The document discusses structural reforms for effective public administration. It provides background on public administration practices and the differences between public and private administration. It then discusses various types of reforms including examples like education, financial, and public sector reforms. Key committees and commissions that have recommended reforms in Bangladesh are outlined, including their major recommendations. The recruitment process and structure of the civil service in Bangladesh is explained, along with changes over time to criteria like age limits and exam structure. The hierarchy of central and field administration is also depicted.

1. Structural Reforms for Effective
Public Administration
Presented By-
ASM Nazmul Hasan
AHM Zannatul Ferdous
Masum Billah
THE CAIN PROJECT1

2. 2
Public Administration
 Public administration attempts to explain how
decisions in government are made.
 Administrating projects to carry out those
decisions for Public.
 Art of management as applied to the affairs of
the state.

3. 3
Public Administration Practices
in a Country
 Enacting a law.
 Making decisions.
 Maintaining peace and order.
 Processing of claims.
 Building roads and bridges.
 Setting standard and processes.

4. 4
Public and Private Administration
Criteria Public Administration Private Administration
1. Relations to
environment
 subject to public
scrutiny; public demand
& expectations; political
pressures.
 Less exposed to public
inspection; response to
public guided by market
dynamics.
2. Accountability  Accountable to the
public; transparency in
transactions is expected
 Management
accountable to owners of
firms/corporations.
3. Measure of
performance
 General public
satisfaction.
 Profit is bottomline.
4. Nature of
goods & services
 Almost open to all.  Based on ones ability
to pay.

5. 5
Reforms
 “Reform” means starting again after the
improvement or amendment of what is wrong,
corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc.
 Reforms seen more frequent in countries that have
been more severely affected by the crisis.

6. 6
Reforms
 When fiscal and monetary policy room very limited,
structural reforms are the only way forward…
 Sometime Reforms is for boosting competition in
product markets, facilitating trade and enhancing
the efficiency of services…
 In developing countries, sometimes reform is a pre-
condition by donor agencies…

7. 7
Example of Reforms
 Education sector reforms
 Financial sector reforms
 Labour market reforms
 Policy reforms
 Land reforms
 Public sector Reforms

8. 8
Change and Reform

9. 9
Change and Reform
 Reform is planned or intentional where Change can
be planned or not planned.
 The word "Change" is a curious one. In politics it
is most often used in the context of "Time for a
Change." It speaks to the periodic need to throw
the rascals out.
 “Reform” is like cleaning and tidying up a living
room before a party.

10. 10
Reform and Revolution

11. 11
Reform and Revolution
 “Reform” means physically or logically form again
i.e. re-form in a planned way.
 “Revolution” is a fundamental change in power or
organizational structures that takes place in a
relatively short period of time.

12. The reform aim to
increase the efficiency
and effectiveness of
public action, to reduce
costs and put an end to
the supposed power of
bureaucracies.
Govt. Reforms
12

13.  Latin American countries have had major reform
especially with ‘Modernization of the state‘.
 European Union was mandated to reform due to its
vision & mission.
 Former Soviet Bloc administrative reform went
hand in hand with democratization and political
reform.
Govt. Reforms … not so easy
13

14. Modernization of Public Services
14

15. TwoPhases:
1980’s
Government concentrated on
economic liberalization and on
privatization of state owned
industries
1990’s
Focus on the administrative
reform of core state functions
and the building of state
capacity

16.  Survey conducted in 1999 found that during the
last two decades:
 40 % of the world's 123 countries had at least
one major reform movement.
 15 % had some public management reforms but
no national level initiatives.
 22 % of the world's largest countries had 2 or
more reform movements.
Public Administration Reform
16

17. • MalaysiaAsia
• FranceEurope
• LiberiaAfrica
• MexicoLatin
America
17

18. 18

19.  Administrative Reforms
 Creation of a development administration
 Improvement of government's education
and training program
 Strengthening of professional competence
of the civil service
 Performance Appraisal
 Privatization
 Information Technology
19

20. French President Nicolas Sarkozy
20

21.  Reviewing of Public Policies
 Leadership Role
 Modernization The Existing Public Policies
21

22. President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
22

23.  Reform in the executive authority
 Restructuring of the national security
 Participatory government
 Civil service reform
 Downsizing and rightsizing the civil service
 Judiciary reform
 Constitutional reform
23

