This document provides an overview of diagrid structural systems. Some key points:
- Diagrids consist of a rigid core surrounded by a grid of diagonal bracing members that provide structural stability and resistance to lateral forces. This eliminates the need for most vertical columns.
- Diagrids can carry both gravity and lateral loads through axial action of the diagonal members. They provide bending and shear rigidity and behave like a 3D box resisting compression and tension.
- Optimal design of diagrids involves determining the ideal angle of the diagonal members (around 35-75 degrees) and allocating stiffness to maximize lateral rigidity. Methods include using partial differential equations, topology optimization, and stiffness-based methodology.
Diagrid Systems : Future of Tall buildings, Technical Paper by Jagmohan Garg ...Jagmohan Garg
The document discusses the DiaGrid structural system for tall buildings. A DiaGrid system uses a design of triangulated steel beams and horizontal support rings to construct large buildings. It creates a structural system of triangles that provides stability and resistance to lateral loads. Some key benefits of the DiaGrid system include column-free interior spaces, resistance to overturning forces, simpler construction, and better load redistribution compared to braced frame structures. While effective for buildings up to 70 stories, the DiaGrid system involves complicated joint connections.
The document discusses diagrid structural systems used in tall buildings. A diagrid system uses a triangular configuration of diagonal members on the building facade instead of vertical columns. This provides structural efficiency by resisting lateral loads through axial forces in the diagonals rather than bending in columns. Diagrid structures have fewer obstructions, allowing greater design flexibility. Optimal diagrid module angles are between 60-70 degrees. Examples of diagrid buildings mentioned include the Swiss Re Tower in London and Guangzhou West Tower in China.
High Rise Building Structure Systems Types
Slide Contents :
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-RISE DESIGN
DEMANDS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING
MATERIAL
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
The document discusses various surface active systems including folded plate structures, shell structures, barrel vaults, domes, and hyperbolic paraboloids. It provides details on the different types of each structure, their construction methods, advantages and disadvantages. A key point made is that shell structures can span long distances with thin materials due to their curved shapes distributing loads efficiently. Case studies of notable projects using these structural systems are also presented, such as the Sydney Opera House and Vidhan Sabha government building in Bhopal, India.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
framed tube structure
structure tube furniture
structure tube canada
tube structural system
tube structure design
tube frame building kits
tube structure buildings
tube framed buildings
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2019
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mechanical engineering seminar topics 2018
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
Diagrid Systems : Future of Tall buildings, Technical Paper by Jagmohan Garg ...Jagmohan Garg
The document discusses the DiaGrid structural system for tall buildings. A DiaGrid system uses a design of triangulated steel beams and horizontal support rings to construct large buildings. It creates a structural system of triangles that provides stability and resistance to lateral loads. Some key benefits of the DiaGrid system include column-free interior spaces, resistance to overturning forces, simpler construction, and better load redistribution compared to braced frame structures. While effective for buildings up to 70 stories, the DiaGrid system involves complicated joint connections.
The document discusses diagrid structural systems used in tall buildings. A diagrid system uses a triangular configuration of diagonal members on the building facade instead of vertical columns. This provides structural efficiency by resisting lateral loads through axial forces in the diagonals rather than bending in columns. Diagrid structures have fewer obstructions, allowing greater design flexibility. Optimal diagrid module angles are between 60-70 degrees. Examples of diagrid buildings mentioned include the Swiss Re Tower in London and Guangzhou West Tower in China.
High Rise Building Structure Systems Types
Slide Contents :
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-RISE DESIGN
DEMANDS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING
MATERIAL
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
The document discusses various surface active systems including folded plate structures, shell structures, barrel vaults, domes, and hyperbolic paraboloids. It provides details on the different types of each structure, their construction methods, advantages and disadvantages. A key point made is that shell structures can span long distances with thin materials due to their curved shapes distributing loads efficiently. Case studies of notable projects using these structural systems are also presented, such as the Sydney Opera House and Vidhan Sabha government building in Bhopal, India.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
framed tube structure
structure tube furniture
structure tube canada
tube structural system
tube structure design
tube frame building kits
tube structure buildings
tube framed buildings
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2019
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
mechanical engineering seminar topics 2018
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
The document discusses tall buildings and provides case studies of several high-rise buildings including Arihant Aura in Mumbai, Burj Khalifa in Dubai, and The Shard in London. It covers definitions of high-rise buildings, the need for tall structures, and key aspects of high-rise design such as structural systems, foundations, elevators, wind engineering, and cladding. The case study of Burj Khalifa specifically highlights its Y-shaped structural core and tapering profile that help manage wind loads and lateral forces.
1. Long span structures are those with spans larger than 15-20 meters that require construction methods beyond ordinary reinforced concrete. They provide column-free interior spaces to reduce costs and construction time. Examples include stadiums, exhibition halls, and storage facilities.
2. Loads on structural systems include dead loads, live loads, wind loads, thermal stresses, and stresses from ground movement, vibrations, or earthquakes.
3. Common materials for long span structures are reinforced concrete, metal, timber, metal/concrete combinations, plastics, and fiber reinforced plastics.
Pneumatic structures are membrane structures that use air pressure for support. They have a thin, flexible membrane that is stabilized by internal pressurization or external tensioning. Some key advantages are their light weight, ability to span large distances without supports, and rapid assembly. However, they require continuous air pressure maintenance and have a relatively short service life. Applications include sports facilities, military structures, exhibition centers, and greenhouses.
structure, technology and materials of highrise buildingsshahul130103
Structural loads on tall buildings include dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads from seismic activity, wind, and temperature changes. Tall buildings must have structural systems to effectively distribute these loads and resist lateral forces. Common structural typologies include interior moment frames, shear walls, outrigger systems, and exterior tube, diagrid, and bundled tube systems which use closely spaced columns and beams to act as a rigid perimeter wall. The structural forms vary based on the building material (concrete or steel) and optimize the building's ability to transfer loads vertically and resist lateral loads like wind and seismic forces.
