(1) This document is a technical report on a student's industrial work experience at the Sokoto State Water Board in Nigeria. (2) It describes the various stages of water treatment including screening, grit removal, aeration, flash mixing, sedimentation, filtration, and distribution. Key treatment processes involve the addition of chemicals like aluminum sulfate, calcium hydroxide, and chlorine. (3) Water quality analysis and testing are also discussed as important parts of ensuring safe, treated water meets WHO standards. The report concludes with recommendations to upgrade machinery and construct a new water treatment plant and laboratory.

1. A TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
(SIWES)
HELD AT
SOKOTO STATE WATER BOARD
BY
ABUBAKAR MUSA
ADM. NO: 1210312003
Supervised by
DR. M.N ALMUSTAPHA
FEBRUARY , 2017

2. INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1 Treated WaterWater is very essential in life
Almost every organism (plants or animals) need
Water either directly or indirectly for their survival.
About 70.9% 0f the earth surface is covered by
Water
Water is colourless, odourless, tasteless liquid
Water occur naturally as rain, in wells, in springs,
seas, likes, in rivers, and in oceans and are all
called natural water.

3. FLOW CHART OF WATER
TREATMENT PLANT
 Raw water
 Screening from the source
 Grit removal unit
 Oxidation of metal Aeration unit Compressed air
 Flash mixing unit Al2(SO4)3,Ca(OH)2,Cl2
 Sedimentation or Clarification unit
 Filtration unit
 Reservation unit Post-chlorination
 Distribution unit

4. STAGES OF WATER TREATMENT
1. SCREENING FROM THE SOURCE
This is the stage where large floating objects such as woods, dead animals,
leaves and other materials present in the raw ware screened out by the use of net.
Picture of Raw water.

5. 2 . Grit removal unit: This is the second stage of water treatment where by
very small pieces of floating particles are carried by water in the cause of its
transformation from the river to the intake section.
3 . Aeration unit : This is a stage whereby air is introduced into the raw
water under high pressure. The application of air into the system oxidizes
many soluble metal ions into insoluble precipitants that can easily be
removed.

6. 4. FLASH MIXING UNIT
First step: Aluminum sulphate is added to the raw water as a coagulant, in
order to initiate coagulation between the suspended particles in the raw
water.
Al2(SO4)3(S) + 6H2O(l) 2Al(OH)3(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq)
Second step: Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] is added to stabilized the pH of
the water.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
Third step: Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) is added to the water It aims to
disinfect micro-organisms such as virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa etc.
(Ca(OCl)2)(S) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HOCl(aq)

7.  5. CLARIFICATION/ SEDMENTATION
CHAMBER
6. FILTRATION CHAMBER

8.  7. PUMPING STATION
From reservoir, the treated water is pumped from plant to the various pumping
stations in the town from where is pumped to consumers.

9. WATER ANALYSIS AND QUALITY CONTROL
To carry out any analysis or treatment of a given substance, there is a need to know its
parameters. In the water analysis, parameter such as temperature, conductivity, pH and turbidity
must be considered for proper treatment and of raw water. The laboratory analysis of raw water is
aimed to determine the physiochemical and bacteriological parameters, of treated water treatment
of raw water, in order to meet the WHO standards of safe, portable water.
 ALUM JAR TEST; Determine the optimum dosage of alum required to treat 1L of raw
water
ALUM/LIME JAR TEST; To determine the optimum dosage of lime (Ca(OH)2) that will
neutralized the acidity of caused by the added aluminum sulphate (Alum).
Flocculator machine

10. CONCLUSION
Water treatment is necessary to remove the impurities that are contained in the
water as found in nature ,in order to preserve health , because the impurities in the
water contains variety of pathogenic organisms that are disease –causing organisms.
The presence of this in the water transmits various types of diseases.
RECOMMENDATION
sokoto state water board management to forward a proposal to the state government
to provides new Machineries and repair the old ones and also to construct new
plant due to rapid increase in the population with in the sokoto state metropolis, and
finally construct another water quality control laboratory in other to enhance
efficiency in the laboratory analysis.

11. Thank you all for listening and God bless.