24. President Felipe Calderon
24

25.  Good governance
 Rule of law
 transparency
 accountability
 small and effective bureaucracy
 Peoples' participation
 Citizen’s Charter
 Streamline bureaucracy
 Regulatory reform
25

26. Reforms in Neighboring Countries
26

27. Reforms in India
27
 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission
formed in 2005, recommended for-
 Strengthening of Financial Management
System
 Steps to ensure Effective Public
Administration at the State Level
 Local Self Govt. / Panchayati
 Citizen Centric Administration
 Promoting e-Governance
 Crisis Management and so on …

28. 28
Reforms in Sri Lanka
 Primary Education reforms
 Extending educational opportunity
 Improving the quality of education
 Developing practical and technical skill
 Education and training of teachers
 Management and resource provision

29. 29
Reforms in Sri Lanka
 Administrative Reforms 1979 - 2010
 Several Institutions were setup
 Administrative Reform Committee - 1996
 Implementation of work norms of govt. staff
 Formulation of job description for all grade post
 Code of conduct of public servants
 Performance and Aptitude appraisal system
 Setup Human Resource Department in public sector

30. 30
Reforms in Sri Lanka
 Constitutional Reforms
 Sri Lanka constitution on 4th Feb, 1948
 Eighteenth amendment was done up to 2010
 1988- Extension of immunity of President; increase of
number of Members to 225; validity of referendum;
appointment of Delimitation Commission for the division
of electoral districts into zones & proportional
representation.

31. 31
Reforms in Sri Lanka
 Constitutional Reforms …
 1988- Make provision for Sinhala and Tamil
to be Languages of Administration and Legislation.
 1993- A committee was appointed for recommendation
of constitutional amendments.
 2001- Established independent commissions to
administer Police, Judiciary, Public Service & Elections.

32. 32
Reforms in Sri Lanka
 Financial Reform
 1977- Introduction of open economic policies
 Banking industry improved significantly for this
financial reform.
 Political interference, corruption, bureaucratic
rigidities, political and social ideologies, ethnic issues,
financial illiteracy and many other factors have
affected the reform process in Sri Lanka.

33. 33
Reforms in Nepal

34. 34
Reforms in Nepal
STRUCTURALREFORM FOR
EFFECTIVEPUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION IN NEPAL
By Zannatul Ferdous,MPPG,5th batch

35. 35
Reforms in Bangladesh

36. 36
Reforms in Bangladesh

37. What is Civil Service?
Civil service:
Services constituted under law.
It has a number of positions or structure and
recruitment rules.
It refers civil servants into well defined
groups.
An operational unit of key personnel, around
which an expanded organization can be built.
He / She is employed by state in civil
capacity whose remuneration is paid and wholly
and directly out of moneys by voted by parliament.
Structural reform of civil service
37

38. What is Civil Service?
Features (UNDP):
Merit based, neutral.
Well structured, right sized and well paid.
Accountable, professional and relatively corruption
free.
Relatively autonomous, responsive and
representative.
Well trained, performance oriented and relatively
open.
Structural reform of civil service
38

39. Classification of Govt. Servants
Govt . Servants
Class I
40,000
Posts
Class II Class III Class IVGazetted Official
29 BCS Cadre
Officials (70%)
Others
(30%)
Number of Ministries and Divisions: 61
Number of Directorates and
Departments: 345
Sanctioned post: 1,061,089
Existing posts : 1042,978
Vacant post: 18,111 (as of 2005)
39

40.  In 1785, Civil service: Non-military staff.
 Civil service: Permanent post holders from temporary
posts holders in British regime.
 Instead used terms like ‘public servants’ or ‘government
servant’.
Evolution of Civil Service
40

41.  There is no definition of Civil Service in the Public
Servant Recruitment Rules, rather public servant or
government service is defined.
 For example, who are included in public servants is
given in the Public Service (Retirement) Act 1974.
 The term civil servant is used in conversation only.
Evolution of Civil Service
41

42. Name of the
Commission/
Committee
Recommendations
Administrative
Reorganization
Committee, 1971
Unified civil service structure.
Formation of a secretariat with 20 ministries and
reestablishment of civil administration.
Administrative and
Services Structure
Reorganization
Committee, 1972
A single classless grading structure covering all
services into 10 grades.
No reservation of any post for any cadre.
Thana should be the basic unit of administration (At
present district is the most important unit of field
administration)
National Pay
Commission, 1972
Recommended a national pay scale consisting of 10
grades. `
Partially implemented and lasted for only 3 years.
Committees for reform

