. The study used 3D CFD simulations to analyze the flow field and quantify entropy generation from the inlet to outlet of compressors with 10-50 degree exit blade angles. The results showed entropy generation of around 60 J/kgK from the 0.1-0.6 streamwise locations where flow was parallel to the inlet, but around 480 J/kgK from 0.6-1.0 locations where deformation was high due to separation and leakage flows. Increased exit blade angle reduced entropy generation in the 0.6-1.0 locations by alleviating shear layers at the exit
Evaluation of the Energy Performance of the Amougdoul Wind Farm, Morocco IJECEIAES
This paper is concerned with the assessment of the the performance of the Amougdoul wind farm. We have determined the Weibull parameters; namely the scale parameter, c (m/s) and shape parameter, k. After that, we have estimated energy output by a wind turbine using two techniques: the useful power calculation method and the method based on the modeling of the power curve, which is respectively 134.5 kW and 194.19 KW corresponding to 27% and 39% of the available wind energy, which confirm that the conversion efficiency does not exceed 40%.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Simulation of Wind Power Dynamic for Electricity Production in Nassiriyah Dis...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that simulated wind power dynamics for electricity production in Nassiriyah District, Iraq. The study measured wind speed data from 2010-2013 at 10m altitude and used this to mathematically model and predict important wind energy parameters. It found that the minimum altitude for feasible wind speed (≥5m/s) for power production was 44m for a friction coefficient of 3.0 and 32m for a friction coefficient of 4.0. Weibull distribution analysis showed that the percentage of days with mean wind speeds ≥5m/s increased with higher altitudes and friction coefficients, making wind energy more viable at greater heights.
Effect analysis of the different channel length and depth of photovoltaic the...IJECEIAES
The document analyzes the effect of different channel lengths and depths on the electrical and thermal performance of a photovoltaic thermal system with a ∇-groove collector. A mathematical model is developed and simulations are conducted below 800 W/m2 solar intensity and 0.0069-0.0491 kg/s mass flow rates. Results show thermal efficiency increases nonlinearly with mass flow rate, reaching a maximum of 39.05% at 2.4m length. Electrical efficiency decreases nonlinearly from 10.43% at 2.4m length due to higher photovoltaic panel temperatures at longer lengths. Increasing mass flow rate improves both thermal and electrical performance of the ∇-groove collector.
The document summarizes an exergy and exergo-economic analysis of the Montazer Ghaem gas turbine power plant in Iran. The analysis finds that the combustion chamber has the highest exergy destruction due to the large temperature difference between the flame and operating fluid. The gas turbine's performance and efficiency are significantly affected by ambient temperature. An increase in ambient temperature decreases the net power output and exergy efficiency. The exergo-economic analysis determines that the combustion chamber also has the largest cost of exergy destruction.
This document discusses steam turbine power plant design and cycles. It describes typical steam conditions between 600-1450 psig at 750-950°F for Army power plants. Back pressure turbines exhaust at 250-15 psig and condensing turbines exhaust at 1-5 inches of mercury absolute. Cogeneration plants use back pressure or controlled extraction/condensing cycles to simultaneously produce electric power and steam for heat. The document compares plant heat rates, turbine heat rates, and discusses optimizing steam power plant cycles for maximum efficiency and economy.
This document summarizes a numerical simulation study of entropy generation in centrifugal compressors for micro-turbine applications with different exit blade angles. The study used 3D CFD simulations to analyze the flow field and quantify entropy generation from the inlet to outlet of compressors with 10-50 degree exit blade angles. The results showed entropy generation of around 60 J/kgK from the 0.1-0.6 streamwise locations where flow was parallel to the inlet, but around 480 J/kgK from 0.6-1.0 locations where deformation was high due to separation and leakage flows. Increased exit blade angle reduced entropy generation in the 0.6-1.0 locations by alleviating shear layers at the exit
Evaluation of the Energy Performance of the Amougdoul Wind Farm, Morocco IJECEIAES
This paper is concerned with the assessment of the the performance of the Amougdoul wind farm. We have determined the Weibull parameters; namely the scale parameter, c (m/s) and shape parameter, k. After that, we have estimated energy output by a wind turbine using two techniques: the useful power calculation method and the method based on the modeling of the power curve, which is respectively 134.5 kW and 194.19 KW corresponding to 27% and 39% of the available wind energy, which confirm that the conversion efficiency does not exceed 40%.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Simulation of Wind Power Dynamic for Electricity Production in Nassiriyah Dis...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that simulated wind power dynamics for electricity production in Nassiriyah District, Iraq. The study measured wind speed data from 2010-2013 at 10m altitude and used this to mathematically model and predict important wind energy parameters. It found that the minimum altitude for feasible wind speed (≥5m/s) for power production was 44m for a friction coefficient of 3.0 and 32m for a friction coefficient of 4.0. Weibull distribution analysis showed that the percentage of days with mean wind speeds ≥5m/s increased with higher altitudes and friction coefficients, making wind energy more viable at greater heights.
Effect analysis of the different channel length and depth of photovoltaic the...IJECEIAES
The document analyzes the effect of different channel lengths and depths on the electrical and thermal performance of a photovoltaic thermal system with a ∇-groove collector. A mathematical model is developed and simulations are conducted below 800 W/m2 solar intensity and 0.0069-0.0491 kg/s mass flow rates. Results show thermal efficiency increases nonlinearly with mass flow rate, reaching a maximum of 39.05% at 2.4m length. Electrical efficiency decreases nonlinearly from 10.43% at 2.4m length due to higher photovoltaic panel temperatures at longer lengths. Increasing mass flow rate improves both thermal and electrical performance of the ∇-groove collector.
The document summarizes an exergy and exergo-economic analysis of the Montazer Ghaem gas turbine power plant in Iran. The analysis finds that the combustion chamber has the highest exergy destruction due to the large temperature difference between the flame and operating fluid. The gas turbine's performance and efficiency are significantly affected by ambient temperature. An increase in ambient temperature decreases the net power output and exergy efficiency. The exergo-economic analysis determines that the combustion chamber also has the largest cost of exergy destruction.
Photovoltaic (PV) cell from solar energy is one of the most widely adopted renewable energy source and commercially available system that can be used in various applications. More appealing application of PV arrays used in thermoelectric (TE) device was it can convert solar thermal energy from temperature difference into electric energy to act as power generators. In this study, a theoretical model is developed by using conducting steady state energy analysis of a PVT-TE air collector. The matrix inversion method is used to obtain energy balance equation. The effect of various parameters also investigated. The mass flow rate of range 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s and solar intensity of 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 was used to obtain outlet temperature, To in the range about 28.9oC to 43.7oC and PV temperature, Tp about 35.3oC to 60oC.
