Sewage, or domestic/municipal wastewater, is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical and toxic constituents, and its bacteriologic status (which organisms it contains and in what quantities). It consists mostly of greywater (from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers), blackwater (the water used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste that it flushes away); soaps and detergents; and toilet paper (less so in regions where bidets are widely used instead of paper).
Sewage, or domestic/municipal wastewater, is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical and toxic constituents, and its bacteriologic status (which organisms it contains and in what quantities). It consists mostly of greywater (from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers), blackwater (the water used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste that it flushes away); soaps and detergents; and toilet paper (less so in regions where bidets are widely used instead of paper).
Fungi could offer this benefit in comparison with bacteria in wastewater treatment processes. The biomass produced during fungal wastewater treatment has, potentially, a much higher value than that from the bacterial activated sludge process. The fungi can be availed to derive valuable biochemical and can also be availed as a protein source
Impact of sewage and sewage treatment on surfacezainabsarfraz4
it help you to discover difference between sewage treatment and water treatment.you will differentiate about sewage,sewarge ,sewage system,sewage treatment.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
The sewage is a wastewater generated from domestic activities including kitchen, bathroom, toilet & floor washing. Due to several reasons, the sewage may not be properly collected & treated in some urban centers.
This ppt is about water pollution, causes, sources, effects, control, water quality standards, waste water treatments and its types, oxidation ponds and ganga action plan
Fungi could offer this benefit in comparison with bacteria in wastewater treatment processes. The biomass produced during fungal wastewater treatment has, potentially, a much higher value than that from the bacterial activated sludge process. The fungi can be availed to derive valuable biochemical and can also be availed as a protein source
Impact of sewage and sewage treatment on surfacezainabsarfraz4
it help you to discover difference between sewage treatment and water treatment.you will differentiate about sewage,sewarge ,sewage system,sewage treatment.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
The sewage is a wastewater generated from domestic activities including kitchen, bathroom, toilet & floor washing. Due to several reasons, the sewage may not be properly collected & treated in some urban centers.
This ppt is about water pollution, causes, sources, effects, control, water quality standards, waste water treatments and its types, oxidation ponds and ganga action plan
Pollution means the process of making soil, water and air dirty. According to Odum, water is saidto be polluted when it is changed in its quality or composition directly or indirectly as a result of waste disposal and other human activities so that it becomes harmful for domestic, industrial, agricultural , recreational and other purposes.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
1. BY
Mr. SURYA PRAKASH J
FIRST YEAR
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
S.K.P ENGINEERING COLLEGE
WATER TREATMENT
&
WASTE WATER
TREATMENT
2. TYPES OF TREATMENT
1.Water Treatment: prepares water for use in Homes,
businesses (drinking water).
2.Waste Water Treatment: prepares sewage/wastewater
to be returned to the environment.
5. 1.Screening - the removal of any coarse floating
objects, weeds, etc. from the water.
2.Aeration - dissolving oxygen into the water to
remove smell and taste, promote helpful bacteria to
grow, and precipitate nuisance metals like iron and
manganese.
3.pH correction - preparing for coagulation and to
help precipitate metals.
INITIAL STAGES
7. SECONDARY STAGES
COAGULATION
4.COAGULATION - causes the sedimentation of suspended
solid particles through the addition of a coagulating agent
(usually aluminum sulphate and/or iron sulphate) to the raw
water along with a polymer to help form a floc.
8. 5.SEDIMENTATION - Floc settles out and is scraped and
vacuumed off the bed of large sedimentation tanks. Clarified
water drains out of the top of these tanks in a giant decanting
process.
SEDIMENTATION
12. 8.Disinfection - water completely free of suspended sediment
is treated with a powerful oxidizing agent usually chlorine,
chlorine then ammonia (chloramine), or ozone.
1.A residual disinfectant is left in the water to prevent
reinfection.
2.Chlorine can form harmful byproducts (THMs)and has
suspected links to stomach cancer and miscarriages.
3.Many agencies now residually disinfect with Chloramine to
prevent formation of THMs.