43. Name of the Committee/
Commission
Recommendations
Pay and Services
Commission, 1977
Creation of 28 services under 14 cadres.
Establishment of Senior Service Pool (SSP).
SSP system was abolished in 1989
Martial law Committee
for Examining
Organizational set up of
Ministries/ Divisions/
Directories and other
organizations, 1982
Reduction of size of the Govt.
Reduction of layers for decision making.
Delegation of administrative and financial power.
Partially implemented, for example,
Reduction of number of ministries from 36 to 19.
Reduction of subordinate offices from 243 to 181.
Committees for reform …
43

44. 44
Committee for
Administrative Reform and
Reorganization, 1982
Upgrading of thanas into upazilas .
Upazila Parishad -the focal point of local admin.
Committees for reform …
Special Committee to
review the structure of
Senior Services Pool,
1985
Continuation of SSP as a cadre.
Entry to SSP at DS level through examinations by
PSC.
Promotion in SSP on merit based.
Fixed tenure for secretaries
44

45. Council Committee on
Senior Appointments
and Services
Structure, 1987
Abolition of the SSP.
Filling up positions of DS and JS by promotion
on the basis of quota reservation for various
cadres. SSP abolished on 1989.
Administrative
Reorganization
Committee, 1996
Reduction of ministries, departments and
agencies.
Elimination of unnecessary units.
Separation of audit from accounts.
Establishment of secretariat for Supreme
Court.
Reduction of size and role of the planning
commission.
Committees for reform …
45

46. 46
Local Govt. Commission, 1997
Strengthening Local Govt.
institutions
Public Administration Reform
Commission, 2000
70 short –term and 37 long term
recommendations
Committees for reform …
46

47. Constitution
(Article 133
President
by his
authority
Parliament by
formulation of
law
Rules and regulations for appointment and
conditions of service
Methods for formulating recruitment
rules
47

48. Public Service Commission
Public Service
Commission
(First)
Public Service
Commission
(Second)
In 1972 by
President’s Order
1977
Bangladesh Public
Service Commission
A quasi judicial body
Works on Article 137 – 141 of the Constitution
PSC Starts recruitment in BCS in 1982
48

49. Recruitment was done by an
executive order called Interim
Recruitment Rules 1972
Constitution came in operation in
December 1972.
Recruitments
were ad hoc and
unsystematic.
In 1976 recruitment rules for
appointment of superior position
were framed.
BCS Recruitment Rules, 1981
History of Govt. recruitments
49

50. The rules for creation of BCS cadres was framed in 1980
Bangladesh Civil Service Recruitment Rules 1981
Recruitment
procedure,
probation
period and
conditions for
confirmation
of services
Elaborate recruitment rules in 1982
Conditions like age and syllabi were changeable
since 1983.
Educational
qualification: Second
class Bachelor Degree
& First division in SSC
or HSC
Age limit: 21-25 years.
Upper age limit
relaxed for tribal,
doctors and freedom
fighters
Criteria for
eligibility:
age and
qualification
History of Govt. recruitments
50

51. Age limit of
judicial cadre
was raised
from 30 to 37
Conditions like age
and syllabi were
changeable since
1983. In1990, Recruitment of BCS
(Police):
400: Compulsory subjects
600: Academic attainments
After 1992 recruitments were made on the basis of four test.
Written : 800
Viva voce : 200
Psychological and medical examinations.
History of Govt. recruitments
51

52. 52
1982: 1600
1984: 900
1990:1000
1992: 1000, with psychological and medical exams.
At present: 1100 including viva voce
Change in
Exam
marks
History of Govt. recruitments
52

53. Period Highest age Relaxation class Relaxing age
CSP/EPCS 25 Schedule caste/ Buddhist/
Tribal/ Govt. Employee
28
BCS 72-91 27 Freedom fighters/ Tribe for
doctors/ Judges/ General
and technical education
30
BCS 91- 30 Freedom fighters, their
children and grand children
32
Change in age service entry
53

54. Absence of regular recruitment procedure caused problems
Recruitment BCS Adminstratin Cadre Officers for
Upazila Magistrate during second Martial law regime.
1983: 650
1986: 440
1988: 550
The following Govt. withdrew Upazila system.
Problem in promotion to next tier, especially the next batches.
History of Govt. Recruitments
Highlighted event: In 1990, BCS Secretariat and BCS
Administration was merged.
54