The document discusses various techniques for mathematically modeling wind turbine power curves. It begins by explaining the basic components and equations for wind energy conversion. It then describes factors that influence power output like wind speed distribution and tower height. Methods are classified as parametric (using equations) or non-parametric (no assumptions). Parametric techniques include linear segmented models, polynomials, and logistic functions. Non-parametric techniques involve cubic spline interpolation, neural networks, fuzzy methods, and copula models. Accurately modeling power curves is important for wind farm optimization and energy forecasting.
Optimizing the-performance-of-a-standing-wave-loudspeaker-driven-thermoacoust...محمود الأمير
This paper investigates the design and optimization steps of a thermoacoustic refrigerator. Matlab code will be used for
optimizing the stack length and its position. DeltaEC version 6.3b11 will be used to do the code used for simulating the refrigerator to
identify the optimized operating conditions such as the mean pressure and the oscillating pressure. Behavior of changing the operating conditions effect on the performance is discussed.
In this paper, we focus on the modeling and control of a wind power system based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). We proposed a technique of control strategies to have the maximum power from wind turbine (WT). This study deals with the problem of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) based on Takagi Sugeno fuzzy model. The stability analysis is achieved. The gains of the designed controller are calculated by solving Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI). Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of field roughness, power losses, and turbulence intensity on electricity production for an onshore wind farm in Kitka, Kosovo. The study analyzed wind data collected from an onsite met mast from August to December 2017. It estimated annual energy production for the wind farm using wake and loss models. Turbulence intensity was estimated to be 9-12% at hub height based on wind speed data. The roughness of the terrain was found to be less than the added roughness of wind turbines. Despite differences in elevation between turbines, the site roughness index was found to be mostly consistent, allowing similar turbines to be installed without affecting energy production quality.
Energy and exergy analysis of reverse brayton refrigerator for gas turbine po...fsnexuss
This document discusses energy and exergy analysis of a proposed system to boost gas turbine power output using a reverse Brayton refrigerator. The system involves extracting a portion of compressed air from the gas turbine compressor and running it through a reverse Brayton refrigeration cycle to cool the air before it enters the compressor. The document provides background on gas turbine power degradation in hot climates and various air cooling methods. It then describes the proposed coupled gas turbine and reverse Brayton refrigeration cycle system and presents equations for the energy analysis of the cycles. The objective is to investigate the potential power boost through both energy and exergy (second law) analysis of the system.
In this paper, a new technique has been proposed to solve the trade off common problem in hill climbing search algorithm (HCS) to reach maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The main aim of the new technique is to increase the power efficiency for the wind energy conversion system (WECS). The proposed technique has been combined the three-mode algorithm to be simpler. The novel algorithm is increasing the ability to reach the MPPT without delay. The novel algorithm shows fast tracking capability and enhanced stability under change wind speed conditions.
Paper design and optimizaton of steam distribution systems for steam power pl...Tony Lewis
This document presents a methodology for optimizing the design of steam distribution networks (SDNs) for steam power plants. The methodology formulates the problem as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to minimize total annualized cost. The model determines the optimal structure, configuration, and operation of the SDN as well as its interaction with the heat recovery system. Case studies are used to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of the proposed simultaneous optimization approach.
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Country Sectors - Advanced ThermodynamicsMostafa Ghadamyari
This document outlines sectoral energy and exergy analysis procedures. It discusses how energy, exergy, and entropy concepts apply to thermodynamic systems and can be used to analyze macrosystems like societies. The document then provides an example of analyzing Turkey's residential/commercial sector, showing the steps to estimate energy and exergy efficiencies for applications like space heating and cooking. Finally, it discusses analyzing Turkey's industrial sector, dividing energy usage into process categories and examining industries like iron-steel production.
This document reviews various techniques for enhancing heat transfer through surfaces like tubes and ducts, specifically the use of ribs, fins, and inserts. It begins by classifying heat transfer enhancement techniques as active, passive, or compound. The majority of the document then focuses on passive techniques, including extended surfaces like fins and the use of inserts within ducts or tubes. It provides examples of different rib, fin, and insert configurations that have been used, and summarizes several studies that have experimentally analyzed heat transfer rates and pressure drops associated with these configurations under different parameters. Overall, the document serves as a literature review of using ribs, fins, and inserts to enhance heat transfer through surfaces in a passive manner without external power input.
Wind Power Density Analysis for Micro-Scale Wind Turbinestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The energy costs of a power plant consist of startup cost and cost of power usage. In contrast to
the existing literature, this study introduces at startup cost based on the duration of thermal power plant
downtime. The approach of startup cost function in this research is done by using startup type. Startup of a
steam power plant depends on its condition. Generally, there are three types of startup the power plant
when the turbine temperature is still very high, i.e. hot start, very hot start and very-very hot start. This
paper uses multistage optimization to solve the problem of hydrothermal scheduling with including the
startup type cost in the objective function. The simulation results showed operating cost savings when the
objective function for optimization also consider the cost based on startup type i.e. when compared with
the optimization result which the objective function does not take the cost of startup type.
This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of a shell and tube heat exchanger with different baffle inclinations. The study aims to determine the optimal baffle inclination angle and mass flow rate. It analyzes heat transfer characteristics for baffle inclinations of 0, 10 and 20 degrees. The results indicate that a helical baffle configuration forces fluid rotation, increasing heat transfer rates and coefficients more than a segmental baffle design. Overall, the CFD simulation allows determination of outlet temperatures, pressure drops, and optimal design parameters for improved heat exchanger performance.
Scope of Improving Energy Utilization in Coal Based Co-Generation on Thermal ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document presents a dynamic model and control strategy for a grid-connected hybrid wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generation system. It describes models for the key system components, including a variable speed wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), PV array, and power conditioning system. The power conditioning system uses boost converters to regulate the DC link voltage from the wind and PV sources. A voltage source inverter and PQ controller are used to interface the hybrid system and deliver power to the grid while maintaining a stable common DC bus voltage. Simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed hybrid power system for distributed energy applications.
Solar air heater (SAH), which is the most essential component of solar drying systems, receive solar energy and convert it into thermal energy. This review presents descriptions and previous works conducted on performances analysis of SAHs. Exergoenviroeconomic, exergoenvironmental, environmental, and exergy analyses are also presented. In addition, results on the performances of SAHs are summarized. The exergy and energy efficiencies of SAHs at laboratorium testing range from 8% to 61% and from 30% to 79%, respectively.