Tensile structures and Pneumatic StructuresGeeva Chandana
Tensile structures gain their load-bearing capacity through tension stress in components like cables, fabrics, or foils. They are commonly subdivided into boundary tensioned membranes, pneumatic structures, and pre-stressed cable nets and beams. Tensile structures use thin fabrics stretched over frameworks of cables to create surfaces capable of withstanding forces. Common types include membrane and mesh tensioned structures and pneumatic structures.
The document provides information about Vector Active structural systems. It discusses different types of Vector Active structures including flat trusses, curved trusses, space frames, and tree systems. Flat trusses are two-dimensional structures made of straight members connected at joints. Curved trusses have a curved top chord. Space frames are lightweight rigid structures made of interlocking struts. Tree systems use tree-like columns that branch near the top to extend over large spans. Case studies of projects using different structural types are also presented.
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
Space frames are truss-like, lightweight rigid structures constructed from interlocking struts arranged in a geometric pattern. They were independently developed in the early 1900s and 1950s to span large areas with few interior supports. Space frames transfer loads through a three-dimensional arrangement of linear elements subjected only to axial tension or compression. Common materials used include steel and timber. Connections are made through various joint types, and space frames can be single, double or triple layered grids. They provide advantages like light weight, stiffness and versatility compared to other structures.
Diagrid structural systems
are emerging as structurally efficient as well as architecturally significant assemblies for tall buildings.
. The evolution of tall building structural systems based on new structural
concepts with newly adopted high strength materials and construction methods have been towards “stiffness” and “lightness”. Structural systems are become
“lighter” and “stiffer”.
It is common knowledge that rather than directly standing the forces,
it is better to reduce them and dissipate the magnitude of vibrations.
Structure design of high rise buildings is governed by lateral loads due to
wind or earthquake.
Lateral load resistance of structure is provided by interior structural system
or exterior structural system.
The selected structural system should be such that it should be effectively
utilized for structural requirements.
Recently diagrid structural system is adopted in tall buildings due to its
structural efficiency and flexibility in architectural planning.
Shell structures- advanced building constructionShweta Modi
This document discusses different types of shell structures used in construction. It begins by defining shell structures as thin curved membranes or slabs, usually of reinforced concrete, that function as both structure and covering. It then describes various forms of curvature for shells including surfaces of revolution, translation, and ruled surfaces. It discusses developable and non-developable shells and provides examples of different shell structures like barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and more. It also covers topics like suitable materials, centering, and construction of reinforced concrete barrel vaults.
A tensile structure carries only tension and no compression or bending forces. It uses a fabric material stretched over a framework to provide stability. Tension roofs are loaded only in tension with no resistance to compression or bending. Tensile structures have environmental benefits like longer lifecycles, reusability, and recyclability with less construction debris. They provide flexible design aesthetics, translucency, durability, lightweight construction, and cost benefits from reduced energy usage. Common types include free-standing, mast-supported, and arch-supported structures.
This document discusses steel portal frames, which are low-rise structures used for industrial and warehouse buildings. They consist of columns connected by horizontal or pitched beams via moment-resisting connections. This allows the frame to act as a single structural unit and reduces bending moments in the beams. Pin joints are introduced to overcome rotational stresses from the beams to the columns. The document then discusses loads on portal frames, proper joint and foundation design, and bracing requirements. It provides specifications for typical steel sections used in portal frames and dimensions. Finally, it summarizes the steel portal frame roof design of the Turbhe Railway Station in India, which features an 84-meter long semi-circular ribbed arch roof.
Shell structures are lightweight constructions that use curved shell elements, like those seen in aircraft fuselages, boat hulls, and large building roofs. A thin shell is defined as a structure with thickness small compared to other dimensions, where deformations are not large relative to thickness. Concrete shells are a common type of thin shell structure that provides open, unobstructed interiors through curved concrete forms without internal supports. Concrete shells can be made in single or double curvature designs and require centering during construction to support their curved shapes until the concrete cures.
This document provides information about high-rise buildings in 3 paragraphs or less:
The document defines high-rise buildings as structures of approximately 8 or more stories. It discusses factors that influence high-rise design such as height, climate, and interior uses. High-rise buildings provide economic benefits through efficient land use but also have higher initial and maintenance costs. The document outlines several design considerations for high-rise buildings.
Steel portal frames are a common form of construction for single-story industrial buildings. They consist of parallel steel frames forming the major structure, with steel columns connected by steel beams or rafters spanning between them. This allows for large clear spans of up to 40 meters. The frames are spaced 5-10 meters apart and support the roof structure and unobstructed floor space within. Concrete or masonry walls can be attached to the frames.
The document provides information on structural glazing and curtain walls. It discusses the history and types of structural glazing, including bolted glazing, fin supported glazing, cable supported glazing, and two-sided and four-sided structural glazing. The differences between structural glazing and curtain walls are outlined. Curtain walls are described as non-structural outer walls, while structural glazing involves bonding glass to the building structure. Common curtain wall types like stick systems, semi-unitized systems and unitized systems are also summarized.
Modeling and Design of Bridge Super Structure and Sub StructureAIT Solutions
This document discusses modeling and analysis techniques for bridge superstructures and substructures. It covers modeling bridge decks using various element types including beam, grid, plate-shell, and solid models. It also discusses modeling bridge piers and foundations using solid elements, beam elements, or springs to represent soil-structure interaction. The document emphasizes the importance of modeling both superstructure and substructure together to accurately capture their interaction, and discusses challenges like modeling bearings and soil.
The document provides information on structural design and analysis. It discusses structural planning, wind load analysis, frame analysis using software, beam, column, slab, footing and retaining wall design. Key steps covered include determining loads, checking member capacities, calculating reinforcement and developing design details. The goal is to ensure the structural safety and stability of the building under various loads like gravity, wind, seismic, etc.
The document discusses tall buildings and provides case studies of several high-rise buildings including Arihant Aura in Mumbai, Burj Khalifa in Dubai, and The Shard in London. It covers definitions of high-rise buildings, the need for tall structures, and key aspects of high-rise design such as structural systems, foundations, elevators, wind engineering, and cladding. The case study of Burj Khalifa specifically highlights its Y-shaped structural core and tapering profile that help manage wind loads and lateral forces.
