Structuralism was established in 1879 at Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt and focused on analyzing conscious experiences into their basic elements using introspection. Wundt believed mental states could be studied scientifically by asking trained subjects to report their experiences in response to stimuli. He focused on thoughts, images, and feelings. However, critics argue introspection is subjective. The biological perspective relates behavior to the nervous and endocrine systems and how genes, chromosomes, hormones, and the brain influence behavior through natural selection. For example, generally males exhibit more aggression than females, and biological psychologists have sought biological explanations for mental illnesses like explaining schizophrenia in terms of dopamine levels. However, Freud argued this just treats symptoms not underlying causes.

1. STRUCTURALISM
AND
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
SHUBHAM SINGHAL

2. THE SCHOOL OF Thought-Structuralism
 Established in Leipzig in 1879.
Wundt thoughts formed this
school of psychology which was
established by Edward B.Titchener
(1867-1927) at Cornell university in
Germany.

3. Goal of the
Structuralists
WilhelmWundt wants to record thoughts and sensations, to analyze them into
their constituent elements which make up the mind.
Introspection( self-examination)
Wundt believed that conscious mental states could be scientifically studied
using introspection method by telling the Wundt’s subjects what they feel
when they receiving stimulus to the participants in his experiments .

4. Experimental method
Wundt contributed to the development of
his research by the experiments.
To conduct his experiments,Wundt trained
186 graduate student , as subjects were
trained to report as objectively as possible
what they experienced in connection with a
certain stimulus in the experiments.

5. Wundt concentration on 3 areas of mental functioning:-
Thought
Image
Feeling
By observing others through their introspection
However, B.F. Skinner argue that introspection was not really
scientific even if the methods used to introspect were. Skinner
claims the result of introspection are subjective and cannot be
verified because only observable behavior can be objectively
measured.

6. Biological Perspective
TheTheory Of Natural
Selection(1859)- Genetics and
evolution play a role in influencing human
behavior .
Psychologists with this perspective try to
relate behavior to functions of the nervous to
glandular system of the body

7. Genes affect behavior
Biological factors such as
chromosomes, hormones and
the brain all have a significant
influence on human behavior
like about the gender difference
of male and female

8. Theorists studied that generally males
are more aggressive than females
(Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974).
While they are less aggressive when they
are with their kinds

9. Study To Mental Illness
Many biological psychologist have
concentration on abnormal behavior and
have tried to explain it.
For example, biological psychologist believe
that Schizophrenia is affected by levels of
dopamine( a neurotransmitter).

10. However, Sigmund Freud
and other discipline would
argue that this just treats
the symptoms and not the
cause.

11. Thank you…..