STRUCTURAL AND VIBRATIONAL RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF H.P. BLADED DISC ASSEMBLYIAEME Publication
In this article, an effort has been made to deal with structural behavior of the Steam turbine HP blade and disc assembly rotating at 100% (6000 rpm) optimum speed and 120% (7200rpm) over speed conditions which in turn create large amount of centrifugal force. This is the dominating force in steam turbine blade assembly which is the cause for all its behavior. Vibrational analysis of this HP blade and disc assembly is also carried out using FEA methods to determine and predict the fatigue life of the blade and disc. The Structural analysis is carried out on the HP blade and disc to understand the Structural behaviors which comes on them in order to find out the factor of safety of the HP blade and disc assembly due to high angular velocity.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Torque estimator using MPPT method for wind turbines IJECEIAES
In this work, we presents a control scheme of the interface of a grid connected Variable Speed Wind Energy Generation System based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The vectorial strategy for oriented stator flux GADA has been developed To extract the maximum power MPPT from the wind turbine. It uses a second order sliding mode controller and Kalman observer, using the super twisting algorithm. The simulation describes the effectiveness of the control strategy adopted.For a step and random profiles of the wind speed, reveals better tracking and perfect convergence of electromagnetic torque and concellation of reactive power to the stator. This control limits the mechanical stress on the tansmission shaft, improves the quality of the currents generated on the grid and optimizes the efficiency of the conversion chain.
This document summarizes an experimental study that analyzed the performance of small wind turbine blades with and without winglet additions. The study found that blades with winglets attached increased output power by 2.01% and reduced noise levels by 25% compared to blades without winglets. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and noise analysis were used to simulate and compare blade performance. Testing of actual blade designs confirmed the CFD results, showing improved efficiency and reduced noise from blades with winglet additions at the tips.
Optimal power generation for wind-hydro-thermal system using meta-heuristic a...IJECEIAES
In this paper, cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) is suggested for determining optimal operation parameters of the combined wind turbine and hydrothermal system (CWHTS) in order to minimize total fuel cost of all operating thermal power plants while all constraints of plants and system are exactly satisfied. In addition to CSA, Particle swarm optimization (PSO), PSO with constriction factor and inertia weight factor (FCIW-PSO) and social ski-driver (SSD) are also implemented for comparisons. The CWHTS is optimally scheduled over twenty-four one-hour interval and total cost of producing power energy is employed for comparison. Via numerical results and graphical results, it indicates CSA can reach much better results than other ones in terms of lower total cost, higher success rate and faster search process. Consequently, the conclusion is confirmed that CSA is a very efficient method for the problem of determining optimal operation parameters of CWHTS.
Storage represents the key to the penetration of renewable energies especially wind and solar energy on the network electric. It avoids unloading in the event of overproduction, ensuring real-time The production-consumption balance and also improve the robustness of the electricity grid. CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) is a mature technology that allows to store long or short duration an amount of energy sucient to support the number of cycles requested. The E-PV-CAES system will be presented and the modeling of the compressed air engine will also be treated in more detail in this article.
Photovoltaic (PV) cell from solar energy is one of the most widely adopted renewable energy source and commercially available system that can be used in various applications. More appealing application of PV arrays used in thermoelectric (TE) device was it can convert solar thermal energy from temperature difference into electric energy to act as power generators. In this study, a theoretical model is developed by using conducting steady state energy analysis of a PVT-TE air collector. The matrix inversion method is used to obtain energy balance equation. The effect of various parameters also investigated. The mass flow rate of range 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s and solar intensity of 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 was used to obtain outlet temperature, To in the range about 28.9oC to 43.7oC and PV temperature, Tp about 35.3oC to 60oC.
The document discusses various techniques for mathematically modeling wind turbine power curves. It begins by explaining the basic components and equations for wind energy conversion. It then describes factors that influence power output like wind speed distribution and tower height. Methods are classified as parametric (using equations) or non-parametric (no assumptions). Parametric techniques include linear segmented models, polynomials, and logistic functions. Non-parametric techniques involve cubic spline interpolation, neural networks, fuzzy methods, and copula models. Accurately modeling power curves is important for wind farm optimization and energy forecasting.
Optimizing the-performance-of-a-standing-wave-loudspeaker-driven-thermoacoust...محمود الأمير
This paper investigates the design and optimization steps of a thermoacoustic refrigerator. Matlab code will be used for
optimizing the stack length and its position. DeltaEC version 6.3b11 will be used to do the code used for simulating the refrigerator to
identify the optimized operating conditions such as the mean pressure and the oscillating pressure. Behavior of changing the operating conditions effect on the performance is discussed.
In this paper, we focus on the modeling and control of a wind power system based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). We proposed a technique of control strategies to have the maximum power from wind turbine (WT). This study deals with the problem of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) based on Takagi Sugeno fuzzy model. The stability analysis is achieved. The gains of the designed controller are calculated by solving Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI). Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of field roughness, power losses, and turbulence intensity on electricity production for an onshore wind farm in Kitka, Kosovo. The study analyzed wind data collected from an onsite met mast from August to December 2017. It estimated annual energy production for the wind farm using wake and loss models. Turbulence intensity was estimated to be 9-12% at hub height based on wind speed data. The roughness of the terrain was found to be less than the added roughness of wind turbines. Despite differences in elevation between turbines, the site roughness index was found to be mostly consistent, allowing similar turbines to be installed without affecting energy production quality.
Energy and exergy analysis of reverse brayton refrigerator for gas turbine po...fsnexuss
This document discusses energy and exergy analysis of a proposed system to boost gas turbine power output using a reverse Brayton refrigerator. The system involves extracting a portion of compressed air from the gas turbine compressor and running it through a reverse Brayton refrigeration cycle to cool the air before it enters the compressor. The document provides background on gas turbine power degradation in hot climates and various air cooling methods. It then describes the proposed coupled gas turbine and reverse Brayton refrigeration cycle system and presents equations for the energy analysis of the cycles. The objective is to investigate the potential power boost through both energy and exergy (second law) analysis of the system.
In this paper, a new technique has been proposed to solve the trade off common problem in hill climbing search algorithm (HCS) to reach maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The main aim of the new technique is to increase the power efficiency for the wind energy conversion system (WECS). The proposed technique has been combined the three-mode algorithm to be simpler. The novel algorithm is increasing the ability to reach the MPPT without delay. The novel algorithm shows fast tracking capability and enhanced stability under change wind speed conditions.
Paper design and optimizaton of steam distribution systems for steam power pl...Tony Lewis
This document presents a methodology for optimizing the design of steam distribution networks (SDNs) for steam power plants. The methodology formulates the problem as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to minimize total annualized cost. The model determines the optimal structure, configuration, and operation of the SDN as well as its interaction with the heat recovery system. Case studies are used to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of the proposed simultaneous optimization approach.
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Country Sectors - Advanced ThermodynamicsMostafa Ghadamyari
This document outlines sectoral energy and exergy analysis procedures. It discusses how energy, exergy, and entropy concepts apply to thermodynamic systems and can be used to analyze macrosystems like societies. The document then provides an example of analyzing Turkey's residential/commercial sector, showing the steps to estimate energy and exergy efficiencies for applications like space heating and cooking. Finally, it discusses analyzing Turkey's industrial sector, dividing energy usage into process categories and examining industries like iron-steel production.