55. Tiers of Administrative system
Administr
ative
system
Central level Field level
Ministries &
Divisions
Agency Offices
Formulating policies,
supervising
departments
General Administration,
delivary of public servics,
implementation of
development program in
divisional, district, thana
/upazila levels
55

56. Minister
Secretary
Political head of the ministry.
In-charge of a ministry.
Administrative head of the division / ministry.
Adviser to minister in policy formulation.
Few ministries more than one divisions.
Addl. Secretary
In absence of Secretary, she/he looks after the
responsibilities of Secretary
Head of wing
Hierarchy of Central Administration
56

57. 57
Joint Secretary
Head of wing.
Can submit the cases directly to minister.
In practice, Joint Secretary first consults Secretary.
Deputy Secretary Head of branch.
Senior Assistant/
Assistant Secretary
Head of section, Initiates file.
Hierarchy of Central Administration
57

58. Commissioner
Addl. Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner
Addl. Deputy Commissioner
UNO
Assistant Commissioner
Field Administration
Division
District
Upazila
58

59. Change in number of ministries
Year Number of
Ministries
Comment
1972 21
1975 26
1975 13 After proclamation of 4th
Amendment
1977 33
1978 24
1980 30
1982 19 Following declaration of Martial
Law
1991 33 After democratic rule and
parliamentary system was restored
1995 35
2001 36
2007
Current 38

60. What is quota system?
The common logic - eliminate discrimination
against some section of the society.
Something reserved for some backward
section of the country to uphold their
representation in education, business and
service or policy making process.
Quota system
60

61. Yea
r
Merit FF Wome
n
Affected
Women #
Tribal District Total
197
2
20 30 0 10 0 40 100
197
6
40 30 10 10 0 10 100
198
5
45 30 10 0 5 10 100
199
7
45 30 10 0 5 10 100
Change of quota over the years
61

62. Types of quota For class I and
Class II officers
(%)
For class III and Class IV
officers (%)
Merit 45 No
Orphan and retarded No 10
Freedom fighters 30 30
Women 10 15
Tribal 5 5
Ansar and VDP
(Village Defence
Force)
No 10
General/ District 10 30
Total 100 100
Present Quota distribution
62

63. Name of the post Quota reserved for
Administration cadre
Other Cadres
Deputy Secretary 75% 25%
Joint Secretary 70% 30%
Addl. Secretary 70% 30%
Another example
A committee Superior selection Board
(SSB)
headed by Cabinet Secretary
63

64. Exceptions: Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Law, Justices and
Parliamentary Affairs
Appointment: Applicable for posts of Deputy
Secretary and above.
Clusters of ministries
General cluster Economic cluster Socio-Physical
Infrastructure cluster
Recommendation by PARC
64

65. Senior Management Pool (SMP)
A Senior Management Pool (SMP) for Secretariat.
It consists of officers from DS to Secretary.
Competitive examination at DS level by PSC for SMP.
Officers in senior scale with at least 8 years tenure from
all cadres can participate in the examination.
Recommendation by PARC
Senior Management Pool (SMP)
65

66. 66
Cadre officers will opt for clusters according to their
preferences.
Officers upto grade III and support personnel rotate
within a cluster.
10% of the total posts can be filled up officers of
ministries from other cluster.
Senior Management Pool (SMP)
Recommendation by PARC
66

67. Secretary posts : upto 15%
Deputy Secretary postsand above : upto 10%
Senior Management Pool (SMP)-Lateral entry
Competitors:
1. Officers from two steps below the posts
2. Qualified people from private sector
Recommendation by PARC
67

68. The competent incumbents in absence of
vacancies will get selection grade /time-
scale.
Three Public Service Commissions instead of the existing
one.
General Services
Technical Services
Education Service
# Local Govt. Service Commission- Local Govt. bodies
Recommendation by PARC
68

69. Four divisions would be merged.
PM Office- PM’s Secretariat,
Armed Forces Division
Primary and Mass
Education Division
Nos. of ministries would be fixed 25.
Recommendation by PARC
69

70. 70
Departments to be abolished:
1. Bangladesh Bureau of Education Information and
Statistics (BANBEIS)
2. Supply and Inspection Directorate
3. Directorate of Textiles
4. Directorate of Dhaka Mosquito Control
5. Department of Agriculture Marketing and Grading
6. Directorate of Complaints
Recommendation by PARC
70

