This document provides an overview of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes. It discusses the structure and properties of CNTs, including their mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. It describes common synthesis methods for CNTs, such as arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. It also covers functionalization of CNTs through covalent and non-covalent methods. Applications of CNTs include use in batteries, electronics, and sensors. The document then discusses the structure and properties of fullerenes, as well as synthesis methods like arc discharge. It describes endohedral and exohedral fullerene modifications and applications in armor, materials, and lubricants.
Carbon Nanotubes(CNTs) | Characterisation and Purification methodsNitesh Sharma
Carbon nanotubes are one of the emerging materials developed in recent two decades. This report summarises the information of carbon nanotubes with their various synthesis techniques to produce CNTs. Different structures have been discussed like single-shell tubes, multi-shell tubes, bundles and cones. Notable state of the art characterization techniques like SEM, TEM, Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, EDS, EDX, HRTEM has been also briefly discussed to study their structure- property correlation in this candidate material. Properties such as low dimensability, high surface-to-volume ratio is observed in carbon nanotubes. Unique mechanical, optical, electrical and electrochemical properties for carbon nanotubes are elaborately discussed here. Carbon nanotubes are advanced materials having tubular structure with nanometre diameter and large length/diameter ratio. Other properties such as density, stability is important for CNTs. Finally, prospects for carbon nanotubes are considered for carbon nanotubes.
Carbon containing Nanomaterials: Fullerenes & Carbon nanotubesMayur D. Chauhan
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Carbon Nanotubes(CNTs) | Characterisation and Purification methodsNitesh Sharma
Carbon nanotubes are one of the emerging materials developed in recent two decades. This report summarises the information of carbon nanotubes with their various synthesis techniques to produce CNTs. Different structures have been discussed like single-shell tubes, multi-shell tubes, bundles and cones. Notable state of the art characterization techniques like SEM, TEM, Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, EDS, EDX, HRTEM has been also briefly discussed to study their structure- property correlation in this candidate material. Properties such as low dimensability, high surface-to-volume ratio is observed in carbon nanotubes. Unique mechanical, optical, electrical and electrochemical properties for carbon nanotubes are elaborately discussed here. Carbon nanotubes are advanced materials having tubular structure with nanometre diameter and large length/diameter ratio. Other properties such as density, stability is important for CNTs. Finally, prospects for carbon nanotubes are considered for carbon nanotubes.
Carbon containing Nanomaterials: Fullerenes & Carbon nanotubesMayur D. Chauhan
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
This includes what is Quantum Dots and their properties ,types of synthesis methods of nano materials such as top down, bottom up etc.It includes few things about Carbon Quantum Dots.
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
Photoelectron spectroscopy
- a single photon in/ electron out process
• X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
- using soft x-ray (200-2000 eV) radiation to
examine core-levels.
• Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)
- using vacuum UV (10-45 eV) radiation to
examine valence levels.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
MOF is a new class of material with lots of opportunity for future work. It is a coordination compound. Obviously MOF is a attractive subject for a group of researcher.
Fabrication and Characterization of 2D Titanium Carbide MXene NanosheetsBecker Budwan
Typically, 2D free-standing crystals exhibit different properties from those of 3D counterparts. In this work, 2D nanosheets of Ti3C2 are synthesized by the room temperature exfoliation of Ti3AlC2 in hydrofluoric acid. Al is extracted from Ti3AlC2 and a new 2D material that we call MXene is formed to emphasize its graphene-like morphology. The treated powders can be used in the fabrication of Li-ion batteries and capacitors. A NSEM image of the treated powder shows the influence of HF treatment on the basal planes. Furthermore, XRD results shows the broadening of the peaks and loss of diffraction signal in the out-of-plane direction owing to exfoliation.
This includes what is Quantum Dots and their properties ,types of synthesis methods of nano materials such as top down, bottom up etc.It includes few things about Carbon Quantum Dots.
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
Photoelectron spectroscopy
- a single photon in/ electron out process
• X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
- using soft x-ray (200-2000 eV) radiation to
examine core-levels.
• Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)
- using vacuum UV (10-45 eV) radiation to
examine valence levels.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
MOF is a new class of material with lots of opportunity for future work. It is a coordination compound. Obviously MOF is a attractive subject for a group of researcher.
Fabrication and Characterization of 2D Titanium Carbide MXene NanosheetsBecker Budwan
Typically, 2D free-standing crystals exhibit different properties from those of 3D counterparts. In this work, 2D nanosheets of Ti3C2 are synthesized by the room temperature exfoliation of Ti3AlC2 in hydrofluoric acid. Al is extracted from Ti3AlC2 and a new 2D material that we call MXene is formed to emphasize its graphene-like morphology. The treated powders can be used in the fabrication of Li-ion batteries and capacitors. A NSEM image of the treated powder shows the influence of HF treatment on the basal planes. Furthermore, XRD results shows the broadening of the peaks and loss of diffraction signal in the out-of-plane direction owing to exfoliation.