1. Long span structures are those with spans larger than 15-20 meters that require construction methods beyond ordinary reinforced concrete. They provide column-free interior spaces to reduce costs and construction time. Examples include stadiums, exhibition halls, and storage facilities.
2. Loads on structural systems include dead loads, live loads, wind loads, thermal stresses, and stresses from ground movement, vibrations, or earthquakes.
3. Common materials for long span structures are reinforced concrete, metal, timber, metal/concrete combinations, plastics, and fiber reinforced plastics.
Pneumatic structures are membrane structures that use air pressure for support. They have a thin, flexible membrane that is stabilized by internal pressurization or external tensioning. Some key advantages are their light weight, ability to span large distances without supports, and rapid assembly. However, they require continuous air pressure maintenance and have a relatively short service life. Applications include sports facilities, military structures, exhibition centers, and greenhouses.
structure, technology and materials of highrise buildingsshahul130103
Structural loads on tall buildings include dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads from seismic activity, wind, and temperature changes. Tall buildings must have structural systems to effectively distribute these loads and resist lateral forces. Common structural typologies include interior moment frames, shear walls, outrigger systems, and exterior tube, diagrid, and bundled tube systems which use closely spaced columns and beams to act as a rigid perimeter wall. The structural forms vary based on the building material (concrete or steel) and optimize the building's ability to transfer loads vertically and resist lateral loads like wind and seismic forces.
Tensile structures and Pneumatic StructuresGeeva Chandana
Tensile structures gain their load-bearing capacity through tension stress in components like cables, fabrics, or foils. They are commonly subdivided into boundary tensioned membranes, pneumatic structures, and pre-stressed cable nets and beams. Tensile structures use thin fabrics stretched over frameworks of cables to create surfaces capable of withstanding forces. Common types include membrane and mesh tensioned structures and pneumatic structures.
The document provides information about Vector Active structural systems. It discusses different types of Vector Active structures including flat trusses, curved trusses, space frames, and tree systems. Flat trusses are two-dimensional structures made of straight members connected at joints. Curved trusses have a curved top chord. Space frames are lightweight rigid structures made of interlocking struts. Tree systems use tree-like columns that branch near the top to extend over large spans. Case studies of projects using different structural types are also presented.
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
Space frames are truss-like, lightweight rigid structures constructed from interlocking struts arranged in a geometric pattern. They were independently developed in the early 1900s and 1950s to span large areas with few interior supports. Space frames transfer loads through a three-dimensional arrangement of linear elements subjected only to axial tension or compression. Common materials used include steel and timber. Connections are made through various joint types, and space frames can be single, double or triple layered grids. They provide advantages like light weight, stiffness and versatility compared to other structures.
Diagrid structural systems
are emerging as structurally efficient as well as architecturally significant assemblies for tall buildings.
. The evolution of tall building structural systems based on new structural
concepts with newly adopted high strength materials and construction methods have been towards “stiffness” and “lightness”. Structural systems are become
“lighter” and “stiffer”.
It is common knowledge that rather than directly standing the forces,
it is better to reduce them and dissipate the magnitude of vibrations.
Structure design of high rise buildings is governed by lateral loads due to
wind or earthquake.
Lateral load resistance of structure is provided by interior structural system
or exterior structural system.
The selected structural system should be such that it should be effectively
utilized for structural requirements.
Recently diagrid structural system is adopted in tall buildings due to its
structural efficiency and flexibility in architectural planning.
Shell structures- advanced building constructionShweta Modi
This document discusses different types of shell structures used in construction. It begins by defining shell structures as thin curved membranes or slabs, usually of reinforced concrete, that function as both structure and covering. It then describes various forms of curvature for shells including surfaces of revolution, translation, and ruled surfaces. It discusses developable and non-developable shells and provides examples of different shell structures like barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and more. It also covers topics like suitable materials, centering, and construction of reinforced concrete barrel vaults.
A tensile structure carries only tension and no compression or bending forces. It uses a fabric material stretched over a framework to provide stability. Tension roofs are loaded only in tension with no resistance to compression or bending. Tensile structures have environmental benefits like longer lifecycles, reusability, and recyclability with less construction debris. They provide flexible design aesthetics, translucency, durability, lightweight construction, and cost benefits from reduced energy usage. Common types include free-standing, mast-supported, and arch-supported structures.
This document discusses steel portal frames, which are low-rise structures used for industrial and warehouse buildings. They consist of columns connected by horizontal or pitched beams via moment-resisting connections. This allows the frame to act as a single structural unit and reduces bending moments in the beams. Pin joints are introduced to overcome rotational stresses from the beams to the columns. The document then discusses loads on portal frames, proper joint and foundation design, and bracing requirements. It provides specifications for typical steel sections used in portal frames and dimensions. Finally, it summarizes the steel portal frame roof design of the Turbhe Railway Station in India, which features an 84-meter long semi-circular ribbed arch roof.
Shell structures are lightweight constructions that use curved shell elements, like those seen in aircraft fuselages, boat hulls, and large building roofs. A thin shell is defined as a structure with thickness small compared to other dimensions, where deformations are not large relative to thickness. Concrete shells are a common type of thin shell structure that provides open, unobstructed interiors through curved concrete forms without internal supports. Concrete shells can be made in single or double curvature designs and require centering during construction to support their curved shapes until the concrete cures.
This document provides information about high-rise buildings in 3 paragraphs or less:
The document defines high-rise buildings as structures of approximately 8 or more stories. It discusses factors that influence high-rise design such as height, climate, and interior uses. High-rise buildings provide economic benefits through efficient land use but also have higher initial and maintenance costs. The document outlines several design considerations for high-rise buildings.
Steel portal frames are a common form of construction for single-story industrial buildings. They consist of parallel steel frames forming the major structure, with steel columns connected by steel beams or rafters spanning between them. This allows for large clear spans of up to 40 meters. The frames are spaced 5-10 meters apart and support the roof structure and unobstructed floor space within. Concrete or masonry walls can be attached to the frames.