71. Creation of two new organizations:
1. Supreme Court Secretariat
2. Office of the Ombudsman.
Change in manpower structure in 50 offices.
Creation of new posts : 1759 of class I
2309 class II
Reduction of posts : 13176 of class III
16798. of class IV.
Result: Reduction of 25906 posts and save crore taka
Reorganization of Planning Commission
Strengthening of planning cells of the ministries.
Recommendation by PARC
71

72. Pre-colonial period:
Self-governing Panchayet system existed.
The scripture Rig Veda refer the existence of
such system.
Colonial period
Bengal Village Chowkidar Act
in 1870 with Panchayet
system.
Collected levy and chowkidari
tax.
Tenure: Four years
The Bengal Municipal Act,
1884 for urban local
government of Bengal, Orissa
and Assam.
Local Government
72

73. The Bengal Self-Government Act, 1885
Colonial period
The District
Board
The Local Board (for sub-
division)
The Union Board
Members elected by a restricted
electorate
Abolished in 1936
Members elected by a
restricted electorate
Had control over
local police.
Performed three types of functions
Principal Unit of
Local Government.
Had the real
authority.
Local Government
73

74. Regulatory
functions
Development
functions
Three functions of Union Board
Local Government
Normal municipal
functions
Sanitation, water
supply, maintenance
of roads and drains
Regulatory
functions
Control over the
construction of
buildings
Development
functions
Promotion of
cottage industries,
and establishment
of primary schools
or libraries
74

75. 75
Pakistan period
Union
Council
Thana
Council
Union
Council
Thana
Council
District Council Divisional Council
Comilla Experiment on Rural Development
Basic Democracies Order, 1959
Local-Self Government Act 1885 was abolished before.
Local Government
75

76. Head: Mayor
Member: Councilor
Bangladesh period
Local Govt.
Zila Parishad
(District)- 61
Upazila Parishad
(Sub-district)-488
Union Parishad
- 4550
3 Hill Districts
Parishads
Urban
Councils
City Corporation-11 Pouroshava-311
Dhaka-2, Chittagong,
Rajshahi, Khulna, Barisal,
Sylhet, Gazipur,
Naraynaganj, Rangpur,
Comilla
76

77. Bangladesh period
Union Parishad Union Panchayat Union Parishad1972 1973
Paurashava Paurashava Act, 1973
Amended couple of times
UP is the smallest local government unit.
Consists of 9 wards.
A Chairman, 9 general members and 3
women members.
4527 Union Parishads at present
Last election in 2011
Local Government
77

78. Upazila
Parishad
(UZP)
Committee for Administrative
Reform, and Reorganization (CARR)
NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION
COMMITTEE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE
REFORM/REORGANIZATION- NICARR
played role
1991- Upazila system abolished.
Re-enacted by Upazila Parishad Act 1998
Each thana area was declared a Upazila
Latest : Upazila Parishad Act of 2009
MP is adviser
UNO is the Secretary of the Upazila Parishad
The Local Government (Thana Parishad
and Thana Administration Reorganization)
Ordinance, 1982 introduced Upazila
system
Amended on 1983
Upazila Magistrate were appointed.
Local Government
78

79. Zila (district) Parishads:
The largest rural authorities
61 Zila Parishads (3 Hill Districts Parishads )
Chairmen are appointed by Govt.
Composition:
1 chairman + 15 General members+ 5 reserved women.
Legal basis: Local Government (Zila Parishad) Act, 1988
Local Government
79

80. Recommendations by PARC
1. Functions, personnel and budget of 7 departments may be
transferred to Zila Parishads (ZP)
2. Those of 9 departments to Upazila Parishad (UZP).
3. The official will be deputed in the Parishads.
4. A DC/ADC level Officer to Zila Parishad as Chief Officer
5. Coordination of Govt. actvities by ZP and UZP in their
respective jurisdictions.
6. Chairmen be the principal-coordinators in the Parishads.
Local Government
Recommendation by PARC
80

81. Abolition: Division level offices
Central offices of LGED and PHED (and
transferred to ZP and UZP)
Local Govt. Service Commission for Local Govt. bodies
MP’s participation in the planning in Upazila development activities.
Introduction of Zila Planning Unit.
Zila Planning Unit bridge between national and local planning
Recommendation by PARC
81

82. 8282

83. 8383