This presentation provides a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of Carbon Nanotubes, beginning with the foundational principles and advancing to more complex concepts. Its purpose is to offer a student-oriented elucidation of this subject matter. This PowerPoint presentation serves as a highly valuable tool for undergraduate students pursuing Nanoelectronics, as it encompasses all the crucial aspects of Carbon Nanotubes, facilitating a clear understanding of the topic.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
3. Introduction
• Materials in which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension)
between 1 to 100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale).
• Classification of Nanomaterials
1. One dimension in nanoscale(Other two dimensions are extended)
• Thin films
• Surface Coatings
2. Two dimensions in nanoscale(Other one dimension is extended)
• Nanowires
• Nanotubes
3. Three dimensions in nanoscale
• Nanoparticles
• Quantum dots
4. Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of
carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.
These cylindrical carbon material have
unusual properties, which are valuable
for nanotechnology, electronics, optics
and other fields of material science and
technology.
5. Structure
Nanotubes are members of fullerene
structure family. Their name is derived from
their long, hollow structure with walls
formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon,
called graphene.
Carbon nanotubes can be obtained by
rolling a graphene sheet in a specific
direction, maintaining the circumference of
the cross-section.
Nanotubes are categorized as –
single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)~
1nm
multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
6. The (n,m) nanotube naming scheme can be thought of as a vector (Ch) in an infinite graphene sheet
that describes how to "roll up" the graphene sheet to make the nanotube.
7. Properties
1. Mechanical : The carbon nanotubes are highly elastic. The Young’s
modulus is a measure of the elasticity. The Young’ modulus for carbon
nanotubes is about 1800 GPa whereas it is about 210 GPa for steel.
Carbon nanotubes exhibit large strength in tension. They are about
ten times stronger than steel.
2. Electrical : The electrical properties of carbon nanotubes depends on
their diameter. They show electrical properties ranging from
semiconductors to those of good conductors. The energy gap decreases
as diameter of CNT is increased. Due to very low resistivity, the heat
dissipation in the CNT is very small and hence they can carry much larger
currents than the metals.
8. Properties
3. Thermal Conductivity: Carbon nanotubes are very good conductors
of heat. Their thermal conductivity is more than twice that of
diamond. The thermal conductivity also varies with direction. The
conductivity is very good along the axis of the tube and very low in
a perpendicular direction.
4. Chemical : CNT’s are chemically more inert compared to other
forms of carbon.
9. Synthesis
• There are three method using which we can
produce carbon nanotubes.
1. ARC DISCHARGE METHOD :-
The carbon arc discharge method, first utilized
for creating C60 fullerenes, is one of the most
common and easiest way to create CNTs.
The method makes CNTs through arc-
vaporization of two carbon rods situated end to
end in a location that is filled with low pressure
and inert gas. The discharge evaporates the
surface of one of the carbon electrodes, and
creates a tiny rod-shaped deposit on the opposing
electrode.
The technique creates a complicated mixture of
components. It also requires additional
purification to isolate the CNTs from the soot.
10. Synthesis Cntd.
2. LASER ABLATION:-
A high power laser was used to vaporize carbon
from a graphite target at high temperature. Both
MWNTs and SWNTs can be produced with this
technique.
The laser is focused onto a carbon targets
containing 1.2 % of cobalt/nickel with 98.8 % of
graphite composite that is placed in a 1200°C
quartz tube furnace under the argon atmosphere
(~500 Torr).
The diameter distribution of SWNTs from this
method varies about 1.0 - 1.6 nm. Carbon
nanotubes produced by laser ablation were purer
(up to 90 % purity) than those produced in the arc
discharge process
11. 3. CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (CVD):-
CVD technique can be achieved by taking a
carbon source in the gas phase and using an
energy source, such as plasma or a resistively
heated coil, to transfer energy to a gaseous
carbon molecule.
The hydrocarbons flow through the quartz
tube being in an oven at a high temperature (~
720 C). At high temperature, the hydrocarbons
are broken to be the hydrogen carbon bond,
producing pure carbon molecules. Then, the
carbon will diffuse toward the substrate,
which is heated and coated with a catalyst.
This method can produce both MWNTs and
SWNTs depending on the temperature
12. Functionalization
The main problem with the majority of popular synthetis methods is that they
produce samples yielding a mixture of various diameters and chiralities of
nanotubes that are normally contaminated with metallic and amorphous
impurities. However, to exploit as much as possible of their properties, most of
time they requires the functionalization.
Such as changing the surface properties to make it soluble in different media
or attaching functional groups or polymer chains.
Functionalization possibilities for SWNTs:
Covalent functionalization
Non-Covalent functionalization
13. 1. Covalent functionalization:-
Covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon
nanotubes (SWNTs) has significantly expanded the
utility of the nanotube structure. Covalent sidewall
functionalization has been employed to increase the
solubility of these materials, which allows for the
manipulation and processing of these otherwise
insoluble nanotubes.
