The document describes the structure of chromosomes, the cell cycle, and cell division. Chromosomes are made up of DNA wound around histone proteins. The cell cycle consists of interphase and the M phase. Interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The M phase involves nuclear and cell division through the processes of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes.
Skin is the largest organ or outer protective covering of body. It is composed of three layers: epidermis, dermis or subcutaneous tissues.
Skin is the body's defense covering, which protects against heat, light, injury and infection.
SENSORY ORGAN: EYES// EYE STRUCTURE// EYE BALLWasim Ak
SENSE ORANS ARE THE SPECIALIZED ORGANS COMPOSED OF NEURONS , WHICH HELPS US TO PERCEIVE AND RESPOND TO OUR SURROUNDINGS .
THERE ARE FIVE SENSE ORGANS –
EYES : SENSE OF SEEING
EARS : SENSE OF HEARING
NOSE :SENSE OF SMELL
TONGUE : SENSE OF TASTE
SKIN : SENSE OF TOUCH, PAIN etc.
THE HUMAN EYES ARE SENSE ORGAN ADAPTED TO ALLOW US VISION BY REACTING TO LIGHT .
OUR PAIRED EYES ARE LOCATED IN SOCKETS OF THE SKULL CALLED ORBITS .
Assessment https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/551543686d1d8e0d3cac9352/human-eye
previous knowledge checking
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48DqdwzftnQ&feature=emb_title
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PezhNC965hk&feature=emb_title
working of eye https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_wTfpYK_ms&feature=emb_title
Home assignment https://jamboard.google.com/d/1vrwWdl4DZOCh8KwuIrpgRO1rQKksrx-quIvW5ACC8XE/viewer?f=2
Skin is the largest organ or outer protective covering of body. It is composed of three layers: epidermis, dermis or subcutaneous tissues.
Skin is the body's defense covering, which protects against heat, light, injury and infection.
SENSORY ORGAN: EYES// EYE STRUCTURE// EYE BALLWasim Ak
SENSE ORANS ARE THE SPECIALIZED ORGANS COMPOSED OF NEURONS , WHICH HELPS US TO PERCEIVE AND RESPOND TO OUR SURROUNDINGS .
THERE ARE FIVE SENSE ORGANS –
EYES : SENSE OF SEEING
EARS : SENSE OF HEARING
NOSE :SENSE OF SMELL
TONGUE : SENSE OF TASTE
SKIN : SENSE OF TOUCH, PAIN etc.
THE HUMAN EYES ARE SENSE ORGAN ADAPTED TO ALLOW US VISION BY REACTING TO LIGHT .
OUR PAIRED EYES ARE LOCATED IN SOCKETS OF THE SKULL CALLED ORBITS .
Assessment https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/551543686d1d8e0d3cac9352/human-eye
previous knowledge checking
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48DqdwzftnQ&feature=emb_title
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PezhNC965hk&feature=emb_title
working of eye https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_wTfpYK_ms&feature=emb_title
Home assignment https://jamboard.google.com/d/1vrwWdl4DZOCh8KwuIrpgRO1rQKksrx-quIvW5ACC8XE/viewer?f=2
The retina is the sensory membrane that lines the inner surface of the back of the eyeball. It's composed of several layers, including one that contains specialized cells called photoreceptors.
Photoreceptor cells take light focused by the cornea and lens and convert it into chemical and nervous signals which are transported to visual centers in the brain by way of the optic nerve.
In the visual cortex of the brain (which, ironically, is located in the back of the brain), these signals are converted into images and visual perceptions.
Anatomy, components parts, and blood supply of eyeball.
Hello friends..you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you.
UVEA constitutes- middle vascular coat
• 3 parts- a)iris
b)ciliary body
c)choroid
• Developmentally,structurally and functionallyindivisible
• color varies from light blue to dark brown
EMBRYOLOGY
IRIS-
• Both layers of epithelium derived from
marginal region of optic cup (neuroectoderm)
• Sphincter and dilator pupillae- anterior
epithelium (neuroectoderm)
• Stroma and vessels- vascular mesoderm
in this ppt we describe about anatomy of eyeball( cornea, sclera, choroid, iris, retina, ciliary body, vitreous etc..), dimension of the eyeball, coats of the eyeball.