This document reviews various techniques for enhancing heat transfer through surfaces like tubes and ducts, specifically the use of ribs, fins, and inserts. It begins by classifying heat transfer enhancement techniques as active, passive, or compound. The majority of the document then focuses on passive techniques, including extended surfaces like fins and the use of inserts within ducts or tubes. It provides examples of different rib, fin, and insert configurations that have been used, and summarizes several studies that have experimentally analyzed heat transfer rates and pressure drops associated with these configurations under different parameters. Overall, the document serves as a literature review of using ribs, fins, and inserts to enhance heat transfer through surfaces in a passive manner without external power input.
Wind Power Density Analysis for Micro-Scale Wind Turbinestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The energy costs of a power plant consist of startup cost and cost of power usage. In contrast to
the existing literature, this study introduces at startup cost based on the duration of thermal power plant
downtime. The approach of startup cost function in this research is done by using startup type. Startup of a
steam power plant depends on its condition. Generally, there are three types of startup the power plant
when the turbine temperature is still very high, i.e. hot start, very hot start and very-very hot start. This
paper uses multistage optimization to solve the problem of hydrothermal scheduling with including the
startup type cost in the objective function. The simulation results showed operating cost savings when the
objective function for optimization also consider the cost based on startup type i.e. when compared with
the optimization result which the objective function does not take the cost of startup type.
This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of a shell and tube heat exchanger with different baffle inclinations. The study aims to determine the optimal baffle inclination angle and mass flow rate. It analyzes heat transfer characteristics for baffle inclinations of 0, 10 and 20 degrees. The results indicate that a helical baffle configuration forces fluid rotation, increasing heat transfer rates and coefficients more than a segmental baffle design. Overall, the CFD simulation allows determination of outlet temperatures, pressure drops, and optimal design parameters for improved heat exchanger performance.
Scope of Improving Energy Utilization in Coal Based Co-Generation on Thermal ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document presents a dynamic model and control strategy for a grid-connected hybrid wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generation system. It describes models for the key system components, including a variable speed wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), PV array, and power conditioning system. The power conditioning system uses boost converters to regulate the DC link voltage from the wind and PV sources. A voltage source inverter and PQ controller are used to interface the hybrid system and deliver power to the grid while maintaining a stable common DC bus voltage. Simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed hybrid power system for distributed energy applications.
Solar air heater (SAH), which is the most essential component of solar drying systems, receive solar energy and convert it into thermal energy. This review presents descriptions and previous works conducted on performances analysis of SAHs. Exergoenviroeconomic, exergoenvironmental, environmental, and exergy analyses are also presented. In addition, results on the performances of SAHs are summarized. The exergy and energy efficiencies of SAHs at laboratorium testing range from 8% to 61% and from 30% to 79%, respectively.
STRUCTURAL AND VIBRATIONAL RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF H.P. BLADED DISC ASSEMBLYIAEME Publication
In this article, an effort has been made to deal with structural behavior of the Steam turbine HP blade and disc assembly rotating at 100% (6000 rpm) optimum speed and 120% (7200rpm) over speed conditions which in turn create large amount of centrifugal force. This is the dominating force in steam turbine blade assembly which is the cause for all its behavior. Vibrational analysis of this HP blade and disc assembly is also carried out using FEA methods to determine and predict the fatigue life of the blade and disc. The Structural analysis is carried out on the HP blade and disc to understand the Structural behaviors which comes on them in order to find out the factor of safety of the HP blade and disc assembly due to high angular velocity.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Torque estimator using MPPT method for wind turbines IJECEIAES
In this work, we presents a control scheme of the interface of a grid connected Variable Speed Wind Energy Generation System based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The vectorial strategy for oriented stator flux GADA has been developed To extract the maximum power MPPT from the wind turbine. It uses a second order sliding mode controller and Kalman observer, using the super twisting algorithm. The simulation describes the effectiveness of the control strategy adopted.For a step and random profiles of the wind speed, reveals better tracking and perfect convergence of electromagnetic torque and concellation of reactive power to the stator. This control limits the mechanical stress on the tansmission shaft, improves the quality of the currents generated on the grid and optimizes the efficiency of the conversion chain.
This document summarizes an experimental study that analyzed the performance of small wind turbine blades with and without winglet additions. The study found that blades with winglets attached increased output power by 2.01% and reduced noise levels by 25% compared to blades without winglets. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and noise analysis were used to simulate and compare blade performance. Testing of actual blade designs confirmed the CFD results, showing improved efficiency and reduced noise from blades with winglet additions at the tips.
Optimal power generation for wind-hydro-thermal system using meta-heuristic a...IJECEIAES
In this paper, cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) is suggested for determining optimal operation parameters of the combined wind turbine and hydrothermal system (CWHTS) in order to minimize total fuel cost of all operating thermal power plants while all constraints of plants and system are exactly satisfied. In addition to CSA, Particle swarm optimization (PSO), PSO with constriction factor and inertia weight factor (FCIW-PSO) and social ski-driver (SSD) are also implemented for comparisons. The CWHTS is optimally scheduled over twenty-four one-hour interval and total cost of producing power energy is employed for comparison. Via numerical results and graphical results, it indicates CSA can reach much better results than other ones in terms of lower total cost, higher success rate and faster search process. Consequently, the conclusion is confirmed that CSA is a very efficient method for the problem of determining optimal operation parameters of CWHTS.
Storage represents the key to the penetration of renewable energies especially wind and solar energy on the network electric. It avoids unloading in the event of overproduction, ensuring real-time The production-consumption balance and also improve the robustness of the electricity grid. CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) is a mature technology that allows to store long or short duration an amount of energy sucient to support the number of cycles requested. The E-PV-CAES system will be presented and the modeling of the compressed air engine will also be treated in more detail in this article.
Sizing Optimization of Stand-Alone Wind Power System Using Hybrid Energy Stor...ijsrd.com
In this study, the hydrogen production potential and costs by using wind/electrolysis system were considered. In order to evaluate costs and quantities of produced hydrogen, number of wind-turbines and hub heights are considered as the variable Levelized cost of electricity method was used in order to determine the cost analysis of wind energy and hydrogen production. The results of calculations brought out that the electricity costs of the wind turbines and hydrogen production costs of the electrolyzers are decreased with the increase of turbine hub height. The maximum hydrogen production quantity was obtained 1420KWh/year.
Heuristic Optimization Technique for CHP-Wind Power Dispatchidescitation
The document describes applying a differential evolution algorithm to solve an economic dispatch problem for a combined heat and power system with wind turbines. It establishes a mathematical model that minimizes total generation cost subject to constraints involving power output, heat output, and wind power. The model considers the probabilistic nature of wind power based on a Weibull distribution. The differential evolution algorithm is tested on a sample system and able to find optimal dispatch schedules that meet all constraints while minimizing cost for different levels of allowed wind power shortage.
