In this work, we presents a control scheme of the interface of a grid connected Variable Speed Wind Energy Generation System based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The vectorial strategy for oriented stator flux GADA has been developed To extract the maximum power MPPT from the wind turbine. It uses a second order sliding mode controller and Kalman observer, using the super twisting algorithm. The simulation describes the effectiveness of the control strategy adopted.For a step and random profiles of the wind speed, reveals better tracking and perfect convergence of electromagnetic torque and concellation of reactive power to the stator. This control limits the mechanical stress on the tansmission shaft, improves the quality of the currents generated on the grid and optimizes the efficiency of the conversion chain.
In this paper, we focus on the modeling and control of a wind power system based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). We proposed a technique of control strategies to have the maximum power from wind turbine (WT). This study deals with the problem of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) based on Takagi Sugeno fuzzy model. The stability analysis is achieved. The gains of the designed controller are calculated by solving Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI). Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Nonlinear control of WECS based on PMSG for optimal power extraction IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a robust control strategy for optimizing the maximum power captured in Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) based on permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), which is integrated into the grid. In order to achieve the maximum power point (MPPT) the machine side converter regulates the rotational speed of the PMSG to track the optimal speed. To evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller, a comparative study between the IBC control and the vector control based on PI controller was carried out through computer simulation. This analysis consists of two case studies including stochastic variation in wind speed and step change in wind speed.
Novel Adaptive Controller for PMSG Driven Wind Turbine To Improve Power Syste...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the behavior of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) driven by wind turbine. The proposed conversion system is a good alternative due to its high efficiency and reliability. Electrolytic capacitors are not required in this type of converter and the voltage in the DC-link as well as the generated reactive power can be dynamically modified according to the wind velocity. The adaptive control strategy uses an adaptive PI which is self-tuned based on a linear approximation of the power system calculated at each sample time. Space vector technique for grid side inverter for transformer less integration of generator and a pulse-width modulated current source converter. A model reference is also projected in order to reduce the post-fault voltages. Simulation results prove the advantages of the proposed control. A MATLAB computer simulation study was undertaken and results on PWM-CSC are presented
In this work, we are interested in improving the performance of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind system, by applying a sliding mode control strategy. The objective is the regulation of the active and reactive power, also the voltage and the frequency of the signal injected into the distribution network. The model proposed for the control is based on the sliding mode technique with performance estimators. The proposed model was validated by a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink.
Maximum Power Extraction Method for Doubly-fed Induction Generator Wind TurbineIJECEIAES
This research presents a new scheme to extract the maximal available power from a wind turbine employing a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). This scheme is developed from the wind turbine’s MPPT-curve. Furthermore, we propose control laws for the rotor and grid side-converters. The stability of the proposed maximum available power method and the control laws are proved mathematically upon Lyapunov’s stability criterion. Their efficiency is tested through the simulations of a DFIG wind turbine in Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results are analyzed and compared with that using a conventional scheme. Thanks to the suggested scheme, the wind turbine can track its maximum power point better and the electric energy output is higher comparing with that using the conventional scheme. Furthermore, by the suggested controllers, the rotor speed and current of the DFIG converged to their desired values. In other words, the wind turbine can achieve stable operations by the suggested control laws.
Control of Wind Energy Conversion System and Power Quality Improvement in the...ijeei-iaes
For the purpose of better utilization and to have control over varying wind speeds we use variable speed wind turbines. The performance mainly depends on the system operating point. In this paper we implement extremum seeking (ES) which is a non-model based approach for maximum power extraction in the region between cut-in speed and rated speed. The convergence of the system depends mainly on the system dynamics so we go for non-linear control based on field oriented approach and also feedback linearization. For achieving maximum power at all wind speeds the outer loop of ES is used to tune the turbine speed in the sub rated region. By adjusting the voltage magnitude and electrical frequency through matrix converter we can achieve a fast transient response. The transient response can be improved by providing inner loop control based on field oriented control. Through this we can avoid magnetic saturation in the induction generator
The paper proposes a complete modeling and control technique of variable speed wind turbine system (WTS) based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Two levels back-to-back converter is used to ensure the energy transfer between the DFIG rotor and the grid. The wind turbine to operate efficiently, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is implemented. Then, direct power control (DPC) strategy has been combined with the MPPT technique in order to guarantee the selection of the appropriate rotor voltage vectors and to minimize the active and reactive power errors. Finally, the simulation is performed by using MATLAB/simulink platform basing on 7.5KW DFIG wind generation system, and the results prove the effectiveness of our proposed control technique.
In this paper, we focus on the modeling and control of a wind power system based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). We proposed a technique of control strategies to have the maximum power from wind turbine (WT). This study deals with the problem of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) based on Takagi Sugeno fuzzy model. The stability analysis is achieved. The gains of the designed controller are calculated by solving Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI). Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Nonlinear control of WECS based on PMSG for optimal power extraction IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a robust control strategy for optimizing the maximum power captured in Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) based on permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), which is integrated into the grid. In order to achieve the maximum power point (MPPT) the machine side converter regulates the rotational speed of the PMSG to track the optimal speed. To evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller, a comparative study between the IBC control and the vector control based on PI controller was carried out through computer simulation. This analysis consists of two case studies including stochastic variation in wind speed and step change in wind speed.
Novel Adaptive Controller for PMSG Driven Wind Turbine To Improve Power Syste...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the behavior of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) driven by wind turbine. The proposed conversion system is a good alternative due to its high efficiency and reliability. Electrolytic capacitors are not required in this type of converter and the voltage in the DC-link as well as the generated reactive power can be dynamically modified according to the wind velocity. The adaptive control strategy uses an adaptive PI which is self-tuned based on a linear approximation of the power system calculated at each sample time. Space vector technique for grid side inverter for transformer less integration of generator and a pulse-width modulated current source converter. A model reference is also projected in order to reduce the post-fault voltages. Simulation results prove the advantages of the proposed control. A MATLAB computer simulation study was undertaken and results on PWM-CSC are presented
In this work, we are interested in improving the performance of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind system, by applying a sliding mode control strategy. The objective is the regulation of the active and reactive power, also the voltage and the frequency of the signal injected into the distribution network. The model proposed for the control is based on the sliding mode technique with performance estimators. The proposed model was validated by a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink.