9.pH adjustment - so that treated water leaves the plant in
the desired range of 6.5 to 8.5 pH units.
FINAL STAGES
14. WASTEWATER TREATMENT
1.SEPTIC TANKS: typically treat small volumes of waste
(e.g., from a single household, small commercial/ industral).
2.WasteWater Treatment Plants(WWTP) : typically treat
larger volumes of municipal or industrial waste.
15. 1.Wastewater treatment systems take human and industrial
liquid wastes and make them safe enough (from the public
health perspective) to return to the aquatic or terrestrial
environment.
2.In some cases, wastewater can be clean enough for reuse
for particular purposes.
3.Wastewater treatment systems use the same purification
process that occurs in a natural aquatic system only faster
and in a controlled manner.
TREATMENT OBJECTIVES
17. 1.Approx. 22 million systems in operation ( 30% of
US population)
2.Suitability determined by soil type, depth to water
table, depth to bedrock and topography
3.Commonly fail due to poor soil drainage
4.Potential contaminants: bacteria, heavy metals,
nutrients, synthetic organic chemicals (e.g. benzene)
SEPTIC TANKS
18. Sewage or wastewater is composed of sewage or
wastewater from:
Domestic used water and toilet waste
Rainwater
Industrial effluent (Toxic industrial water is
pretreated)
Livestock wastes
SEWAGE OR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
19. 1. Pretreatment: Bar screening
Large rack with bars to remove large objects that can
damage equipment.
These objects are sent to landfills.
SEWAGE TREATMENT
MULTISTEP PROCESS
2.Primary Treatment: Settling Tanks
Primary Sludge: heavy solids that sink to the bottom -
removed and sent to solids treatment facility.
Light grease/oil float to top--skimmed off and sent to
solids treatment facility.
This takes several hours.
20. 2.Secondary Treatment: Final Clarifiers
Microbes fall to bottom and most get recycled back into
aeration tank to work on more waste.
Any excess microbes are removed and sent to solids
treatment.
TREATMENT OF LIQUIDS
1.Secondary Treatment: Aeration Tank
Biological Treatment.
Activated sludge: contains bacteria/protozoa that eat
organics in the liquid wastes.
Air bubbles pumped in to aid bacteria in digesting.
21. 3.Final Treatment: Disinfection
Chlorine: kills disease causing organisms.
Can react with organisms to form chlorinated hydrocarbons
that can cause cancer.
UV light or ozone: can be used instead of chlorine, but more
expensive.
Clean water is then sent to ocean, river, etc.
22. 1.Mainly anaerobic digestion.
2.Large tanks mix and heat solids.
3.Microbes eat solids and produce methane.
4.Excess water removed to reduce volume
before transport.
Remaining solids: some are recycled as fertilizer
and some are sent to landfills.
Methane: can be used as energy source.
TREAMENT OF SOLIDS
23.
24. 1. Tertiary: Chemical and Physical.
2. Removes specific nutrients--such as phosphate,
nitrate.
3. Expensive! Not used in many systems.
ADVANCED SEWAGE TREATMENT
TERTIARY:PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
25. 1. Currently, treated wastewater, no matter how “clean” cannot
be directly mixed with treated raw water and supplied as
potable (from Latin potare = “to drink”) water (most places).
2. However, if a dual plumbing system is available,
wastewater can be piped into facilities for specific, approved
uses for which non-potable water is adequate (process water,
irrigation, sanitary use, etc.).
3. Dual plumbing systems in America are colored purple to
distinguish pipes, valves, taps, etc. from potable ones.
REUSING WASTEWATER
26. 1. Increasingly, treated wastewater is being used in Aquifer
Recovery and Storage projects, used to recharge and protect
groundwater that will ultimately be used for potable supplies.
2. In dual systems, the wastewater “gray water” can be used
for irrigation.
3. Treated wastewater is frequently used as sources of saline
intrusion barrier water.
INDIRECT USE OF WASTEWATER
27. 1.Through the two methods of water treatment , we can easily
purify the water .
2.And so, it will be useful for the drinking and domestic
purposes.
CONCLUSION