The document provides information on structural glazing and curtain walls. It discusses the history and types of structural glazing, including bolted glazing, fin supported glazing, cable supported glazing, and two-sided and four-sided structural glazing. The differences between structural glazing and curtain walls are outlined. Curtain walls are described as non-structural outer walls, while structural glazing involves bonding glass to the building structure. Common curtain wall types like stick systems, semi-unitized systems and unitized systems are also summarized.
Modeling and Design of Bridge Super Structure and Sub StructureAIT Solutions
This document discusses modeling and analysis techniques for bridge superstructures and substructures. It covers modeling bridge decks using various element types including beam, grid, plate-shell, and solid models. It also discusses modeling bridge piers and foundations using solid elements, beam elements, or springs to represent soil-structure interaction. The document emphasizes the importance of modeling both superstructure and substructure together to accurately capture their interaction, and discusses challenges like modeling bearings and soil.
The document provides information on structural design and analysis. It discusses structural planning, wind load analysis, frame analysis using software, beam, column, slab, footing and retaining wall design. Key steps covered include determining loads, checking member capacities, calculating reinforcement and developing design details. The goal is to ensure the structural safety and stability of the building under various loads like gravity, wind, seismic, etc.
Aitc step by-step procedure for pbd of 40-story rc building_overall (20141105)Ramil Artates
The document describes performance-based design criteria for different levels of earthquake shaking for a building. It includes service level evaluation for frequent earthquakes up to a 43-year return period and collapse prevention level evaluation for rare earthquakes up to a 2,475-year return period. It also provides modeling procedures, acceptance criteria, and analysis results for the building using ETABS, SAP2000 and Perform-3D software.
IRJET- Diagrid Structural System for Tall Buildings: State of the Art ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on diagrid structural systems for tall buildings. It discusses how diagrid structures efficiently transfer lateral loads through a triangulated system of diagonal columns and beams. The optimal diagonal angle is between 65-75 degrees for stiffness. Approximate preliminary sizing methods are described. Joint designs are crucial and have been strengthened with techniques like concrete filling of steel tubes. Research opportunities remain for concrete diagrids. Steel and concrete-filled steel tube diagrids are most common. Diagrid structures can achieve sustainability certifications through efficient material use and architectural flexibility.
Download & run(F5) to view all slide properly
Programs available at <https://github.com/anikmal/shellulose->
Basic Introduction to Shell Structure and its classification
Introduction to Bending Theory & Approximation Theory for analysis
Comparison between results obtained from Bending Theory & Beam theory
Computer Aided Analysis and Design Of Building Structures.pptAliFurqan6
The document discusses various concepts related to structural analysis and modeling using finite element analysis. It describes the overall design process and integrated design of building systems. It explains the need to model the physical structure using conceptual structural systems like the gravity load resisting system, lateral load resisting system and floor diaphragm. Finally, it discusses different modeling approaches like frame, membrane, plate/shell and solid modeling and the types of analysis needed based on the structural properties and loading conditions.
This document provides an overview of the basic STAAD.Pro training presented by Phurba Tamang, an associate lecturer at the Jigme Namgyel Engineering College. It introduces STAAD.Pro as a structural analysis and design software and covers topics like the history and versions of STAAD.Pro, getting started with the software interface, model generation techniques, defining structural properties and loads, analyzing structures, and references to design codes. The document also includes some example exercises demonstrating how to model and analyze simple structures in STAAD.Pro.
CE 72.52 Lecture 4 - Ductility of Cross-sectionsFawad Najam
This document provides information on ductility of concrete structures. It discusses how ductility is key to good seismic performance of structures. Ductility is defined and different levels of ductility are described, from the material level to the structural level. Factors that affect ductility include confinement of concrete, reinforcement, cross-section shape, and applied loads. Moment-curvature relationships are used to compute ductility at the cross-section level. Confinement improves concrete ductility by modifying its stress-strain behavior. Spiral reinforcement increases concrete strength under triaxial compression. Moment-curvature curves can indicate yield points and failure mechanisms for different types of sections.
Understanding Gridshell Structures - Mannheim Multihalle Case StudyAbhimanyu Singhal
The Mannheim Multihalle is a physical proof that little more than simple math and a detailed model could be used to create a structure with both organic materials and form.
1) The document discusses various methods of pushover analysis for seismic assessment of bridges, including standard pushover analysis, capacity spectrum method, and modal pushover analysis.
2) It provides examples of previous research applying these methods and identifies some limitations of standard pushover analysis, including that it only considers the fundamental mode and is an approximate method.
3) The document outlines the steps involved in different pushover analysis methods and compares results from these methods to results from time history analysis, which provides the closest estimate of earthquake response.
CE 72.32 (January 2016 Semester) Lecture 5 - Preliminary Design and SizingFawad Najam
The document discusses the preliminary design process for tall buildings, which involves conceptual design, approximate analysis, and optimization before final design. It describes selecting a structural system based on architectural, mechanical, and electrical requirements. Preliminary sizing is done through iterative analysis and optimization of floor systems, lateral load-resisting systems, and structural schemes to satisfy code limits on drift and acceleration. Simplified software models and approximate analysis methods are used at this stage. The document also discusses factors that affect structural optimization and cost, such as height-to-width ratios, member sizes, and floor framing design.
The document summarizes research on mitigating the soft story effect in tall buildings under lateral earthquake loads. It discusses how a soft story can cause disproportionate damage and collapse. The study examines using buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) and crescent braces to strengthen soft stories. It analyzes models of a 26-story building with and without these mitigation techniques. The results show that BRBs and crescent braces help reduce story displacements, drifts and improve stiffness, enhancing the building's seismic performance.
Performance Based Evaluation of Conventional RC Framed Structure Compared wit...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic performance of an 11-story conventional reinforced concrete (RC) framed structure compared to a flat slab structure. Both linear and nonlinear analysis methods are used to evaluate the structures' performance under seismic loads. The natural period, base shear, story stiffness, and story displacement are calculated and compared for RC and flat slab models with and without shear walls. The results show that the flat slab structure generally has a higher natural period, base shear, and story displacement but lower story stiffness compared to the RC structure. Shear walls are found to significantly increase the stiffness and seismic performance of both structural types.