The human eye is an organ that reacts to light in many circumstances. As a conscious sense organ, the human eye allows vision; rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision, including color differentiation and the perception of depth. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million colors.
The retina is the sensory membrane that lines the inner surface of the back of the eyeball. It's composed of several layers, including one that contains specialized cells called photoreceptors.
Photoreceptor cells take light focused by the cornea and lens and convert it into chemical and nervous signals which are transported to visual centers in the brain by way of the optic nerve.
In the visual cortex of the brain (which, ironically, is located in the back of the brain), these signals are converted into images and visual perceptions.
Anatomy, components parts, and blood supply of eyeball.
Hello friends..you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you.
UVEA constitutes- middle vascular coat
• 3 parts- a)iris
b)ciliary body
c)choroid
• Developmentally,structurally and functionallyindivisible
• color varies from light blue to dark brown
EMBRYOLOGY
IRIS-
• Both layers of epithelium derived from
marginal region of optic cup (neuroectoderm)
• Sphincter and dilator pupillae- anterior
epithelium (neuroectoderm)
• Stroma and vessels- vascular mesoderm
in this ppt we describe about anatomy of eyeball( cornea, sclera, choroid, iris, retina, ciliary body, vitreous etc..), dimension of the eyeball, coats of the eyeball.
The human eye is an organ that reacts to light in many circumstances. As a conscious sense organ, the human eye allows vision; rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision, including color differentiation and the perception of depth. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million colors.
Helpful for understanding the mitosis with some live images and short and simple description of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
Prime minister and the council of ministerskarthikgangula
icse class 10 chapter prime minister and the council of ministers
topics included are under the further reduced syllabus
Appointment, the formation of Council of ministers, tenure;
Position and powers of the Prime Minister.
Collective and individual responsibility of the members of the Cabinet.
The distinction between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet.
ICSE CLASS 10 BIOLOGY
TOPICS COVERED ARE UNDER THE FURTHER REDUCED SYLLABUS
VISIT FOR MORE INFORMATION -https://cisce.org/UploadedFiles/PDF/8.BIOLOGY.pdf
MADE BY KARTHIK GANGULA
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
3. Structure of chromosome
● DNA is wound around a protein known as histone proteins
● When DNA is wound around a histone it is called nucleosome
● They are wound in such a way that the core histones are stacked on top of another
forming a chromatin fibre
● During cell division ,Chromatin fibres further coil to form highly compact well
defined structures called the chromosomes
● Chromosomes are visible only during cell division
4. Structure of the chromosome cont...
● A chromosome has 2 arms (top 1 and bottom 1)
● The place where it comes together is called the
centromere
● There are disc shaped structures on the side of the
chromosomes called kinetochores (helps in cell division)
● A chromosome has 2 sets of identical DNA called sister
chromatids (vertical halves of the chromosomes)
Sister chromatids
Sister chromatids
6. Structure of the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
● The 4 important biological molecules are Carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
● The smallest unit of a DNA is called nucleotide many nucleotides create a polynucleotide
● Nucleotides are made up of 5 carbon sugar molecule, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous
base
● There are 2 types of nitrogenous bases purines and pyrimidines
● Purines have 2 nitrogen containing rings {adenine and guanine are the purines}
● Pyrimidines have 1 nitrogen containing ring {cytosine and thymine are the pyrimidines}
7. Arrangement of the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
● A DNA molecule is very large and is described as a macromolecule
● Adenine pairs with Thymine with 2 hydrogen bonds
● Guanine pairs with Cytosine with 3 hydrogen bonds
● The 2 strands of DNA are called polynucleotides (look like sides of a
ladder) and are composed of nucleotides (handles of a ladder)
● The DNA is coiled in a double helix strand
8. What are genes
● Genes are specific sequences of nucleotides on a chromosome that encode particular
proteins which express in the form of some particular feature of the body
● They are units of hereditary which are transferred from parents to offsprings and are