Maximum Power Extraction Method for Doubly-fed Induction Generator Wind TurbineIJECEIAES
This research presents a new scheme to extract the maximal available power from a wind turbine employing a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). This scheme is developed from the wind turbine’s MPPT-curve. Furthermore, we propose control laws for the rotor and grid side-converters. The stability of the proposed maximum available power method and the control laws are proved mathematically upon Lyapunov’s stability criterion. Their efficiency is tested through the simulations of a DFIG wind turbine in Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results are analyzed and compared with that using a conventional scheme. Thanks to the suggested scheme, the wind turbine can track its maximum power point better and the electric energy output is higher comparing with that using the conventional scheme. Furthermore, by the suggested controllers, the rotor speed and current of the DFIG converged to their desired values. In other words, the wind turbine can achieve stable operations by the suggested control laws.
Control of Wind Energy Conversion System and Power Quality Improvement in the...ijeei-iaes
For the purpose of better utilization and to have control over varying wind speeds we use variable speed wind turbines. The performance mainly depends on the system operating point. In this paper we implement extremum seeking (ES) which is a non-model based approach for maximum power extraction in the region between cut-in speed and rated speed. The convergence of the system depends mainly on the system dynamics so we go for non-linear control based on field oriented approach and also feedback linearization. For achieving maximum power at all wind speeds the outer loop of ES is used to tune the turbine speed in the sub rated region. By adjusting the voltage magnitude and electrical frequency through matrix converter we can achieve a fast transient response. The transient response can be improved by providing inner loop control based on field oriented control. Through this we can avoid magnetic saturation in the induction generator
The paper proposes a complete modeling and control technique of variable speed wind turbine system (WTS) based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Two levels back-to-back converter is used to ensure the energy transfer between the DFIG rotor and the grid. The wind turbine to operate efficiently, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is implemented. Then, direct power control (DPC) strategy has been combined with the MPPT technique in order to guarantee the selection of the appropriate rotor voltage vectors and to minimize the active and reactive power errors. Finally, the simulation is performed by using MATLAB/simulink platform basing on 7.5KW DFIG wind generation system, and the results prove the effectiveness of our proposed control technique.
This paper presents the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to extract the power of wind energy conversion system (WECS) using the Firefly Algorithm (FA) algorithm. This paper aims to present the FA as one of the accurate algorithms in MPPT techniques. Recently, researchers tend to apply the MPPT digital technique with the P n O algorithm to track MPP. On the other hand, this Paper implements the FA included in the digital classification to improve the performance of the MPPT technique. Therefore, the FA tracking results are verified with P n O to show the accuracy of the MPPT algorithm. The results obtained show that performance is higher when using the FA algorithm.
Sliding mode performance control applied to a DFIG system for a wind energy p...IJECEIAES
This project presents a strategy of field control then sliding mode control put in to the conversion process of wind energy containing an asynchronous generator with double fed (DFAG; DFIG). A model was developed for each component of the wind turbine (turbine, DFAG and cascade rectifierinverter). MPPT device must be introduced in order to obtain maximum energy efficiency so that PI-MPPT method is made. The objective is to apply this command to control independently the active and reactive powers generated by the asynchronous generator uncoupled by orientation from the flow. The results of digital simulations obtained show the improvement of the performances of the sliding control compared to the field control, also it has provided information on the commands available techniques as reference tracking and robustness.
Control Scheme for an IPM Synchronous Generator Based-Variable Speed Wind Tur...IJMTST Journal
This paper proposes a control strategy for an IPM synchronous generator-based variable speed wind turbine this control technique is simple and has many advantages over indirect vector control technique as in this scheme, the requirement of the continuous rotor position is eliminated as all the calculations are done in the stator reference frame and can eliminate some of the drawbacks of traditional indirect vector control scheme. This scheme possesses advantages such as lesser parameter dependence and reduced number of controllers compared with the traditional indirect vector control scheme Furthermore, the system is unaffected to variation in parameters because stator resistance is the only required criteria. This control technique is implemented in MATLAB/Sim power systems and the simulation results shows that this suggested control technique works well and can operate under constant and varying wind speeds. Finally, a sensorless speed estimator is implemented, which enables the wind turbine to operate without the mechanical speed sensor.
Economic Selection of Generators for a Wind Farmijeei-iaes
The selection suitable generator for wind turbines will be done based on technical criteria and priorities of the project. In this paper, a method for determining the type of wind turbine generator with an example is explained. In the paper, for a 10kW wind turbine, two generators have been proposed. The first case is a squirrel-cage asynchronous generator coupled to the turbine through the gearbox and directly connected to three phase output. Other PM generators that are directly coupled to the turbine and it is connected to the grid using the inverter. The results show that according to wind conditions, a 10kW permanent magnet generator is more advantageous in terms of energy production.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
In this paper, an adaptive anti-windup control strategy for permanent magnet synchronous generator dedicated for wind energy conversion systems. The proposed control has the advantage to suppress the performance deterioration caused by the overshooting phenomenon, and optimize the controller gains using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The scheme of the speed controller is implemented on field orientation control in the generator side converter. A simulation of the proposed scheme is carried out in SIMULINK-MATLAB in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the control against the saturation and the parameter optimization.
PSO-Backstepping controller of a grid connected DFIG based wind turbine IJECEIAES
The paper demonstrates the feasibility of an optimal backstepping controller for doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine (DFIG). The main purpose is the extract of maximum energy and the control of active and reactive power exchanged between the generator and electrical grid in presence of uncertainty. The maximum energy is obtained by applying an algorithm based on artificial bee colony approach. Particle swarm optimization is used to select optimal value of backstepping’s parameters. The simulation is carried out on 2.4 MW DFIG based wind turbine system. The optimized performance of the proposed control technique under uncertainty parameters is established by simulation results.
This article addresses the problem of controlling an overall wind energy conversion system (WECS) formed by a wind turbine connected to the grid via a doubly fed introduction generator (DFIG) and an AC/DC/AC converter. The main control objectives are fourfold: (i) designing an output feedback speed controller that makes the DFIG rotate at the optimal value delivered by the MPPT strategy, (ii) controlling the stator reactive power so as to be null, (iii) guaranteeing the DC-link voltage in the grid side converter to be at a given constant value, (iv) ensuring a unitary power factor. A high gain observer is synthesized, in order to provide estimated values of the mechanical variables. To achieve the control objectives, a sliding mode controller involving the mechanical observer is designed. The performance of the system configuration based on the 2MW-DFIG with the proposed controller is evaluated by a numerical simulation under a realistic wind profile using MATLAB/SIMULINK/SimPowerSystems environment.
SIMULATION OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A WIND TURBINE Mellah Hacene
Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical model of a wind turbine and its simulation. This is one of the main resources available to
the island system (Grid-Off system).
Keywords: wind turbine, island system, Grid-Off system, renewable energy source.