A Review Paper on Comparative Analysis of Diagrid Structure with Various Indi...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the use of diagrid structural systems in tall buildings. It analyzes diagrid structures with different angles subjected to seismic loads in various Indian seismic zones. Previous research found diagrid structures performed better than standard slab systems in terms of displacement. Optimal diagrid angles ranged from 61-72 degrees for building heights of 120-240 meters. Nonlinear dynamic analysis is recommended for irregular diagrid structures. The document concludes flat slab diagrid structures have reduced displacement and drift compared to other angles and structures.
Parametric Analysis of Single Layer Ribbed Dome with Diagonal MembresIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the structural behavior of single layer ribbed steel domes with varying geometric parameters through computer modeling and simulation. Ribbed domes consist of radial rib members that connect at the top and bottom rings. They are unstable without diagonal bracing. The study models domes with and without diagonal members in ETABS to analyze displacement, member forces, and buckling under static and dynamic loads. Parameters varied include the height to span ratio, member cross-sections, material type, and addition of diagonal bracing. Results are compared to evaluate the most effective configurations to improve the structural stability and performance of ribbed domes.
A comparative study of static and response spectrum analysis of a rc buildingTameem Samdanee
This presentation compares the results of static and response spectrum analysis of a 6-story reinforced concrete building. A 3D model of the building was created in ETABS and both static and dynamic analysis were performed. The natural periods and mode shapes were determined from the dynamic analysis. Storey displacements, drifts, and member forces from both analyses were compared. The dynamic analysis produced significantly higher results than the static analysis for storey displacements, drifts, shear forces, and bending moments. Specifically, dynamic displacements were over 2.5 times higher and bending moments were around 2 times higher than the static analysis results.
“SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF G+10 MULTI-STOREY BUILDING USING SHEAR WALL ON ETABS”IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a 10-story building with different shear wall configurations using ETABS software. It summarizes the results of analyzing models with shear walls at the core, edges, and corners. The core shear wall configuration performed best with the lowest story drift. Grid slabs combined with shear walls further improved seismic resistance. Placing shear walls optimally is important for multi-story buildings to resist lateral loads like earthquakes and wind.
This document provides an annual review of research activities related to fluid-structure interaction (FSI) using a partitioned coupling approach between multibody dynamics simulations for structural components and computational fluid dynamics for the fluid. The research included developing an adapter to couple the multibody dynamics software MBDyn with the FSI coupling library preCICE, validating the approach on test cases like flapping wings and vortex-induced vibrations, and developing a tool for characterizing beam section properties from finite element models. Future work will involve further development and applications of the coupling methodology along with continuing dissemination of results through conferences and publications.
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Diagrid Structures: Introduction & Literature Survey
1. Guided by : Dr. S. A. Bhalchandra,
As. Prof. AMD
Presented by : Uday M.
2. Introduction
• Firstly introduced by Vladimir
Grigoryevich Shukhov as hyperboloid
towers for water tanks. Then revived
by Froster Nohman
• Consists of structure with an RCC core
and grid of diagonal members around
• Use of perimeter diagonals—hence
the term ‘diagrid’—for structural
effectiveness and esthetics
• In late 19th century early designs of tall buildings recognized the
effectiveness of diagonal bracing members in resisting lateral force
• Almost all the conventional vertical columns are eliminated
• Triangulation provides efficient load carrying system
• Diagonal members in diagrid structural systems can carry gravity
loads as well as lateral forces
3. • Carry shear by axial action of the diagonal members
and lateral by bending of diagonal member
• Provides both bending and shear rigidity
• Behave like a 3-dimensional box resisting both
compression and tension
• Diagrid structures are less prone to a lock-in
condition
• Very effective in case of buildings up to 70-100 story
4. Why to be interested in diagrids ?
• 45-75 story buildings are economical hence are in
abundance of the total world buildings
Worlds building
No. of building vs. storey
India’s buildings
Height of buildings vs. storey
5. Components of typical diagrid structure
• h is the module height of the building indicated in
terms of story. Typical module is 4-6 story high
• H/B ratio of the building is the aspect ratio of that
building
6. • Tie beams transfers the load
from RC core to diagrid
• Ring beam resists the
unbalance forces
7. Connections in Diagrids
• Nodes are fabricated and
then raised piece by
piece
• In case of an irregular
structure, each node has
to designed separately
• Welded nodes are preferred but
are time and skill demanding
• Bolded connections are used for
speedier erections
• The sections used – circular or I-
beam or rectangular
8. • Each node joint is designed for vertical loading
as well as for the lateral loading
9. Load Transfer in Diagrids
• Load transfer in concentrated,
ULD and Lateral load
• Effect on triangular elements
10. Literature Review
G. Subramanian & N. Subramonian (1970)
• After obtaining the partial difference equation governing the
deflection of laterally loaded uniform diagrids, closed-form solutions
are presented for the simply supported case.
• Recognizing that the above formulation for diagrids can easily be
extended to study the lateral oscillations by replacing the static loads
at the nodes with inertia loads, assuming masses to be lumped at the
nodes, expressions are obtained for natural frequencies of vibration,
for the simply supported uniform diagrids.
Kyoung-Sun Moon et al (2007)
• Presents A Simple Methodology For Determining Preliminary
Member Sizes
• Examined The Influence Of The Diagonal Angle On The Behavior Of
Diagrid Type Structures
• For 60-story Diagrid Structures Having An Aspect Ratio Of About 7,
The Optimal Range Of Diagrids Angle Is From About 65° To 75°
11. Charnish (2008)
• Studied various types of diagrid structures of different optimal
configuration and of various aspect ratios with varying module sizes
• Concluded that A 20% savings in the weight of the structural steel is
possible using A diagrid versus A braced tube
Dong-Kyu Lee et al (2010)
• Research provides both a design and analysis tool for diagrid
structural designs and diagrid structural analyses
• Considering both static and dynamic behaviors, appropriate diagrid
is designed
• It is verified that diagrids are redundant and loads follow the
diagonals through the structure
• For 42-story buildings having an aspect ratio of about 5, the range is
lower by around 10° because the importance of bending to the total
lateral displacement is reduced as the building height decreases
• A stiffness-based methodology for determining preliminary design
sizes for the diagonals was introduced
12. T. M. Boak (2010)
• Diagrids are displaying a language of detailing and design that
corresponds to choices in the size of the base module, building
type and three-dimensional geometry of the project.