Improved backtracking search optimization algorithm for PV/Wind/FC systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper uses a novel optimization method based on the improved backtracking search optimization algorithm (IBSA). The study is conducted for a hybrid stand-alone system composed of photovoltaic panel (PV), wind turbine generator and fuel cell electrolyzer (FC). To demonstrate the effectiveness of the IBSA, four benchmark functions are used. The result shows the better exploration and exploitation of the improved backtracking search optimization algorithm in terms of convergence and speed for system comprinsing PV panel wind, turbine generator and fuel cell. The proposed algorithm is used to optimize the annual total cost (ATC) of the energy produced and feed up the load demand. The economic evaluation of the Hybrid PV/Wind/FC system is done throughout hourly demand and daily wind speed and insulation. The simulation results justify the robustness of the IBSA.
Domestic Solar - Aero - Hydro Power Generation SystemIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a proposed domestic solar-aero-hydro power generation system. The system uses a single turbine that can operate using both wind and water power to generate electricity. When the water tank is full, the turbine continues operating as a wind turbine. It also includes solar panels to generate additional solar power. The system aims to efficiently supply power to domestic needs using multiple renewable energy sources in an integrated manner to maximize energy production and reduce maintenance needs.
Performance analysis of partially covered photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water co...eSAT Journals
This document analyzes the performance of a partially covered photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collector system in Bhopal, India. The maximum temperature of the hot water from the system was 47.5°C. The average thermal efficiency was over 50%, the electrical efficiency was around 6.39%, and the overall efficiency exceeded 56.49%. Exergy efficiency, a measure of the system's ability to convert solar radiation into usable energy, was found to exceed 9.48%. The study concluded that a PVT system can improve overall energy yield per unit area by capturing both thermal and electrical energy from solar radiation.
IRJET- Optimum Design of Photovoltaic / Regenerative Fuel Cell Power Syst...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the optimal design of a hybrid photovoltaic/regenerative fuel cell (PV/RFC) power system for a remote telecom station. The system uses a PV subsystem to generate electricity from solar irradiation. Surplus energy is used to produce hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis. The hydrogen is stored and then used in a fuel cell to generate electricity during times when solar energy is insufficient to meet load demands. The document outlines the methodology for sizing the PV array, electrolyzer, fuel cell, and hydrogen storage tank. Calculations are provided for hydrogen and oxygen production and usage, as well as water balance. The goal is to size the system components so that hydrogen production matches consumption to reliably meet the station
Modeling and Analysis of Wind Energy Conversion Systems Using MatlabIOSR Journals
This document presents a model and analysis of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) using MATLAB. It summarizes the components that make up a WECS, including the wind turbine, generator, controller, rectifier-inverter, battery, load equipment, and transformer/grid. It then models each component in MATLAB, including the wind turbine blades, drive train dynamics, asynchronous generator, and reduction of the generator order for stability studies. The modeling is used to simulate a test case of a WECS both as a standalone system and grid-connected to analyze its performance and stability when interfaced with the grid.
The document summarizes the optimal configuration of a wind/solar/diesel/battery hybrid energy system for electrifying a rural area in Jhiri village, Madhya Pradesh, India. Load profile analysis was conducted based on population and standard electricity consumption. Meteorological data on solar radiation, wind speed, and temperature was collected from a local weather station. Component models for the PV array, wind turbine, battery, and diesel generator were developed. Homer software was then used to optimally size the hybrid energy system components to reliably meet the village's electricity needs at minimum cost. The proposed system aims to improve lives in the rural community through a more economical and environmentally-friendly energy solution.
Stochastic renewable energy resources integrated multi-objective optimal powe...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document proposes a method for solving single and multi-objective optimal power flow problems that integrate stochastic wind and solar power with traditional coal-based power plants. It models the uncertainties in wind and solar output using probability distribution functions. A multi-objective moth flame optimization technique is used to solve the optimization problems. The results are validated on an adapted IEEE 30-bus test system incorporating wind and solar plants.
An Algorithm of a Convectional Factory Electric Tray Dryertheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The following article presents the control of the power generated by the Doubly Fed Induction Generator, integrated into the wind system, whose rotor is linked to the power converters (Rotor Side Convert (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC)) interfaced by the DC-BUS and connected to the grid via a filter (Rf, Lf) in order to obtain an optimal power to the grid and to ensure system stability. The objective of this study is to understand and to make the comparison between Sliding mode Control technique and the Flux Oriented Control in order to control the Doubly Fed Induction Generator powers exchanged with the grid, it also aims at maintaining the DC-BUS voltage constant and a unit power factor at the grid connection point.The results of simulation show the performance of the Sliding mode Control in terms of monitoring, and robustness with regard to the parametric variations, compared to the Flux Oriented Control. The performance of the systems was tested and compared with the use of MATLAB/Simulink software.
This document evaluates the performance of an energy tower power plant (ETPP) without a solar collector for application in Saudi Arabia. A mathematical model is used to estimate the monthly electric power output from a 1200m tall, 400m diameter chimney under Saudi weather conditions. The results show the power tower could produce between 111.8MW and 137.8MW of electricity per month, with higher outputs in winter months. ETPPs use water spraying at the chimney top to cool air and create downdrafts to drive turbines, making them suitable for hot, dry climates like Saudi Arabia.
A solar PV array system is comprised of the following components - solar cells, panel modules, and an array system. Thus, overall optimal design of a solar PV system involves the optimal design of the components at three levels - solar cell, panel module, and array. In the present work, a comparison between different optimization methods is applied to design optimization of single channel Photovoltaic (SCPVT) system. The purpose of these methodologies is to obtain optimum values of the design parameters of SCPVT system, such that the overall economic profit is maximized throughout the PV system lifetime operational period which is not directly calculated in our work rather energy efficiency is calculated . Out of many design parameters available for this system, in the present work only few parameters are taken. The optimal design parameters chosen here are length of channel, depth of channel, velocity of fluid in the cell, and temperature of the cell. The objective function of the proposed optimization algorithm which is Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) implemented for design optimization of the system is the energy efficiency, which has to be maximized.
MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING adeij1
In this paper, the modeling, optimization and simulation results of the piezoelectric energy harvesting using bond graph approach are presented. Firstly, a lightweight equivalent model derived from the bond graph is proposed. It’s a comprehensive model, which is suitable for piezoelectric seismic energy harvester investigation and power optimization. The optimal charge impedance for both the resistive load and complex load are given and analysed. Finally a bond graph approach is proposed to allow optimization of the extracted energy while keeping simplicity and standalone capability. The proposed model does not rely on any inductor and is constructed with a simple switch. The power harvested is more than twice the conventional technique one on a wide band of resistive load. The bond graph model is valid close to the analysed mode centre frequency and delivers results compared to experimental and analytical data. Furthermore, we also show that the harvester can be electrically tuned to match the excitation frequency. This makes it possible to maximize the power output for both linear and non-linear loads.