1 Introduction to wind turbine
A wind turbine is basically a converter, or in other words a device that transforms one type of energy into
another. In this case, it is the transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy.
The source of mechanical energy is the flow (flow) of air, which acts on the turbine blades. The blades are
located on a shaft which is coupled to a permanent magnet (magnet). The magnets are a rotating part, which is
named the rotor. The stator consists of a coil (coils) of wound copper conductor. Due to the changing magnetic
field (PM - permanent magnets), an electrical voltage is induced at the terminals (terminals) of the coil / coils. In
essence, it is a synchronous generator, since the variable electric field is coupled (synchronized) with the speed
of the changing and magnetic fields. [1-5]
A schematic block diagram of a wind turbine as a synchronous generator is shown in Fig. 1.
Effects of Different Parameters on Power System Transient Stability StudiesPower System Operation
The transient stability studies plays a vital role in
providing secured operating configurations in power systems.
This paper shows an analysis of the effects of various parameters
on the transient stability studies of power system. The various
parameters for which the analysis is presented include the Fault
Clearing Time (FCT), Fault location, load increasing, machine
damping coefficient D, and Generator Armature Resistance
GAR. Under the condition that the power system is subjected to a
three-phase short-circuit fault, the Critical Clearing Time (CCT)
is calculated using numerical integration method. The analysis
has been carried out on the IEEE 30-bus test system. From this
analysis, we can conclude the importance of these different
parameters on power system transient stability studies.
MODELING AND DESIGN OF CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM WITH FEEDFORWARD FOR ALL TERRIAN...csandit
This paper presents PID controller with feed-forward control. The cruise control system is one
of the most enduringly popular and important models for control system engineering. The
system is widely used because it is very simple to understand and yet the control techniques
cover many important classical and modern design methods. In this paper, the mathematical
modeling for PID with feed-forward controller is proposed for nonlinear model with
disturbance effect. Feed-forward controller is proposed in this study in order to eliminate the
gravitational and wind disturbance effect. Simulation will be carried out . Finally, a C++
program written and feed to the microcontroller type AMR on our robot
Indirect Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Machine for Wind Energy ConversionIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a grid connected wind power generation scheme using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is studied. The aims of this paper are: The modelling and simulation of the operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) of a DFIG, the analysis employs a stator flux vector control algorithm to control rotor current, the system enables optimal speed tracking for maximum energy capture from the wind and high performance active and reactive power regulation using the PI regulator. The simulation calculations were achieved ®®
using MATLAB -SIMULINK package. Lastly, the obtained results are presented, for different operating points, illustrating the good control performances of the system
9 Control Strategies for Variable-speed Fixed-pitch Win.docxevonnehoggarth79783
9
Control Strategies for Variable-speed
Fixed-pitch Wind Turbines
Bunlung Neammanee, Somporn Sirisumrannukul and
Somchai Chatratana1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok
1National Science and Technology Development Agency
Thailand
1. Introduction
This chapter deals with a design of controllers for variable-speed fixed-pitch wind turbines.
The chapter begins with an introduction to wind turbine control and the detail of nonlinear
models of the wind energy conversion system (WECS). Linearization around a set of
equilibrium points is presented to obtain a linear parameter variable model from a nonlinear
system. Open-loop characteristics for small signals are then described to analyze dynamic
behaviors under different operating conditions. The control objectives for variable-speed
fixed-pitch wind turbines detailed in this chapter consists of three operating conditions:
1. Maximization of extracted energy: The wind turbine should extract wind energy at the
highest efficiency to obtain the highest energy conversion ratio. Three alternative
maximum peak power tracking (MPPT)-based algorithms for fixed pitch wind turbines
are introduced. The first algorithm is guided by a torque reference (Mirecki et at., 2004).
The second method searches an optimal operating point from the slope of the power-
rotational speed curve. The last method is based on the control objective derived from a
fuzzy rule base.
2. Limitation of extracted energy with active stall with rotational speed control: The aim of
this control is to limit stresses on the turbine while minimizing the power fluctuations
around a constant value, normally around the nominal power.
3. Control of MPPT and stall regulation at the overlapping region: This operating
condition is effective with constant rotational speed control.
The controller objectives, controller schemes and controller designs are discussed in detail.
The developed controllers for fixed-pitch wind turbines are based on a speed and torque-
feedback control scheme. The proper design of the reference signal allows accurate tracking
of each control strategy along the entire operating range. Hardware and software
implementation for the control algorithms are explained. The case studies were carried out
with two laboratory experiments with a developed wind turbine simulator: 1) three MPPT
algorithms and active stall regulation with rotational speed control, and 2) an MPPT
algorithm with a grid-connected converter. The chapter is concluded in the last section. The
references are also provided for further research and studies.
Source: Wind Power, Book edited by: S. M. Muyeen,
ISBN 978-953-7619-81-7, pp. 558, June 2010, INTECH, Croatia, downloaded from SCIYO.COM
www.intechopen.com
Wind Power
210
2. Model of variable speed fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system
2.1 Modeling of rotor .
The following article presents the control of the power generated by the Doubly Fed Induction Generator, integrated into the wind system, whose rotor is linked to the power converters (Rotor Side Convert (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC)) interfaced by the DC-BUS and connected to the grid via a filter (Rf, Lf) in order to obtain an optimal power to the grid and to ensure system stability. The objective of this study is to understand and to make the comparison between Sliding mode Control technique and the Flux Oriented Control in order to control the Doubly Fed Induction Generator powers exchanged with the grid, it also aims at maintaining the DC-BUS voltage constant and a unit power factor at the grid connection point.The results of simulation show the performance of the Sliding mode Control in terms of monitoring, and robustness with regard to the parametric variations, compared to the Flux Oriented Control. The performance of the systems was tested and compared with the use of MATLAB/Simulink software.
This paper presents the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to extract the power of wind energy conversion system (WECS) using the Firefly Algorithm (FA) algorithm. This paper aims to present the FA as one of the accurate algorithms in MPPT techniques. Recently, researchers tend to apply the MPPT digital technique with the P n O algorithm to track MPP. On the other hand, this Paper implements the FA included in the digital classification to improve the performance of the MPPT technique. Therefore, the FA tracking results are verified with P n O to show the accuracy of the MPPT algorithm. The results obtained show that performance is higher when using the FA algorithm.