• Diagrids are demonstrating a dynamic and adaptable structural
system that is more adapt at structuring contemporary
architectural aspirations
• Considering shape or sizing optimization problems, the number of
movable design variables is relatively very large also some
supports may be linked in order to keep the structural system
symmetric or limit the number of design variables treated, hence
the dynamics-based optimization model is developed to find
natural frequency of the system
• Once the fundamental frequency oscillates with topology
movements, the material interpolation technique, called the
penalty law or SIMP will be used to estimate the optimal topology
within the element
13. Moon et al (2011)
• Analyzed the twisted structures, tilted towers and
freeform complex structures
• For A typical study, in twisted towers and tilted tower
analysis, deflection at top in diagrid structures were about
8-10% lesser
• More effective at more twist rates and leaning, shows
more stiffness
Raghunath .d. Deshpande et al (2015)
• diagrid performs better across all the criterions of
performance evaluation, such as, efficiency, expressiveness
and sustainability.
• Diagrid structure have comparatively less deflection. Their
structural weight is reduced to greater extent. Due to this
structure has more resistance to lateral forces. Diagrid
structures are cost effective and eco-friendly. Diagrid uses
11247 tonnes of steel which is 28% less compared to the
conventional orthogonal building which uses 15255 tonnes.
14. Rohit Kumar Singh et al.(2014)
A regular five storey RCC building with plan size 15 m × 15 m
located in seismic zone v is considered for analysis.
• diagrid building shows less lateral displacement and drift in
comparison to conventional building
• although volume of concrete used in both building is approx.
same, but diagrid shows more economical in terms of steel
used. Diagrid building saves about 33% steel without affecting
the structural efficiency
• Better resistance to lateral loads: due to diagonal columns on its
periphery, diagrid shows better resistance to lateral loads and
due to this, inner columns get relaxed and carry only gravity
loads.
• While in conventional building both inner and outer column are
designed for both gravity and lateral loads, In diagrids only
columns are designed to resist both.
15. Design Methodology
There are three ways to design diagrid structures
A. PDE method governing the deflection using the
slope deflection equations
B. Optimization Technique
C. Stiffness Based Methodology
16. A. PDE method governing the deflection using the slope
deflection equations
• After obtaining the partial difference equation governing the
deflection of laterally loaded uniform diagrids, closed-form
solutions are presented for the simply supported case.
• Recognizing that the above formulation for diagrids can easily
be extended to study the lateral oscillations by replacing the
static loads at the nodes with inertia loads, assuming masses
to be lumped at the nodes, expressions are obtained for
natural frequencies of vibration, for the simply supported
uniform diagrids.
• Investigation revealed that at least for the case of simple
supports on all edges, the lowest natural frequencies are
closely approximated by the lumped mass approximation.
18. • Consider an R beam extending from (r, s) to (r+ l, s+ 1) the slope
deflection equations for the (r+ l)th span of an R beam may be
written as
• Also the equations for Shear and Torque are developed
• Applying equations of equilibriums as
19. Solving and using a shift operator Er and Es
Substituting back in equations of slope deflection
Substituting in equilibrium equations and solving
20. • The obtained value is then used in an explicit formula for the
determination of frequencies.
• The allowable values for k are l, 2……..m-1 and for l are l ,
2….......n-1; Beyond these, values for frequencies merely
repeat themselves. Thus, fundamental frequency can be
determined
21. It consists of two methodologies
• To evaluate desired angles of diagonal members consisting
of diagrid with respect to stiffness of optimal topology
• To investigate or understand global and topological diagrid
mechanism by using topology optimization technique
• dynamics-based optimization model is, in general, written as
max: ωi (i=1, ..., m)
subject to ajj ≤ aj ≤ aji (j=1,…,n)
ad = f ( aj )
• aj denotes the design variable, representing the j-th independent
finite element and ad is an arbitrary value which derives a
dynamic governing function f depending on aj into zero. aj and aj
denote the lower (almost 0 for voids) and upper (1 for solids)
bounds of the design variable, respectively
• In general, maximization of the first-order Eigen-frequency is
taken into account as objective, since structure with 1st Eigen-
mode has a tendency to the weakest stiffness
B. Optimization Technique
22. • To execute the optimization procedure, the FE method is utilized
as an analyzer to calculate the natural frequency and associated
vibration mode
• Once the fundamental frequency oscillates with topology
movements, the material interpolation technique, called the
penalty law or SIMP will be used to estimate the optimal topology
• In order to yield the optimum position model of fixed
support models for distributing material density, sensitivity
derivatives need to be studied
• Finally using minimum energy as constraints, optimal
topology boundaries are determined
23. • For tall buildings with a large height-to-width aspect ratio, the
stiffness constraint generally governs the design
• Important stiffness design parameters to consider in any tall building
design is its maximum deflection which is usually five hundredth of
the building height
• Diagrid structure is modeled as a vertical cantilever beam on the
ground, and subdivided longitudinally into modules
• In order to more accurately estimate the lateral rigidity provided by
diagrids, all the required lateral stiffness is allocated to the perimeter
diagrids
• The diagonal members are assumed to be pin-ended, and therefore
resist the transverse shear and moment through axial action only –
idealization
• Areas of diagonals on flange and web side are given as-
Ad,w =
VLd
2Nd,wEdh γ cos2θ
Ad,f =
2MLd
Nd,f + δ B2Edβ h sin2θ
3. Stiffness Based Methodology
24. • Optimal stiffness-based design corresponds to a state of uniform
shear and bending deformation under the design loading
• Since Uniform deformation states are possible only for statically
determinate structures and Tall building structures can be
modeled as vertical cantilever beams on the ground, and uniform
deformation can be achieved for these structures
• Deflection at the top, u(H) is given by
u H = γ∗H +
β∗H2
2
H: Building Height
γ∗
: Desired Uniform Transverse Shear Strain
β∗
: Desired Uniform Curvature
• In order to specify the relative contribution of shear versus
bending deformation, a dimensionless factor ‘s’
s =
β∗H2
2
γ∗H
=
β∗H
2γ∗
25. • The maximum allowable displacement, one of the most important
stiffness-based design parameters for tall buildings, is usually
expressed as a fraction of the total building height
u H =
H
α
• For Lateral Loading, introduce a dimensionless factor f, which is
defined as the ratio of the strain in a web diagonal due to shearing
action to the strain in a flange diagonal due to bending action
f =
εd,web
εd,flange
Where, εd,web= γsinθcosθ and εd,flange =
B
2
β sin2θ
• For braced frame, f > 1 (3 to 6) and for diagrid f < 1
s =
Hβ
2γ
=
H
B f tan θ
26. • Relationship between Aspect ratios to that of s and f
• Based on these studies, the following empirical relationship
between the optimal s value and the aspect ratio is proposed
for diagrid structures greater than 40 stories with an aspect
ratio greater than about 5 and a diagrid angle between 60°
and 70°.