Impact of compressed air energy storage system into diesel power plant with w...IJECEIAES
The wind energy plays an important role in power system because of its renewable, clean and free energy. However, the penetration of wind power (WP) into the power grid system (PGS) requires an efficient energy storage systems (ESS). compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is one of the most ESS technologies which can alleviate the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources (RES). Nyala city power plant in Sudan has been chosen as a case study because the power supply by the existing power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) of diesel power plant (DPP) with the integration of CAES and PW. The optimization problem is modeled and coded in MATLAB which solved with solver GORUBI 8.0. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into PGS with ESS and helpful in power system operation management.
Energy-saving, improving energy efficiency, and finding a new efficient way to use energy are considered as an urgent problem in over the world. In this paper, we consider the economics of energy use in combination with energy storage units where two forms of electricity exist in the power system. Then the problem of optimizing the installation capacity (to optimize the investment costs for energy storage) is presented and investigated in connection with the conversion systems. The topic opens a very significant result, including the introduction of a mathematical model to calculate the simulation in optimizing the installation capacity of the equipment in the system, multi-source power, as well as voltage and power stability benefits.
Design of Lattice Wind Turbine Towers With Structural OptimizationIJERA Editor
This article aims to study the self-supporting truss towers used to support large wind turbines in areas with high altitude. The goal is to evaluate and validate numerically by finite element method the structural analysis when the lattice structures of the towers of wind turbines are subjected to static loads and these from common usage. With this, it is expected minimize the cost of transportation and installation of the tower and maximize the generation of electricity, respecting technical standards and restrictions of structural integrity and safety, making vibration analysis and the required static and dynamic loads, thereby preventing failures by fractures or mechanical fatigue. Practical examples of towers will be designed by the system and will be tested in structural simulation programs using the Finite Element Method. This analysis is done on the entire region coupling action of the turbine, with variable sensitivity to vibration levels. The results obtained for freestanding lattice tower are compared with the information of a tubular one designed to support the generator with the same characteristics. At the end of this work itwas possible to observe the feasibility of using lattice towers that proved better as its structural performance but with caveats about its dynamic performance since the appearance of several other modes natural frequency thus reducing the intervals between them in low frequency and theoretically increase the risk of resonance.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a battery energy storage system (BESS) at the point of common coupling for a wind farm to provide continuous power output. It presents a methodology to determine the optimal BESS capacity needed to balance the intermittent power from the wind farm and maintain a constant output. The paper models the wind power profile, develops control algorithms for the converters, sizes the BESS based on the maximum power and energy needed over time, and simulates the system in MATLAB/Simulink. The results demonstrate that the BESS is able to smooth fluctuations and provide continuous power without disturbing the grid.
Similar to Study and Dimensioning of the Tanks Dedicated to a Compressed Air Energy Storage system (CAES) (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
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#Abstract:
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Study and Dimensioning of the Tanks Dedicated to a Compressed Air Energy Storage system (CAES)
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2018, pp. 2029 – 2037
ISSN: 2088-8708 2029
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
w w w . i a e s j o u r n a l . c o m
Study and Dimensioning of the Tanks Dedicated to a
Compressed Air Energy Storage system (CAES)
I. Rais1
and H. Mahmoudi2
1
Mohamadia Engineering School, Mohammed V university, Morocco
2
Power Electronic and Control Team (EPCT), Department of Electrical Engineering, Morocco
Article Info
Article history:
Received: October 2, 2017
Revised: April 14, 2018
Accepted: May 3, 2018
Keyword:
CAES
CAM
Compressor
Reservoir
energy density
charging time
discharging time
ABSTRACT
The fundamental idea of storage is to transfer available energy During periods of low
demand , using only a fraction of the fuel that would be consumed by the standard
production machine (gas turbine, thermal engine, etc.). The main role of energy storage
is therefore to introduce an energy degree of freedom to decouple Consumers and the
producer by supplying or Delivering the difference between these two powers. In this
paper is this paper presents a brief study and dimensioning of compressed air storage
tanks to a hybrid system wind-PV. adopts the CAES system as a storage agent. starting
with the technical criteria on which the choice of reservoirs is based and the mechanical
constraints that must be taken into consideration for dimensioning of the reservoirs
Copyright c 2018 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Ilham Rais
Power Electronic and Control Team (EPCT)
Rabat, Morocco
Email: ilhamrais@research.emi.ac.ma
1. INTRODUCTION
In most isolated areas, the diesel generator is the main source of electrical power.that poses immense
technical challenges And financial. This generation of electricity is relatively inefficient, very costly and respon-
sible for the emission of large quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The use of wind-solar (JES) twinning in
these autonomous networks could Thus reducing operating deficits [5][7].
However, the profitability of the JES is achieved on the condition of obtaining a high penetration rate of
wind and/or solar energy, which is possible only by using storage systems [8] the solution proposed which meets
all the technical and financial requirements while ensuring a reliability of electricity supply to the isolated sites.
It is the hybrid wind-photovoltaic system with storage of compressed air [1]. The use of compressed air as an
energy storage agent is as well suited to wind and solar production as it is to diesels. The principal idea for the
storage of electrical energy By wind turbine plant and Photovoltaic array as a source of energy coupled with two
Pneumatic machines: The first is a compressor driven by an electric motor and the second is an compressed air
motor which drives in turn an alternator [1].
During windy period the turbine directly supplies the isolated site on electricity and Surplus energy will
be used by the electric motor to drive the compressor to recharge the compressed air in the trivial tanks. In the
absence of wind turbine the photovoltaics energy will follow the same principle. In the absence of the two energy
sources compressed, the air will be relaxed in the compressed air motor which will drive in turn the generator to
supply electricity at the isolated site . This hybrid system would act in real time in order to maintain the balance
between the power generated and consumed by achieving a remarkable reduction in fuel consumption whatever
the level of the power demanded. the following paper will present a brief study of the selection criteria of the
reservoirs and the dimensioning of this latters as the most interesting elements in the compression chain [1][12].
Journal Homepage: http://iaescore.com/journals/index.php/IJECE
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
w w w . i a e s j o u r n a l . c o m
, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v8i4.pp2029-2037
2. 2030 ISSN: 2088-8708
2. TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE CHOICE OF RESERVOIRS
The choice of tanks suitable for the proposed compressed air storage system does not come at random
but there are several technical criteria which characterize them we cite among them [4][2]:
energy density of storage
The flexibility of location and specific site requirements.
Storage capacity.
The self-discharge.
The yield of the storage system
2.1. Energy density of storage
An open gas cycle system allows complete polytropic expansion of air compressed from the maximum
pressure to atmospheric pressure. this allows full exploitation of the energy stored as compressed air.