Sliding mode performance control applied to a DFIG system for a wind energy p...IJECEIAES
This project presents a strategy of field control then sliding mode control put in to the conversion process of wind energy containing an asynchronous generator with double fed (DFAG; DFIG). A model was developed for each component of the wind turbine (turbine, DFAG and cascade rectifierinverter). MPPT device must be introduced in order to obtain maximum energy efficiency so that PI-MPPT method is made. The objective is to apply this command to control independently the active and reactive powers generated by the asynchronous generator uncoupled by orientation from the flow. The results of digital simulations obtained show the improvement of the performances of the sliding control compared to the field control, also it has provided information on the commands available techniques as reference tracking and robustness.
Control Scheme for an IPM Synchronous Generator Based-Variable Speed Wind Tur...IJMTST Journal
This paper proposes a control strategy for an IPM synchronous generator-based variable speed wind turbine this control technique is simple and has many advantages over indirect vector control technique as in this scheme, the requirement of the continuous rotor position is eliminated as all the calculations are done in the stator reference frame and can eliminate some of the drawbacks of traditional indirect vector control scheme. This scheme possesses advantages such as lesser parameter dependence and reduced number of controllers compared with the traditional indirect vector control scheme Furthermore, the system is unaffected to variation in parameters because stator resistance is the only required criteria. This control technique is implemented in MATLAB/Sim power systems and the simulation results shows that this suggested control technique works well and can operate under constant and varying wind speeds. Finally, a sensorless speed estimator is implemented, which enables the wind turbine to operate without the mechanical speed sensor.
Economic Selection of Generators for a Wind Farmijeei-iaes
The selection suitable generator for wind turbines will be done based on technical criteria and priorities of the project. In this paper, a method for determining the type of wind turbine generator with an example is explained. In the paper, for a 10kW wind turbine, two generators have been proposed. The first case is a squirrel-cage asynchronous generator coupled to the turbine through the gearbox and directly connected to three phase output. Other PM generators that are directly coupled to the turbine and it is connected to the grid using the inverter. The results show that according to wind conditions, a 10kW permanent magnet generator is more advantageous in terms of energy production.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
In this paper, an adaptive anti-windup control strategy for permanent magnet synchronous generator dedicated for wind energy conversion systems. The proposed control has the advantage to suppress the performance deterioration caused by the overshooting phenomenon, and optimize the controller gains using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The scheme of the speed controller is implemented on field orientation control in the generator side converter. A simulation of the proposed scheme is carried out in SIMULINK-MATLAB in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the control against the saturation and the parameter optimization.
PSO-Backstepping controller of a grid connected DFIG based wind turbine IJECEIAES
The paper demonstrates the feasibility of an optimal backstepping controller for doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine (DFIG). The main purpose is the extract of maximum energy and the control of active and reactive power exchanged between the generator and electrical grid in presence of uncertainty. The maximum energy is obtained by applying an algorithm based on artificial bee colony approach. Particle swarm optimization is used to select optimal value of backstepping’s parameters. The simulation is carried out on 2.4 MW DFIG based wind turbine system. The optimized performance of the proposed control technique under uncertainty parameters is established by simulation results.
This article addresses the problem of controlling an overall wind energy conversion system (WECS) formed by a wind turbine connected to the grid via a doubly fed introduction generator (DFIG) and an AC/DC/AC converter. The main control objectives are fourfold: (i) designing an output feedback speed controller that makes the DFIG rotate at the optimal value delivered by the MPPT strategy, (ii) controlling the stator reactive power so as to be null, (iii) guaranteeing the DC-link voltage in the grid side converter to be at a given constant value, (iv) ensuring a unitary power factor. A high gain observer is synthesized, in order to provide estimated values of the mechanical variables. To achieve the control objectives, a sliding mode controller involving the mechanical observer is designed. The performance of the system configuration based on the 2MW-DFIG with the proposed controller is evaluated by a numerical simulation under a realistic wind profile using MATLAB/SIMULINK/SimPowerSystems environment.
SIMULATION OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A WIND TURBINE Mellah Hacene
Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical model of a wind turbine and its simulation. This is one of the main resources available to
the island system (Grid-Off system).
Keywords: wind turbine, island system, Grid-Off system, renewable energy source.
1 Introduction to wind turbine
A wind turbine is basically a converter, or in other words a device that transforms one type of energy into
another. In this case, it is the transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy.
The source of mechanical energy is the flow (flow) of air, which acts on the turbine blades. The blades are
located on a shaft which is coupled to a permanent magnet (magnet). The magnets are a rotating part, which is
named the rotor. The stator consists of a coil (coils) of wound copper conductor. Due to the changing magnetic
field (PM - permanent magnets), an electrical voltage is induced at the terminals (terminals) of the coil / coils. In
essence, it is a synchronous generator, since the variable electric field is coupled (synchronized) with the speed
of the changing and magnetic fields. [1-5]
A schematic block diagram of a wind turbine as a synchronous generator is shown in Fig. 1.
Effects of Different Parameters on Power System Transient Stability StudiesPower System Operation
The transient stability studies plays a vital role in
providing secured operating configurations in power systems.
This paper shows an analysis of the effects of various parameters
on the transient stability studies of power system. The various
parameters for which the analysis is presented include the Fault
Clearing Time (FCT), Fault location, load increasing, machine
damping coefficient D, and Generator Armature Resistance
GAR. Under the condition that the power system is subjected to a
three-phase short-circuit fault, the Critical Clearing Time (CCT)
is calculated using numerical integration method. The analysis
has been carried out on the IEEE 30-bus test system. From this
analysis, we can conclude the importance of these different
parameters on power system transient stability studies.
MODELING AND DESIGN OF CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM WITH FEEDFORWARD FOR ALL TERRIAN...csandit
This paper presents PID controller with feed-forward control. The cruise control system is one
of the most enduringly popular and important models for control system engineering. The
system is widely used because it is very simple to understand and yet the control techniques
cover many important classical and modern design methods. In this paper, the mathematical
modeling for PID with feed-forward controller is proposed for nonlinear model with
disturbance effect. Feed-forward controller is proposed in this study in order to eliminate the
gravitational and wind disturbance effect. Simulation will be carried out . Finally, a C++
program written and feed to the microcontroller type AMR on our robot
Indirect Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Machine for Wind Energy ConversionIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a grid connected wind power generation scheme using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is studied. The aims of this paper are: The modelling and simulation of the operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) of a DFIG, the analysis employs a stator flux vector control algorithm to control rotor current, the system enables optimal speed tracking for maximum energy capture from the wind and high performance active and reactive power regulation using the PI regulator. The simulation calculations were achieved ®®
using MATLAB -SIMULINK package. Lastly, the obtained results are presented, for different operating points, illustrating the good control performances of the system
9 Control Strategies for Variable-speed Fixed-pitch Win.docxevonnehoggarth79783
9
Control Strategies for Variable-speed
Fixed-pitch Wind Turbines
Bunlung Neammanee, Somporn Sirisumrannukul and
Somchai Chatratana1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok
1National Science and Technology Development Agency
Thailand
1. Introduction
This chapter deals with a design of controllers for variable-speed fixed-pitch wind turbines.