Several SWNT sidewall functionalization
methodologies now exist, and they all have one thing in
common: a highly reactive intermediate is necessary to
attack the carbon nanotubes.
But, it drastically affects the electronic structure of
SWNTs and hence affects their properties.
14. Functionalization Cntd.
2. Non-covalent functionalization:-
The non-covalent interaction is based on van
der waals forces and it is controlled by
thermodynamics.
The great advantage of this type of functionality
relies upon the possibility of attaching various
groups without disturbing the electronic system
of rolled graphene sheets of CNTs.
The formation of non-covalent aggregates with
surfactants is a suitable method for dispersing
nanotubes in organic solvent.
15. Advantages Disadvantages
Extremely small and lightweight, making them
excellent replacements for metallic wires.
Extremely small, so are difficult to work with.
Are resistant to temperature changes, meaning they
function almost just as well in extreme cold as they do
in extreme heat.
Currently the process is relatively expensive to
produce the nanotubes.
Despite all the research, scientists still don’t
understand exactly how the work.
16. Applications
CNT’s can store lithium due to which they can be used in batteries. CNT’s
can also store hydrogen and hence find potential applications in fuel cells.
They are used in the tips for atomic force microscope probes.
They are being used to develop flat panel displays for television and
computer monitors.
They are used in chemical sensors to detect gases.
17. Fullerene
A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon in the form
of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, and many
other shapes. Spherical fullerenes, also referred to
as buckyballs
The first fullerene molecule (C60) was
manufactured in 1985 at Rice University.
Minute quantities of the fullerenes, in the form
of C60, C70, C76, C82 and C84 molecules, are
produced in nature, hidden in soot and formed by
lightning discharges in the atmosphere.
18. Structure of C60
A truncated icosahedron structure.
Icosahedron- A polygon with 60 vertices and 32 faces,
12 of which are pentagonal and 20 hexagonal.
A carbon atom is present at each vertex.
Valancies of each carbon atom are satisfied by two
single and one double bond.
The bonding pattern of C60 fullerene, with yellow
bonds representing double bonds and red bonds as
single bonds.
The pentagonal rings contain only single bonds; as
double bonds have a shorter bond length and lead to
instability in pentagonal ring.
19. Properties
• The molecule can act as a semiconductor, conductor and superconductor
under specific conditions.
• It is very tough and thermally stable.
• It can be compressed to lose 30% of its volume without destroying its
carbon cage structure.
20. Synthesis
1. Arc method
Fullerenes can be made by vaporizing carbon within
a gas medium.(they could form spontaneously in a
condensing carbon vapor).
An electric arc is maintained between two nearly
contacting graphite electrodes.
Most of the power is dissipated in the arc and not in
resistive heating of the rod.
The entire electrode assembly is enclosed in a
reaction kettle that is filled with ~ 100 torr pressure of
helium.
Black soot is produced, and extraction with organic
solvents yields fullerenes.
R. E. Smalley, Nobel Prize lecture,
December 7, 1996
22. Endohedral Fullerene
Atoms, molecules, or ions can be trapped inside the
cavity of a fullerene cage to form endohedral
fullerenes. H2 , N2 , and a wide variety of noble gases
and transition metal atoms have been successfully
encapsulated.
The procedure starts with a ring opening or a ring
expansion generally induced by cycloadditions or
radical-oxidation reactions in order to open a ‘hole’ in
the sphere and put in the desired species .The
reconstitution of the cage after the encapsulation is
achieved at high temperatures.
23. Exohedral fullerene
Exohedral fullerene, also called as
exofullerenes, are fullerenes that have
additional atoms, ions, or clusters attached
to their outer spheres such as-
C50Cl10
C60H8.
These materials offer the most exciting
potential for useful applications of fullerene
materials.
24. Fullerides
Fullerides are chemical compounds containing
fullerene anions. Common fullerides are derivatives
of the most common fullerenes, i.e. C60 and C70.
The scope of the area is large because multiple
charges are possible, i.e., [C60]n− (n = 1, 2...6), and all
fullerenes can be converted to fullerides. The suffix "-
ide" implies their negatively charged nature.
Fullerides have been prepared in various ways :
One of the way is treating fullerene with alkali metals to
give the alkali metal fullerides :
C60 + 2 K → K2C60
25. Carbon Peapods
• Carbon peapod is a hybrid nanomaterial consisting of
spheroidal fullerenes encapsulated within a carbon nanotube. It is named
due to their resemblance to the seedpod of the pea plant. Since the
properties of carbon peapods differ from those of nanotubes and fullerenes,
the carbon peapod can be recognized as a new type of a self-assembled
graphitic structure.
• Possible applications of nano-peapods include nanoscale lasers, single
electron transistors, and data storage devices thanks to the memory effects
and superconductivity of nano-peapods
26. Applications
Due to their extremely resilient and sturdy nature, fullerenes are being
considered for use in combat armor.
Elements can be bonded with it to create more diverse materials,
including superconductors and insulators.
It is suitable for used as a lubricant due to its spherical structure.