s =
H
B
− 3
27. Optimal angle of diagonal members
• Considering only the maximum shear rigidity, the optimal angle for
diagonal members can be estimated using key assumption that the
members carry only axial forces
• The cross-section shear force is related to the diagonal member
forces by:
V = 2 Fd cosθ
• Assuming linear elastic behavior, the member forces are also
related to the diagonal extensional strain, ɛd, by
Fd = Ad σd = Ad Ed ɛd
• And extensional strain is given by –
• V = DT x axial strain deformation due to shear
: . DT = AD ED sin2θ cosθ
28. • The plot of sin 2θ cosθ is s that the optimal angle for maximum
shear rigidity of the system is about 35°
• In typical braced frames, the bending moment is carried by the
axial forces in the vertical columns i.e. maximum rigidity at 90°
• optimal angle of the diagonal members of diagrid structures will
fall between these angles
29. 1. Diagrids of Uniform Angle
• For a preliminary design 60 story building with various
uniform angle configuration is considered
Experimental Case Studies:
Case Study - I
- Kyoung S. Moon (2007)
34. Height (Aspect Ratio)
Near Optimal
Uniform Angle
Near Optimal ‘s’
40 Stories (4.3) 63 Degrees 4
50 Stories (5.4) 63 Degrees 6
60 Stories (6.5) 69 Degrees 4
70 Stories (7.6) 69 Degrees 5
80 Stories (8.7) 69 Degrees 6
Story Module Diagrid Angle Diagrid Steel
Mass (Ton)
Percentile
Difference
2 stories 52 degrees 5700 +50.0%
3 stories 63 degrees 3930 +3.4%
4 stories 69 degrees 3800 Near Optimal
5 stories 73 degrees 4200 +5.3%
6 stories 76 degrees 4960 +30.5%
• Masses has
calculated and
proves that the
angle is optimal
• Different buildings
with this optimal
angle
35. 2. Diagrids of Varying Angle
• Diagrid structure having
varying angles of 63, 69,
and 73 degrees from the top
to the bottom, uniform and
bottom to top are analyzed
• For more height the value
of ‘s’ is more sensitive
Diagrid Height
(Aspect Ratio)
Diagrid Angles
(Top to Bottom)
Near Optimal ‘s’
60 Stories (6.5) 63, 69, and 73 Degrees 2.2
70 Stories (7.6) 63, 69, and 73 Degrees 4.2
80 Stories (8.7) 63, 69, and 73 Degrees 4.9
36. • For a typical 60 story building
but with various values of s,
different optimal parameters
are obtained.
S = 1 S = 8
S = 4
37. Comparison of uniform and varying angle diagrids
Case Alt. Angle
Description
Optimal 's' Steel Mass
(tons)
1 2 76, 73, 69,
63,52
0.9
1068
1 69, 63, 52 2.7 1009
Uniform Angle 63 4.1 883
2 1 52, 63, 69 5.1 1906
2 52, 63, 69, 73,
76
2.1
1597
• For a 40 story building
with varying angles
and varying
geometrical positions,
optimum steel is
computed
38. Case Alt. Angle
Description
Optimal 's' Steel Mass
(tons)
1 2 79, 76, 73, 69,
63
0.9 5791
1 73, 69, 63 2.2 4104
uniform Angle 69 3.9 3820
2 1 63, 69, 73 3.7 4482
2 63, 69, 73,
76, 79
1.4 6549
• For a 60 story building
with varying angles
and varying
geometrical positions,
optimum steel is
computed
39. - R. D. Deshpande et al.
DESCRIPTION VALUE
Height 180m
Width 24m(Square plan)
Core wall dimension 12mx12m
No of storey 60
Core wall thickness 250mm
Storey height 3m
Floor slab 150mm
• 6-storey Module is
considered for analysis
• Loads are applied as per the
IS 875 code
Case Study - II
40. Modul
e
Floor Height
(m)
P(Avg.)
kn/m2
V(Avg.)
kn/m
M10 54-60 180 1.03 3.10
M9 48-54 162 1.01 3.05
M8 42-48 144 1.00 3.00
M7 36-42 126 0.98 2.95
M6 30-36 108 0.96 2.90
M5 24-30 90 0.93 2.80
M4 18-24 72 0.90 2.70
M3 12-18 54 0.88 2.65
M2 6-12 36 0.80 2.40
M1 1-6 18 0.76 2.30
• A point atop each module
is considered as tracking
node, deflection, shear
graphs are plotted for
these points representing
the module
Varying Wind
Load
42. - Rohit Kumar Singh et al.