The chapter begins with an introduction to wind turbine control and the detail of nonlinear
models of the wind energy conversion system (WECS). Linearization around a set of
equilibrium points is presented to obtain a linear parameter variable model from a nonlinear
system. Open-loop characteristics for small signals are then described to analyze dynamic
behaviors under different operating conditions. The control objectives for variable-speed
fixed-pitch wind turbines detailed in this chapter consists of three operating conditions:
1. Maximization of extracted energy: The wind turbine should extract wind energy at the
highest efficiency to obtain the highest energy conversion ratio. Three alternative
maximum peak power tracking (MPPT)-based algorithms for fixed pitch wind turbines
are introduced. The first algorithm is guided by a torque reference (Mirecki et at., 2004).
The second method searches an optimal operating point from the slope of the power-
rotational speed curve. The last method is based on the control objective derived from a
fuzzy rule base.
2. Limitation of extracted energy with active stall with rotational speed control: The aim of
this control is to limit stresses on the turbine while minimizing the power fluctuations
around a constant value, normally around the nominal power.
3. Control of MPPT and stall regulation at the overlapping region: This operating
condition is effective with constant rotational speed control.
The controller objectives, controller schemes and controller designs are discussed in detail.
The developed controllers for fixed-pitch wind turbines are based on a speed and torque-
feedback control scheme. The proper design of the reference signal allows accurate tracking
of each control strategy along the entire operating range. Hardware and software
implementation for the control algorithms are explained. The case studies were carried out
with two laboratory experiments with a developed wind turbine simulator: 1) three MPPT
algorithms and active stall regulation with rotational speed control, and 2) an MPPT
algorithm with a grid-connected converter. The chapter is concluded in the last section. The
references are also provided for further research and studies.
Source: Wind Power, Book edited by: S. M. Muyeen,
ISBN 978-953-7619-81-7, pp. 558, June 2010, INTECH, Croatia, downloaded from SCIYO.COM
www.intechopen.com
Wind Power
210
2. Model of variable speed fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system
2.1 Modeling of rotor .
The following article presents the control of the power generated by the Doubly Fed Induction Generator, integrated into the wind system, whose rotor is linked to the power converters (Rotor Side Convert (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC)) interfaced by the DC-BUS and connected to the grid via a filter (Rf, Lf) in order to obtain an optimal power to the grid and to ensure system stability. The objective of this study is to understand and to make the comparison between Sliding mode Control technique and the Flux Oriented Control in order to control the Doubly Fed Induction Generator powers exchanged with the grid, it also aims at maintaining the DC-BUS voltage constant and a unit power factor at the grid connection point.The results of simulation show the performance of the Sliding mode Control in terms of monitoring, and robustness with regard to the parametric variations, compared to the Flux Oriented Control. The performance of the systems was tested and compared with the use of MATLAB/Simulink software.
MPPT control design for variable speed wind turbine IJECEIAES
Variable speed wind turbine systems (VSWT’s) have been in receipt of extensive attention among the various renewable energy systems. The present paper focuses on fuzzy fractional order proportional-integral (FFOPI) control segment for variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) directly driving permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The main objective of this study is to reach maximum power point tracking (MPPT) through combination of advanced control based on FFOPI control applied to generator side converter (turbine and PMSG). The basic idea of the FFOPI controller is to implement a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in cascade with Fractional Order Proportional Integral controller (FOPI). A comparative study with FOPI and classical PI control schemes is made. The traditional PI controller cannot deliver a sufficiently great performance for the VSWT. However, the results found that the proposed approach (FFOPI) is more effective and feasible for controlling the permanent magnet synchronous generator to mantain maximum power extraction. The validation of results has been performed through simulation using Matlab/Simulink®.
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
Indirect power control of DFIG based on wind turbine operating in MPPT using ...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a MPPT control of the stator powers of a DFIG operating within a wind energy system using the backstepping control technique. The objective of this work consists of providing a robust control to the rotor-side converter allowing the stator active power to be regulated at the maximum power extracted from the wind turbine, as well as maintaining the stator reactive power at zero to maintain the power factor at unity, under various conditions. We have used the Matlab/Simulink platform to model the wind system based on a 7.5 kW DFIG and to implement the MPPT control algorithm in a first step, then we have implemented the field-oriented control and the backstepping controller in a second step. The simulation results obtained were very satisfactory with a fast transient response and neglected power ripples. They furthermore confirmed the high robustness of the approach used in dealing with the variation of the internal parameters of the machine.
Dynamic responses improvement of grid connected wpgs using flc in high wind s...ijscmcj
Environmental and sustainability concerns are developing the significance of distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy sources. In this paper, dynamic responses investigation of grid connected wind turbine using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) under variable wind speeds and load circumstances is carried out. In order to control of turbine output power using Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) in comparison with PI controller is proposed. Furthermore, the pitch angle based on FLC using wind speed and active power as inputs, can have faster responses, thereby leading to smoother power curves, enhancement of dynamic performance of wind turbine and prevention of mechanical damages to PMSG. Inverter adjusted the DC link voltage and active power is fed by d-axis and reactive power is fed by q-axis (using P-Q control mode). Simulation of wind power generation system (WPGS) is carried out in Matlab/Simulink, and the results verify the correctness and feasibility of control strategy.
DYNAMIC RESPONSES IMPROVEMENT OF GRID CONNECTED WPGS USING FLC IN HIGH WIND S...ijscmcjournal
Environmental and sustainability concerns are developing the significance of distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy sources. In this paper, dynamic responses investigation of grid connected wind turbine using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) under variable wind speeds and load circumstances is carried out. In order to control of turbine output power using Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) in comparison with PI controller is proposed. Furthermore, the pitch angle based on FLC using wind speed and active power as inputs, can have faster responses, thereby leading to smoother power curves, enhancement of dynamic performance of wind turbine and prevention of mechanical damages to PMSG. Inverter adjusted the DC link voltage and active power is fed by d-axis and reactive power is fed by q-axis (using P-Q control mode). Simulation of wind power generation system (WPGS) is carried out in Matlab/Simulink, and the results verify the correctness and feasibility of control strategy.
performance assessment of a wind turbine using fuzzy logic and artificial net...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper makes a comparison between two control methods for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a wind turbine modules using Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators(PMSG) under fixed and different wind condition: the Fuzzy Logic (FL) and the Artificial Neural Network control (ANN). Both techniques have been simulated and analyzed by using Matlab/Simulink software. The simulated power transitions and the power tracking time realized by the fuzzy logic controller and the neural network controller has been evaluated in comparison with Tip Speed Ratio controller (TSR).
