Structuralism is not only the study of the structure of language. Sometimes it has been regarded as , Romantic, Neo-Positivist, a Sinister Euphemism for political device. It is the extension of new criticism. It helps us to understand how language produces reality not reflects reality. It broke down the traditional concept of language. Saussure was the key figure of this movement.
Structuralism is not only the study of the structure of language. Sometimes it has been regarded as , Romantic, Neo-Positivist, a Sinister Euphemism for political device. It is the extension of new criticism. It helps us to understand how language produces reality not reflects reality. It broke down the traditional concept of language. Saussure was the key figure of this movement.
Well known linguists such as De Saussere, F. and Bloomfield, L. main representative theoretician of a school of language called Structuralism. De Saussere, F. belongs to the group of European linguistics who developed studies on the language field at the end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th century while Bloomfield, L. belongs to the group of the North American ones.
Well known linguists such as De Saussere, F. and Bloomfield, L. main representative theoretician of a school of language called Structuralism. De Saussere, F. belongs to the group of European linguistics who developed studies on the language field at the end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th century while Bloomfield, L. belongs to the group of the North American ones.
There are important terms in linguistics, which should be cleared so I have made these slides to make these terms clear.
If you are interested in linguistics, then you must go through these slides. These are basic terms of linguistics, which help us to understand linguistics.
We all know that nowadays linguistics is becoming emerging field, it has a lot of scope so we should have to study it thoroughly.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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3. 1-Structuralism
• Flourishing in the 1960s, structuralism is an approach
to literary analysis grounded in structural linguistic,
the science of language. By utilizing the techniques,
methods and vocabulary of linguistic, structuralism
offers a scientific view of how we achieve meaning
not only in literary works but also in every form of
communication and social behavior.
6. Saussere’s Linguistic Revolution
Saussure re-examined philology’s definition of
a word. Saussure proposed that words are
signs made up of two parts
Synchronic
Sign (Word) = Signifier + Signified
7. written or spoken mark sun
a concept
Saussure’s Redefinition of a word
8. 3-The Structure of Language
According to Saussure, all the
languages are governed by their
own internal rules that do not
mirrored or imitate the structure
of the world.
9. Title
• Phoneme
Speech sound that distinguishes one word from another
PIN
• Grapheme
The written symbol that represents the phoneme´s sound
/pIn/
• Phonology
The study of the rules governing the meaningful units of sounds in
a linguistic system
• LAMB
10. In Middle English (1100-1500)
LAMB
/m/and /b/ were both pronounced
Modern American English (1775-present)
LAMB
no English word can end with the two
phonemes /m/ and /b/x
11. MORPHEME
• Is the smallest part of the word that has lexical or
grammatical significance.
• Lexical: refers to the base or root meaning of a word
(vocabulary)
• Grammatical: Refers to those elements of language that
expresses relationship between words or group of
words, such as the inflections (-ed), (-s), and (ing) that
carry tense, number, gender and so on.
Morphology
Is the study of how the various lexical and
grammatical morphemes combine to form
words.
12. Syntax
Is the actual arrangement of words in
a sentence
Example
, “Jhon threw the ball into the air”
“Threw the air into the ball Jhon”
14. Semantic
study of the vocabulary of a language
within a social life, its interpretation
and its laws.
Semantics is the study of
meaning, but what do we
mean by 'meaning'?
15. Connotation
Meaning simply the set of associations
that a word evokes.
Denotation?
It has also been suggested that the
meaning of a word is simply the entity
in the World which that word refers to
16.
17.
18. • Langue: The structure of the language
that is mastered and shared by al its
speakers. It refers about all the rules
of the language (grammar, syntax…)
• Parole: It is the individual’s actual
speech utterances and writing. It
refers about colloquial (popular)
language.
19. ASSUMPTIONS
Structuralists believe that codes, signs and
rules govern all human social and cultural
practices, including communication. That
communication can refers about sports,
education, fashion, friendship and others,
each is a systematized combinations of
codes (signs) governed by rules.
•ASSUMPTIONS•ASSUMPTIONS•ASSUMPTIONS
20. METHODOLOGIES
• Valdimir Propp: Ilustrate how a story’s
meaning develops from its overall
structure given logical and proper
sequence
• Gerad Genette: developed methods of
analyzing a story´s structure to uncover its
meaning (figure of speech).