• Analysis and design of concrete diagrid building and its
comparison With conventional frame building
• A regular floor plan of 15m x 15m is considered in both
buildings
• The design dead load and live load are 4.5 kN/m2 and 4
kN/m2 respectively
• analyzed for seismic zone V, with seismic parameter as
per Indian code IS 1893(Part 1) : 2002
Case Study - III
47. Storey Drift comparison
• Structural performance: Diagrid building shows less lateral
displacement and drift in comparison to conventional building.
• Material saving property: Although volume of concrete used in
both building is approx. same, but diagrid shows more
economical in terms of steel used. Diagrid building saves
about 33% steel without affecting the structural efficiency.
Study Output:
48. • Better resistance to lateral loads: Due to diagonal columns
on its periphery, diagrid shows better resistance to lateral
loads and due to this, inner columns get relaxed and carry
only gravity loads.
• Lesser Design Efforts: While in conventional building both
inner and outer column are designed for both gravity and
lateral loads.
49. - Prashant T G et al.
• Comparison Of Symmetric And Asymmetric Steel
Diagrid Structures By Non-Linear Static Analysis
• 12 storey steel diagrid structure having height 36m and
lateral dimensions as 18mX18m is considered for the
analysis
• Nonlinear Static (Pushover) Analysis has been
conducted
Sl.No Building Details
1 Symmetric structure Model-1
2 Asymmetric structure Model-2
3 Plan dimensions of building 18m X 18m
4 Height of building 36 m
5 No. of stories 12
6 Storey height 3 m
7 Type of structure Steel diagrid structure
8 Type of analysis Nonlinear static analysis
Case Study - IV
51. Asymmetric structure
• it can be observed that is pushover step 1 that
assigned hinges are in a state of immediate
occupancy.
• In step 2 it can be observed that some hinges shifts
from immediate occupancy state to state of life
safety and from figure that is step 3 it can be seen
that some hinges shifts from life safety to collapse
state.
Symmetric structure
• it can be observed that pushover step 2 that the
assigned hinges are in a state of immediate
occupancy.
• In step 3 and step 4 one can observe that some hinges
shifts from state of immediate occupancy to state of
life safety due to the incremental increase in lateral
load.
55. • As the lateral loads are resisted by diagonal columns, the top
storey displacement is very much less in diagrid structure as
compared to the simple frame building.
• The storey drift and storey shear is very much less for diagrid
structural system
• Diagrid provide more resistance in the building which makes
system more effective
• Diagrid structure provides more economy in terms of
consumption of steel and concrete as compare to the simple
fame building
• Diagrid structure provides more flexibility in planning interior
space and façade of the building.
• Aesthetics and functionality of a building are improved
simultaneously through diagrid.
Conclusions
56. • For every diagrid structure, it is recommended that diagrid structure is
to be designed distinctively.
• Any methodology can be applied provided the maximum structural
responses are within the limits
• Analysis of the Concrete diagrid structures is very little available and
further research needs to be done towards it.
• Optimization techniques through different algorithms can be more
advancely applied and research towards it is needed.
• They require skilled workers to work with nodes, fabrication is aslo
needed hence expensive in construction
57. Future Scopes
• Diagrid Structures even due to their advantages and
economy are handful in India due to demanding skillset
of workers. The node connector can be fabricated in
factories by training the workers and engineers the
required knowledge and skills.
• The Diagrid Structures are to be compared with the
available structural systems such as hexagrid and
pentagrid
• Research in the analysis of Diagrid structure with core
eccentricity is expected for practical applications of this
structure.
58. • Khushbu Jania, Paresh V. Patel, “Analysis and Design of Diagrid
Structural System for High Rise Steel Buildings”, 3rd Nirma
University International Conference on Engineering (NUICONE-
2012)
• Mir M. Ali and Kyoung Sun Moon, “Structural Developments in
Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects”,
Architectural Science Review, Volume 50.3, Pp 205-223
• Terri Meyer Boake, Diagrids, “The New Stablity System:
Combining Architecture with engineering”, Aei (Asce), 2013, P
578-583
• Kyoung-Sun Moon, Jerome J. Connor and John E. Fernandez,
“Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Characteristics
and Methodology for Preliminary Design”, Struct. Design Tall
Spec. Build. 16, 205–230 (2007)
• Kyoung Sun Moon, “Structural Engineering for Complex-
Shaped Tall Buildings”, ASCE, 2011
References
59. • T. M. Boake,” Diagrid Structures: Innovation and Detailing”,
School Of Architecture, University Of Waterloo, 2012
• Vinubhai Patel and N. Panchal, “Diagrid Structural System:
Strategies to Reduce Lateral Forces on Building”, IJRET, Vol. 5,
2012
• Raghunath .D. Deshpande, Sadanand M. Patil, Subramanya
Ratan, “Analysis and Comparison of Diagrid and Conventional
Structural System”, IRJET, Volume: 02, Issue: 03, June -2015
• Khushbu D. Jani and Paresh V. Patel, “Design of Diagrid
Structural System for High Rise Steel Buildings as Per Indian
Standards”, Structures Congress, 2013
• Dong-Kyu Lee, Uwe Starossek2 and Soo-Mi Shin,” Optimized
Topology Extraction of Steel-Framed Diagrid Structure for Tall
Buildings”, International Journal of Steel Structures June 2010,
Vol 10, No 2, 157-164
60. • Kyoung Sun Moon,” Optimal Grid Geometry of Diagrid
Structures for Tall Buildings”, Architectural Science Review,
2008, Volume 51.3, Pp 239-251
• Rohit Kumar Singh, Dr. Vivek Garg, Dr. Abhay Sharma,
“Analysis And Design Of Concrete Diagrid Building And Its
Comparison With Conventional Frame Building”,
International Journal Of Science, Engineering And
Technology, Volume 2, Issue 6, August 2014
• Raghunath .D. Deshpande, Sadanand M. Patil,
Subramanya Ratan, “Analysis And Comparison Of Diagrid
And Conventional Structural System”, International Journal
Of Science, Engineering And Technology, Volume 02, Issue
03,June 2015