Intelligent Control for Doubly Fed Induction Generator Connected to the Elect...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper we are interested in optimizing the wind power capture, using the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). This machine is preferred to other types of variable speed generator because of their advantages in economic terms and control. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on Direct Torque Control (DTC) which is used to control the electromagnetic torque in order to extract the maximum power. The main objective of this intelligent technique is to replace the conventional switching table by a voltage selector based on (ANN) to reduce torque and flux ripples. Moreover, the fuzzy logic controller is used to grid side converter to keep DC link voltage constant, and also to achieve unity power factor operation. The main advantage of the two control strategies proposed in this paper is that they are not influenced by the variation of the machine parameter. The pitch control is also presented to limit the generator power at its rated value. Simulation results of 1,5 MW, for (DFIG) based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) confirm the effectiveness and the performance of the global proposed approaches.
Performance evolution of a PMSG based WECS using maximum power point tracking...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Fuzzy optimization strategy of the maximum power point tracking for a variab...IJECEIAES
Wind power systems are gaining more and more interests; in order to diminish dependence on fossil fuels. In this paper, we present a variable speed-wind energy global system based on a synchronous generator with permanent magnetic (PMSG). The major goal of this study is to track the maximum power that is present in the turbine. An examination of control methods to extract the MPPT point, from a wind energy conversion system (WECS) under variable speed situations is presented. An intelligent controller based on the fuzzy logic control (FLC) is proposed for regulating permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG) output power, in order to improve tracking performance. The principle of this maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm consists in looking for an optimal operating relation of the maximum power, then tracking this last. We simulated our system with MATLAB-Simulink software. The found results will be debated to elucidate performance of the global system.
A novel optimum tip speed ratio control of low speed wind turbine generator b...journalBEEI
Variable speed control of wind turbine generator systems have been developed to get maximum output power at every wind speed variation, also called Maximum Power Points Tracking (MPPT). Generally, MPPT control system consists of MPPT algorithm to track the controller reference and generator speed controller. In this paper, MPPT control system is proposed for low speed wind turbine generator systems (WTGs) with MPPT algorithms based on optimum tip speed ratio (TSR) and generator speed controller based on field oriented control using type-2 fuzzy system (T2FS). The WTGs are designed using horizontal axis wind turbines to drive permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG). The simulation show that the MPPT system based optimum TSR has been able to control the generator output power around the maximum point at all wind speeds.
Modeling and Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Turbine-Gen...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a vector control direct (FOC) of double fed induction generator intended to control the generated stator powers. This device is intended to be implemented in a variable-speed wind-energy conversion system connected to the grid. In order to control the active and reactive power exchanged between the machine stator and the grid, the rotor is fed by a bi-directional converter. The DFIG is controlled by standard relay controllers. Details of the control strategy and system simulation were performed using Simulink and the results are presented in this here to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
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findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
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by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
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Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
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Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
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insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
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comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
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to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
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Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
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Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
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Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
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robust and reliable MPPT algorithms for maximum power point monitoring in order to optimize energy
efficiency. The wind turbine is composed of a turbine with its own parameters defining its potential to
capture the energy of the moving air mass [6-8]. A judicious choice of the control strategies of
the conversion chain makes it possible to obtain a system with a minimum cost and energy efficient enough,
regardless of the intermittence of the wind and the variation of the load.We opted first for a model of
the mechanical part (turbine and speed multiplier), and this for the 1.5 MW wind turbine, commonly used in
current wind systems. Figure 1 summarizes the basic elements of the mechanical part of a wind energy
conversion chain [9]. Figure 2 shows the structure of the production of energy around a DFIG.
Figure 1. Basic elements of the mechanical part of a
transmission chain
Figure 2. Control strategy
2.1.1. Modeling the wind turbine
The aerodynamic power of the wind is expressed as a function of the air density ρ, the blade radius
Rpâle, the wind speed Vvent and the power coefficient Cp by relation 1 [10].
Paero =
1
2
. Cp(β, λ). ρ. π. Rp2
. Vvent3
(1)
The efficiency of the turbine, called the power coefficient Cp, is specific to each wing Figure 3.
It depends on the angle of setting of the pales β and the specific ratio of the velocities λ. If Ωt is the rotor
speed, the velocity specific ratio λ is defined as :
λ =
Ωt .Rpale
Vvent
(2)
Figure 3. Limits of the power factor for different technologies
The power coefficient Cp (λ, β) for different values of the calibration angle β of a wind turbine of
1.5 MW with three pales is approximated by relation 3 [11].
Cp(β, λ) = c1. (
c2
λi
− c3. β − c4) e−
c5
λi + c6. λ (3)
1
λi
=
1
λ−0.08 β
−
0.035
β3+1
(4)
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The six coefficients c1.c6 depend on the turbine studied as show in Table 1. In the case of the E-40 turbine,
proposed by the German manufacturer ENERCON, these coefficients are [12-13].
Table 1. Coefficients of the E-40 turbine
c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6
0 .5176 116 0.4 5 21 0.0068
Figure 4 shows the variations of the power coefficient Cp as a function of the ratio specific
velocity λ, parameterized as a function of the setting angle β. These curves have a maximum for a wedge
angle β = 0. In the following, the wedge angle of the pales will be fixed at a zero value (β = 0). The wind
speed can then be expressed by the relation:
Vvent =
Ωt .Rpale
λ
(5)
For each wind speed Vvent there corresponds an optimal value of the speed of the rotor Ωopt.
Figure 4. Variation of the Cpas a function of the reduced speed λ for different values of β
When the specific ratio of speeds λ is fixed at its optimum value. The power point optimal is characterized
by: (β = 0 °; λopt = 8.1; Cpmax= 0.48). Under these conditions, the maximum aerodynamic power produced
is expressed by [14-15].
Paero =
1
2
. Cpmax.ρ. S. Vvent3
(6)
It corresponds an aerodynamic torque:
Taero =
Paero
Ωt
=
1
2
. Cp(λ, β) . ρ. S.
V3vent
Ωt
(7)
Figure 5 shows the optimum mechanical power, recovered by the turbine, as a function of the angular speed
of the rotor.