For a 1 m3 unit of volume, the storage energy density can be expressed by the following equation [3]:
W = K
nNPr
n − 1
(1 − (
Pa
Pr
)
n−1
nN ) (1)
with
K = 2.777810−6
is the energy conversion constant in kWh, N is the number of expansion stages of the CAM,
Pa is the atmospheric pressure and Pr is the storage pressure. The figure above gives an idea of the amount of
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
x 10
−3
maximum storage pressure (bar)
Energydensity(wh/m3)
N=1
N=2
N=3
N=4
N=5
Figure 1. variation of the energy density as a function of the number of stage and the storage pressure
energy stored in a given volume of air. It can be noticed that by increasing the maximum allowable pressure in
the tank this quantity can be increased.
Thus, the higher the number of stages of the air expansion in the CAM increases, the more energy density per m3
increases and consequently the mechanical work (electrical idem) develops closer to its maximum value.
In practice, the compressed air expansion process must be stopped once the pressure in the tank drops below the
minimum pressure, Prm, required for the operation of the system. Indeed, below this pressure limit, the power
delivered becomes so low that the operation of the system becomes ineffective. The value of Prmdepends on the
nature of the application. Therefore, in the case wherePrm is greater than atmospheric pressure Pa, unexploited
energy,Wunex, will remain in the air reservoir. this energy can be expressed as follows:
Wunex = K
nNPrm
n − 1
(1 − (
Pa
Prm
)
n−1
nN ) (2)
Consequently, the effective energy density Wef will be reduced and equal to the difference between the total
available energy density W and the unused energy density Wunex , hence:
Wef = W − Wunex (3)
IJECE Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2018: 2029 – 2037
3. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 2031
The Figure 2 shows the effective energy density as a function of the pressure minimum of operation, Prm, for
different values of the maximum pressure Pr. It is that the lower the minimum pressure, the higher the effective
energy density.
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
Minimumoperatingpressure(bar)
Effectiveenergydensity(KWh/m3
)
P=50bar
P=100bar
P=150bar
P=200bar
P=250bar
P=300bar
Figure 2. influence of minimum operating pressure on the density of energy
For a good evaluation of the unused energy, the pressure utilization factor (PUF) for an open gas cycle
can be defined as:
PUF = 1 −
Wunex
W
(4)
It is easy to deduce from this equation that PUF = 1 if Prm = Pa and PUF = 0 if Prm = P. The Figure 3 shows the
variations of PUF as a function of the minimum storage pressure for a relaxation which is carried out in 5 step .
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Minimum operating pressure (bar)
Pressureutilizationfactor
P=50bar
P=100bar
P=150bar
P=200bar
P=250bar
P=300bar
Figure 3. Variation of PUF as a function of the minimum operating pressure
3. MECHANICAL CONSTRAINTS
Currently available materials can store a high density up to pressures of the order of 500 bar; for the
proposed study we will considered a spherical tanks, relatively slim whose pressure inside has a small thickness
is supposed constant, because the storage pressure Prdepends on the maximum breaking stress, σ, and of the
dimensions of the reservoir, the expression that connects these parameters is the following [9][6]:
er
Dr
=
Pr
4σ
(5)
With:
er and Dr are, respectively, the thickness and the diameter of the storage tank. knowing that Rint = Dr
2 is the
Study and Dimensioning of the Tanks Dedicated to a Compressed Air ... (I. Rais)
4. 2032 ISSN: 2088-8708
internal radius of the reservoir, Rext is the outer radius of the reservoir of storage and er = Rext − Rint, the
volumes of stored air and the reservoir are respectively :
V =
4
3
R3
intπ (6)
Vr =
4
3
R3
extπ (7)
The volume of the material used in the manufacture of the tank is then:
Vmatr = V − Vr =
4
3
π(Rext − Rint)(R2
ext + RextRint + R2
int) (8)
The hypothesis that the reservoir has a small thickness makes it possible to simplify the second term of the
previous equation in 3R2
int and the expression of Vmatr becomes as follows:
Vmatr =
4
3
erπ(3R2
int) (9)
From the above equations, a relation between the volume of air stored, V, as well as the volume of materials used
in the manufacture of the tank, Vmatr, can be deduced, hence:
Vmatr
V
=
4
3
erπ(3R2
int)
4
3
(R3
int)π
=
3er
Rint
=
6er
Dr
=
3Pr
2σ
(10)
The relationship between the mass of the materials of a spherical reservoir, Mmatr, and the energy stored, E, can
then be expressed by the following relation
Mmatr
Est
=
V matrρ
n
(n−1)η N(1 − ( P
Pa
)
1−n
nN )
=
3(n − 1)ηρ
2NnNn(1 − ( P
Pa
)
1−n
nN )σ
(11)
η is the overall efficiency of the conversion chain between the PV-wind hybrid system and the storage tank and
Est is the stored energy which can be defined by:
Est = V W = E (12)
The following figure shows how the stored energy can vary as a function of the compression ratio (equal to the
storage pressure) and the properties of the different materials. The ratio (K=σ
ρ ) is the ratio of the tensile strength
to the density of the material.
Figure 4. ratio (reservoir mass / stored energy) as a function of the compression ratio for different properties of
the materials
It is easy to notice that the stored energy is higher the higher the compression ratio. The best performance
(maximum stored energy and minimum reservoir mass) is obtained with the highest ratio (K=σ
ρ ), for high tensile
strength but relatively low density.
IJECE Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2018: 2029 – 2037
5. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 2033
4. DIMENSIONING OF THE TANKS
The dimensioning of reservoirs is a very important point in this study. They should not be too small
or too large to ensure that excess energy can be stored and to limit congestion and engender a disproportionate
investment. The sizing of the reservoirs is conditioned by the double study of the flow (variable) of the compressor
(and therefore of the volume that can be stored in a given time) and the compressed air flow required by the CAM
to drive the associated alternator and supply the isolated site with electricity [2][10]. Then to calculate the volume
of the tanks two methods will be presented
4.1. First method
The first, a conventional method, is a function of: the maximum pressures,Pmax, and minimal, Pmin,
allowable by the CAM, the desired autonomy a, maximum air flow required to power the compressed air motor,
ν. The volume will be calculated using the following formula:
V =
Paaν
Pmax − Pmin
(13)
4.2. second method
The second method for dimensioning the storage volume is to calculate the loading and discharge time
of the tanks, given that the amount of air injected into the tank is variable and is a function of the power of the
hybrid system absorbed by the compressor and of the air consumption of the CAM [11][15].
4.2.1. Charging time
To facilitate calculation, it is considered that the power absorbed to compress the air is constant. The
instantaneous air flow rate can then be expressed as follows:
ε =
pc
Ec
(14)
With:
Pc is the power consumed by the compressor .
Ec the energy per unit mass necessary to compress the air at a given pressure.