responsible for the characters of the offspring
10. Cell cycle
● The first phase of the cell cycle is the mitotic phase
(m-phase)
● It includes splitting of the DNA and
cytokinesis(division of the rest of the cell)
● The phase between 2 m-phases is called interphase
(which is again divided into G1, S, and G2 phases)
11. G1 phase (first growth phase)
● In the G1 phase a new cell is formed which is a result of a recently concluded M-
Phase event
● This cell grows in size (volume of cytoplasm increases)
● Since mitochondria (in animals) and chloroplasts (in plants) have their own DNA
they start dividing
● In the ending of the G1-phase all cells have 2 options
○ They may withdraw from the cell cycle and enter the resting phase (r-phase)
○ Start preparing for the next division by entering the next synthesis phase
12. S - phase (synthesis phase) and G2 - phase (second growth phase)
● Synthesis phase
○ More DNA is synthesized and the chromosomes are duplicated
● Second growth phase
○ This is a shorter growth phase
○ RNA and proteins necessary for cell division continue to be synthesized
○ Now the cell is ready to undergo cell division and enter the dividing phase of the cell cycle
○ After the dividing phase gets completed the newly formed daughter cells enter into
interphase again and the cell cycle goes on
13. prophase
● The chromosomes becomes short ,thick , and visible
● Each chromosome is duplicated to form 2 chromatids
● Centrosomes splits into 2 daughter centrioles and moves
apart
● F
● The 2 daughter centrioles which are called spindle fibres
appear as fibres
● The nuclear membrane and the nucleolus disappears
● The duplicate chromosome (chromatids) start moving
towards the equator
asters
14. metaphase
● Each chromosome gets attached to the spindles by its
centromere
● Chromosomes start lining up in the equator
15. Anaphase
● Centromere attaching the 2
chromatids divides
● The 2 sister chromatids of each
chromosome separate and are
drawn apart towards opposite
poles by means of shortening
of the spindle fibres
● The furrow starts in the cell
membrane in the middle (small
gap)
16. Telophase
● 2 sets of daughter chromosomes reach
opposite poles
● Spindle fibres disappear
● Chromatids thin out in the form of
chromatin fibres
● Nucleoli reappears so Nuclear
membrane and nucleolus reappears
● The cleavage furrow starts deepening
17. Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)
● Cleavage furrow deepens completely and split the daughter cells
18. Significance of mitosis
● Maintains the same chromosome number in the daughter cells
● Repair of the damaged and wounded tissues by renewal of lost cells
● Asexual reproduction in which the unicellular organisms such as ameoba or the
yeast cell divide into 2
● Growth of the body size is due to formation of new in the tissues cells
● Repair of damaged and wounded tissues by renewal of the lost cells
19. Meiosis
● It is the cell division which produces the sex cells (gametes)
● It takes place in the reproductive organs
○ It produces sperms and ova in humans
○ It produces pollen grains and female gametophyte in plants
● The most significant aspect in meiosis is that the number of chromosomes in
the sex cells is halved
● One member of each pair of the the chromosomes are passed onto the sex
cells
20. Significance of meiosis
● Chromosome number is halved in the gametes so that on fertilization the
normal number (2n) is restored
● It provides for mixing up of genes which occurs in 2 ways
○ The maternal and paternal chromosomes get mixed up during the first division as they
seperate from the homologous pairs
○ While the maternal and paternal chromosomes are separating the chromatid material very
often gets exchanged between the 2 members of a homologous pair this is known as crossing
over this results in genetic recombination
○ Chiasma is the x shaped structure formed due to crossing over of non sister chromatids of
paired homologous chromosomes
21. Difference between mitosis and meiosis
● In the somatic (body) cells
● Provides for growth and replacement
● Throughout life
● 2 daughter cells
● 1 after chromosome duplication
● Identical
● Full set of chromosomes is passed on to
each daughter cell . this is diploid (2n) no
of chromosomes
● In the reproductive cells
● Only for gamete formation
● Only in reproductively active age
● 4 daughter cells
● 2 after chromosome duplication
● Randomly assorted between gametes
produced
● Only half the number of chromosomes is
passed onto each daughter cell. This is
haploid (n) no.of chromosomes
● Where it occurs
● What for
● When it occurs
● No.of daughter cell
● No.of nuclear division
● Identity of
chromosomes and
daughter cells
● No.of chromosomes in
daughter cells
Mitosis Meiosis