Figure 5. Variation of mechanical power as a function of turbinerotation Ωt
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The optimum mechanical power Popt is given by [16]:
Popt =
1
2
. ρ. π. Rpale5
. V
Cpmax
λopt3 Ωt3
= Kopt. Ωt3
(8)
Kopt =
1
2
ρ. π. Rpale5
. V
Cpmax
λopt3 (9)
2.1.2. Modeling the mechanical shaft
The speed of the turbine is much less than the speed of the generator. Therefore, in one conventional
wind energy conversion system, the mechanical transmission by means of a speed multiplier whose main role
is to adapt the speed of rotation of the turbine to that of the generator. The multiplier thus connects the shaft
of the turbine to the shaft of the generator. The two-mass model for the drive of Figure 6 is widely used [17].
Figure 6. Mechanical coupling (turbine, multiplier, generator)
Considering the coefficients of friction (Kt, Kg) and damping (Bt, Bg), we obtain the following
equations:
Jt. Ωṫ = Ta − Kt. Ωt − Bt. θt − Tls (10)
Jg. Ωm = Ths − Kg. Ωm − Bg. θm − Teṁ (11)
we obtain:
Jt
Ng
Ωm =̇ Ta −
Kt
Ng
Ωm −
Bt
Ng
θm −
Tls
Ng
Jg Ωṁ = Ths − Kg. Ωm − Bg.θm − Tem (12)
With: Ng =
Ωm
Ωt
=
Tls
Ths
(13)
The fundamental relationship of the dynamics of rotating masses brought back to the generator shaft
is written:
J. Ωṁ = Tm − K. Ωm − B. θm − Tem (14)
If one neglects the rigidity, the expression of the dynamics of the turbine becomes:
J. Ωṁ = Tm − K. Ωm − Tem (15)
The model of the turbine developed under matlab simulink is represented by Figure 7.
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Figure 7. Wind-turbine model
2.2. Design of the MPPT control
2.2.1. Mechanical torque observer
The MPPT control ensures the convergence of mechanical torque to its optimal value in a finite
time [18]. The KALMAN observer is then used to estimate the value of the mechanical torque with state
variables x1 and x2 representing the speed of the rotor Ωr and the image of the mechanical torque Tm.
x1 = Ωr ; x2 =
Tm
J
(16)
The expression of the dynamic of the turbine become:
x1̇ = x2 −
Tem
J
−
f.x1
J
; x2̇ = f(t) (17)
We can rewrite this subsystem in matrix form:
Ẋ = A. X + B. Tem ;Y = C. X (18)
With: X=(x1 x2)T
A=(
−f
J
1
0 0
) B=(
−1
J
0
) and C=(1 0) (19)
The observer is based on the following state transformation:
{
Ẋ̂ = A. X̂ + B. Tem + H. (y − C. X̂)
H = (h1 h2)T
̇
ŷ = C. X̂
(20)
The resulting estimation error is then written:
X̃ = X − X̂ (21)
The dynamic of the errors is governed by the following:
X̃̇ = Ẋ − X̂̇ = (A − H. C). X̃ (22)
AO = A - H . C, is chosen so that it is a Hurwitz matrix by appropriate choice of vector H,
X̃̇ = Ẋ − X̂̇ is sure to converge exponentially to 0. The dynamics of the estimated states is expressed by [19]:
x1̂̇ = x2̂ −
Tem
J
−
f.x1̂
J
+ h1. x1̃ ;x2̂̇ = h2. x1 (23)
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2.2.2. MPPT controller design
The control must force the value of the mechanical torque Tm to follow the optimum value Top in
order that the tracking error is canceled [20].
eT = Topt − T̂m ;Tm̂ = J. x2̂ (24)
The equation of the dynamics of the turbine makes it possible to write the equations of the dynamics of
the tracking error as follows:
eṪ = Topṫ − Tm̂̇ eṪ = 2. kopt.
Ωr
J
. (Tm̂ − Tem − f. Ωr) − Tm̂̇ (25)
In order to stabilize the system, taking as the Lyapunov function candidate:
V =
1
2
. eT2
+
1
2
. X̃T
PX̃ (26)
Where P is a positive matrix such as:
A0T
P + P A0 = −I2 (27)
The dynamic of the Lyapunov function is:
V̇ = eṪ eT −
1
2
X̃T
X̃ (28)
The actual reference of the Tem∗
electromagnetic torque is made with the choice:
eT = −d. eT (29)
If d is a positive synthetic constant, the control law is chosen as follows:
V = −d. eT2
−
1
2
X̃T
X̃ < 0 (30)
We deduce the control law backstepping of controller:
Tem∗
= Tm̂ − f. Ωr +
J
2.Kopt.Ωr
(d. eT − Tm̂̇ ) (31)
The model of the Kalman observer designed under matlab simulink is represented by Figure 8.
Figure 8. Kalman observer
2.3. Modeling of the DFIG
The electrical equations of the DFIG can be written as follows [21]:
{
vsd = Rs. isd +
dΦsd
dt
− ωs. Φsq and vsq = Rs. isq +
dΦsq
dt
+ ωs. Φsd
vrd = Rr. ird +
dΦrd
dt
− ωr. Φrq and vrq = Rr. irq +
dΦrq
dt
+ ωr. Φrd
(32)
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{
Φsd = Ls. isd + Lm.ird and Φsq = Ls. isq + Lm.irq
Φrd = Lr. ird + Lm.isd and Φrq = Lr. irq + Lm.isq
(33)
Ls,Lr and Lm :stator,rotor and magnetizing inductances and σ : leakage coefficient σ = 1 −
Lm2
Ls.Lr
ωr=ωs-p.Ωr :pulsation of rotor currents and p: number of pole pairs of DFIG.
The stator, rotor active and reactive powers are defined by:
{
Ps = vsd. isd + vsq. isq Qs = vsq. isd − vsd. isq
Pr = vrd. ird + vrq. irq Qr = vrq. ird − vrd. irq
(34)
The electromagnetic torque is defined as:
Tem = p. Lm. (ird. isq − irq. isd) (35)
By setting the quadratic component of the stator flux to the null value and assuming that
the resistance of the stator winding Rs is neglected, the voltage equations and the flux equations of the stator
windings can be simplified in steady state as: Φsd = Φs ; Φsq = 0 and vsd = 0 (Rs = 0)
{
isq =
−lm
ls
. irq isd = (Φs − lm. ird).