On the other hand, by neglecting the losses by leakage of compressed air, the equation of conservation of the
mass and the law of perfect gases make it possible to express the flow of air entering the volume Vr of the storage
tank as follows:
ε =
dm
dt
=
Vr
Tr
dp
dt
(15)
By integrating the equation obtained from the preceding equations after having replaced each term (Pc and Ec)
by its value, the charge time of a compressed air reservoir can be calculated from the following equation
tch = (
π(
λch + 1)
1 + λch
− π)Nτch (16)
With :
λch = n−1
Nn ,π = P
Pa
and τis the time constant during the charging phase, defined by:
τ = Pa
V
Pc
Cp
r
(17)
V is the volume of compressed air produced, Cp is the mass heat of the compressed air. From the equation (17),
The equation of the time constant τ Becomes:
τ =
tch
N(π(λch+1)
1+λch
− π)
(18)
By replacing the value of τ in the equation (16), the expression of the product volume of compressed air becomes
:
V =
Pcrtch
PaCpN(π(λch+1)
1+λch
− π)
(19)
Study and Dimensioning of the Tanks Dedicated to a Compressed Air ... (I. Rais)
6. 2034 ISSN: 2088-8708
4.2.2. Discharging time
The discharge time of a compressed air reservoir may be calculated from the same the charging time,
replacing ε, P and E respectively with the parameters of the compressed air motor [13].
εM , the mass flow of compressed air consumed by the MAC.
PM , the power provided by the MAC.
EM , the energy resulting from the expansion of the compressed air in the MAC.
The expression obtained from the discharge time is then written as follows [16][14].
tdch = (
π1+λdch
M
1 + λdch
+
λdch
1 + λdch
− πM )Nτdch (20)
With: λdch = n−1
nN ,πM = PM−in
PM−ou
;N is the number of expansion stages in the CAM and τdchis the
time constant during the discharge phase, defined by the following expression
τdch = Pa
Vr
PM
Cp
r
(21)
Vris the volume of compressed air tank, PM is the power produced by the compressed air motor.
The discharge time between 2 pressure levels can be calculated, as follows :
tdch−P1P2
= tdch−P1
− tdch−P2
= [
(π1+λdch
P1
− π1+λdch
P2
)
1 + λdch
+ (πP2
− πP1
)]Nτdch (22)
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1. The first method
Figure 8 gives an idea of the dimensioning of the tank calculated from the equation 13 It shows that
over the desired range is greater the greater the volume of air stored in the reservoir must be large. Thus, for an
autonomy of 2 days, the volume necessary to store compressed air at 300 bar, will be of the order of 34 m3. On
the other hand, this volume is enormous and oversized and it will be difficult to transport, to install a tank having
this volume in an isolated site. In addition, the MAC will rarely operate at maximum flow when tank pressure
is too low. This results from the fact that the tank will be recharged, once the pressure drops, using the excess
energy that is available in this site in a fairly regular manner. Therefore, this method of sizing the reservoir will
not be adopted for the rest of the calculation.
50 100 150 200 250 300
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
maximum pression of storage (bar)
reservoirvomume(m3
)
a=1jours
a= 2jours
a=3jours
a=4jours
Figure 5. ratio (variation of the tank volume as a function of the maximum storage pressure and the autonomy
IJECE Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2018: 2029 – 2037
7. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 2035
5.2. The second method
5.2.1. Charging time
Figure 6 and Figure 7 show the charging time of a tank of 300 L volume, respectively, as a function of
the number of stages of a compressor with 5 kW of power and the power absorbed by one compressor having 5
compression stages.
These figures show that the more the number of compressor stages increases or the more the electric power
consumed to compress the air increases, the faster the charging time decreases.
A single-stage compressor can fill the 300 L volume in 3.5 hours, while approximately 2 hours will be sufficient
to fill the same volume if the compression of air is done bay 5 stages. A time saving of about 43pc.
Thus, with a power of 20 kW, it will take half an hour to fill a tank of 300 L whereas approximately 2 hours are
required to fill the same volume when the excess power is 5 kW. Precious time was saved, about 75pc.
This results from the fact that the flow of compressed air injected into the reservoir increases proportionally with
the increase in power.
However, these results still justify the choice of 5 stages of compression which has the advantages of increasing
the reserve of compressed air and also prolonging the autonomy of the overall system.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
compression ratio
Thefillingtimeofa300L(h)
N=1
N=2
N=3
N=4
N=5
Figure 6. variation of charging time as a function of compression ratio and number of stages for a compressor of
5KW of power
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
compression ratio
Thefillingtimeofa300L(h)
P=5KW
P=10KW
P=15KW
P=20KW
Figure 7. variation of the charging time as function of compression ratio and power consumed by the compressor
5 floor
It is easy to see from this figure that the amount of compressed air produced increases with the increase
in the number of compression stages.A remarkable volume gain can be achieved if the compressor has 5 floor of
compression is used instead of a single stage compressor.
Study and Dimensioning of the Tanks Dedicated to a Compressed Air ... (I. Rais)
8. 2036 ISSN: 2088-8708
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
POWER ABSORBED BY THE COMPRESSOR (KW)
Thevolumeofcompressedairproduced(L)
N=5
N=4
N=3
N=2
N=1
Figure 8. variation of volume of air produced as a function of the number of floors and of the power consumed
by the compressor
5.2.2. Discharging time
The figures 9 and 10 show the variations of the discharge time, respectively, as a function of the max-
imum storage pressure and the number of expansion stages in the compressed air motor. The analysis of these
figures shows that increasing the number of stages of a CAM serves to reduce the discharge time of the reservoir
and consequently to accelerate the restoration of the stored energy in the form of compressed air , Thus, the
higher the storage pressure, the longer the discharge time.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
50
100
150
200
250
300
Discharge time (h)
Pressureinatankof300bar
P=250bar
P=200bar
P=150 bar
P=100bar
P=50 bar
Figure 9. variation of pressure of the tank as a function of maximum storage pressure and discharge time
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
50
100
150
200
250
300
Discharge time (h)
Pressureinareservoirof300bar
N=1
N=2
N=3
N=4
N=5
Figure 10. variation of pressure of the tank as a function of the discharge time and the number of stages
6. CONCLUSION
The fluctuating and intermittent nature of renewable energies requires the strengthening of the control
of energy flows between supply and demand for electricity. energy storage then constitute a relevant response to
IJECE Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2018: 2029 – 2037
9. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 2037
this problematic,currently various solutions for storing green electricity exist (batteries, storage by compressed
air or STEP - Stations of Transfer of Energy by Pumping). However, they do not permit massive storage of the
intermittent energy produced over a long period of time. this study presented one of the main existing means
of storing, the CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) or energy storage by compressing air which consists of
storing energy in the form of compressed air, in an underground cavity (for a power of more than 100 MW),
or in trivial tanks for small-scale storage, this is the case presented in this paper and then restore via a turbine
producing electricity again.
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Study and Dimensioning of the Tanks Dedicated to a Compressed Air ... (I. Rais)