1
ls
Φrq = lr. σ. irq Φrd = lr. σ. ird +
lm
ls
. Φs
vrd = Rr. ird + lr. σ.
dird
dt
− lr. ωr. σ. irq
vrq = Rr. irq + lr. σ.
dirq
dt
− lr. ωr. σ. ird + Φs.
lm.ωr
ls
(36)
The stator active and reactive powers are obtained:
Ps = −Us.
lm
ls
. irq Where Us=√3 .Vs (37)
Qs = Us. (
Φs
ls
−
lm.ird
ls
) (38)
Tem = −p.
lm
ls
. Φs. irq (39)
Pr = g. Pem = g. Cem. Ωr (40)
The model of DFIG designed under matlab simulink is represented by Figure 9 (refer appendix).
2.4. High order sliding mode controller
This section shows the design of the proposed high-order sliding mode controller based on
the super-twisting algorithm [22]. The second order sliding mode algorithm synthesizes ad is continuous
control, which makes the surface and its derivative null with continuous control, therefore reducing
chattering and avoiding strong mechanical efforts while preserving classical sliding mode advantages.
To ensure the DFIG electromagnetic torque and reactive stator power convergence, the d-q rotor currents
references are defined:
irq∗
= −Tem∗
.
ls
p.M.Φsd
And ird∗
=
Φsd
M
− Q∗
.
ls
M.Us
(41)
Two sliding functions Sq and Sd are defined by:
Sq̇ =
1
lr.σ
(vrq − Rr. irq − Lr. ωr. σ. ird −
M.ωr
ls
. Φsd) −
dirq∗
dt
(42a)
Sḋ =
1
lr.σ
(vrd − Rr. ird + Lr. ωr. σ. irq) −
dird∗
dt
(42b)
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By introducing two terms G1 and G2, such as [23]:
G1 =
1
lr.σ
(−Rr. irq − Lr. ωr. σ. ird −
M.ωr
ls
. Φsd) −
dirq∗
dt
And G2 =
1
lr.σ
(−Rr. ird + Lr. ωr. σ. irq) −
dird∗
dt
(43)
The second derivatives of the slip functions are then given by:
Sq̈ =
1
lr.σ
. vrq̇ + G1̇ and Sd̈ =
1
lr.σ
. vrḋ + G2̇ (44)
The second order sliding mode controller is based on the super twisting algorithm (ST) which was introduced
by Levant as follows [24]:
vrq = u&1 + 𝑢2 and vrd = w1 + w2 (45)
The parameters α and θ are chosen to ensure convergence in finite time [24]-[25]:
{αi >
μi
lr.σ
θi ≥
4.μi.(αi+μi)
lr2.σ2.(αi−μi)
|Gi|̇ < 𝜇𝑖 𝑖 = 1,2 (46)
The terms of the equivalent control laws are defined by canceling the terms of the dynamics of the slip
functions Sq̇ and Sḋ :
Vrdeq = Rr. ird − lr. ωr. σ. irq + lr. σ.
dird∗
dt
and Vrqeq = Rr. irq + lr. ωr. σ. ird + Φsd.
M.ωr
ls
+ lr. σ.
dirq∗
dt
(47)
The second ordre sliding mode model designed under matlab simulink is represented by Figure 10 (refer
appendix).
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The performances of the controller have been validated by means of simulation in MATLAB/
Simulink environment. The table summarizes the parameters of the controlled system Table 2. For this
simulation, one of tow profiles of the wind speed is applied to the input of the turbine: step or random as
shown in Figure 11. The Figure 12 shows the stator voltage is sinusoidal with maximum value 980V which
corresponds to the output voltage of efficient 690V. The Figure 13 shows the current flow rate of the GADA
on the three-phase to the grid. For an step turbine speed profile, the maximum current passes from 200A for
a wind speed of 7 m/s to 800A for a wind speed of 14 m/s. other is done at the moment 25s is done quickly
and lasts 0.01s.For an random turbine speed profile, the maximum current stator output is constant worth
800A. The Figure 14 shows the speed of the GADA. For a step turbine speed profile, the speed of the GADA
goes from 700 rpm and slightly exceeds 1500rpm at the moment 25s following the wind scale. This variation
corresponds to the range of speeds allowed by the GADA. For a random turbine speed profile, the speed of
the rotor follows the variation of the speed of the tubine between 1000 rpm and 1600 rpm.
Table 2. System parameters
Turbine KALMAN Back stepping
Second order
Sliding Mode
Power
(MW)
Number
of blades
Ρ
Blade
longer
Multiple
rapport
h1 h2 D α1 α2
1.5 3 1.225 Kg/m3 32.25m 60 2500 25000 10-4 350 0.75
GADA Grid
Second order
Sliding Mode
Pn Rs Rr Ls Lr M J F V θ1 θ2
1.5Mw 12mΩ 21mΩ 13.7mH 13.6mH
13.5
mH
0.175
Kg.m2
0.0024
N/rad/s2
690-50Hz 0.5 0.06
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In Figure 15 we show a perfect continuation of the electromagnetic torque at its reference delivered
by the observer block of Kalman for step speed profile. We note the convergence of the electromagnetic
torque Tem to wards the optional reference torque Topt. Figure 16 shows the variation of stator active power
P and stator reactive power Q to the grid. Note the variation of the power Ps produced by the DFIG to
the network according to the maximum point of the wind while garanteissant a unit cosφ by asservissement
which guarantees the cancellation of the reactive power. We obtain a sinusoidal three-phase current output
with minimal distortion.The stator reactive power Q is kept zero to guarantee a unit power factor cosφ = 1.
The spectral representation of the stator current shows that this command does not introduce harmonic
pollution to the grid with a harmonic distortion rate of 0.06%.
Figure 15. Electromagnetic torque
Figure 16. Stator active and reactive powers
4. CONCLUSION
To develop a command for the wind turbine generators it’s necessary to use a linearization
approach. However, due to conditions of stochastic operation, and inevitable uncertainties inherent in
the system, such control strategies are pay at the price of a system with poor performance and decreased
reliability. Hence, the use of a strategy of non-linear and robust control for taking into accounts these
problems. The strategy developed and presented in this article; to know first to define the reference torque by
a kalman observer combined with a command by sliding mode then in a second time to order the dual mode
asynchronous generator by one mode sliding order 2, meets the assigned objectives. Indeed, she is robust
thereby increasing reliability, it improves the energy efficiency, and with the little chatter she generates,
it limits the mechanical stress on the tree of transmission.
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Torque estimator using MPPT method for wind turbines (Youssef Baala)
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APPENDIX
Figure 9. DFIG model
Figure 10. Second ordre sliding mode model