This document provides information about an assignment for a Development Administration course. It includes details about the assignment such as specifications of a 20 page paper on the origins of the developmental state concept. It also lists learning outcomes which are to understand the meaning and theories of the developmental state and describe its features and relevance. The document then discusses concepts related to development administration such as meanings, facets, elements, and the importance of planning, goal-orientation, and management capacities.
Ponencia para el taller "El papel del Estado en la promoción de la banda ancha" en Lima (Perú) el 18 de mayo de 2011.
Presentation for the workshop "The role of the state in the promotion of the broadband" in Lima (Peru) May 18th 2011.
Even if you already know what a SWOT analysis is and what it’s used for, it can be tough to translate that information into something you can action.
It can also be hard to examine your own business with a critical eye if you’re not entirely sure what you should be examining.
Reading an example SWOT analysis for a business that is either in your industry or based on a comparable business model can help get you started.
All of our SWOT analysis examples are based on real businesses that we’ve featured in our gallery of free sample business plans on bplans.com
The following 6 examples are
broken into three parts:
1. A quick introduction to the company.
2. The company’s SWOT analysis.
3. Some potential growth strategies for the company based on what’s revealed by the SWOT analysis.
There is a widespread view that entrepreneurship is limited only to the private sector. It is a great mistake to disregard the possibility of entrepreneurship also happen in the public sector. In Brazil and in the world, there are several examples of entrepreneurship in the public sector, such as the construction of Brasilia by President Juscelino Kubitschek in the 1950s, the construction of St. Petersburg in Russia by Tsar Peter I, the Great, in 1703 and urban reform of Paris by Baron Haussmann between 1852 and 1870.
This study undertook an empirical view towards analyzing the role youth capacity building can play in
entrepreneurship development. This study took a descriptive approach in its design and covered a sample of 519
rural entrepreneurs drawn from selected rural communities across the three geo-political zones of Enugu state using
purposive sampling technique. Data was gathered using a five point likert scale questionnaire and was analyzed with
chi-square test using the 23.0 versions of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The data analysis was based
on the 413 questionnaires that were validly filled and returned by the respondents. The study noted that capacity
building is not a choice; it is a fundamental route to youth entrepreneurship development. Hence, giving hand-outs or
even equipment without needful entrepreneurial knowledge is no longer fit to pass as youth capacity building. It was
therefore concluded that for sustainable entrepreneurship development especially among the youths in Enugu state,
there is need for well structured and functional capacity building programmes. The paper recommends that; to ensure
consistency and relevance of capacity building in the act of entrepreneurship development, states must
institutionalize capacity building, Governments should invest in and leverage on existing educational institutions to
advance and reduce the cost of entrepreneurship development oriented capacity building and that there is need to
invest massively on innovation biased capacity building programmes
Getting your workforce system involved in a local Comprehensive Economic Deve...Colleen LaRose
This webinar can be seen in its entirety on www.nereta.org ..then click onto the training page.
Did you know that there is money available for workforce planning that does not come from the Department of Labor? IT's TRUE! The Economic Development Administration (EDA) provides workforce planning and implementation funds as part of the comprehensive economic development strategy planning process (CEDS).
The problem with CEDS planning the way it is currently done, is that most CEDS are written by economic development folks who only provide lip service to coordinating with workforce professionals in the plan, (most often providing nothing more than offer labor force statistics with little analysis of gaps, trends).
Unfortunately, most workforce development professionals don't know what CEDS planning is, even though coordination with the workforce system is a required part of CEDS planning. Therefore, workforce development professionals should not only understand the CEDS process, but inject themselves into the process...or even lead the process!
This webinar will teach you everything you need to know about CEDS:
What are the programs of the EDA?
What is an Economic Development District (EDD)
What is a CEDS?
What is a CEDS Supposed to Do?
What does a high quality CEDS have?
We are very fortunate to have two amazing speakers for this webinar!
Paul Raetsch is the Retired Regional Director of the Economic Development Administration Philadelphia Regional Office. Paul oversaw the CEDS planning for regions throughout the northeastern US going back as far as 1971! This man has a wealth of knowledge and expertise in regional planning that you will greatly benefit from!
Presenting with Paul is Mike Aube, President of the Eastern Maine Development Corporation, host of the "mobilize Eastern Maine initiative. Mike has also served as Legislative aide to Senator Mitchell, EDD Director, EDA Economic Development Representative, State Director of Rural Development, as well as Mayor of Bangor, Maine.
Capacity development for Sustainable developmentManoj Mota
Sustainable development, Ways to Improve the Effectiveness of Capacity Building, Identifying needs and building on existing capacities
Being clear about the objectives
Using a wide range of capacity building approaches
Target the right people to build a critical mass
Making the training-of-trainers approach work
Institutionalizing capacity building programmers at regional and national level
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
Up the Ratios Bylaws - a Comprehensive Process of Our Organizationuptheratios
Up the Ratios is a non-profit organization dedicated to bridging the gap in STEM education for underprivileged students by providing free, high-quality learning opportunities in robotics and other STEM fields. Our mission is to empower the next generation of innovators, thinkers, and problem-solvers by offering a range of educational programs that foster curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking.
At Up the Ratios, we believe that every student, regardless of their socio-economic background, should have access to the tools and knowledge needed to succeed in today's technology-driven world. To achieve this, we host a variety of free classes, workshops, summer camps, and live lectures tailored to students from underserved communities. Our programs are designed to be engaging and hands-on, allowing students to explore the exciting world of robotics and STEM through practical, real-world applications.
Our free classes cover fundamental concepts in robotics, coding, and engineering, providing students with a strong foundation in these critical areas. Through our interactive workshops, students can dive deeper into specific topics, working on projects that challenge them to apply what they've learned and think creatively. Our summer camps offer an immersive experience where students can collaborate on larger projects, develop their teamwork skills, and gain confidence in their abilities.
In addition to our local programs, Up the Ratios is committed to making a global impact. We take donations of new and gently used robotics parts, which we then distribute to students and educational institutions in other countries. These donations help ensure that young learners worldwide have the resources they need to explore and excel in STEM fields. By supporting education in this way, we aim to nurture a global community of future leaders and innovators.
Our live lectures feature guest speakers from various STEM disciplines, including engineers, scientists, and industry professionals who share their knowledge and experiences with our students. These lectures provide valuable insights into potential career paths and inspire students to pursue their passions in STEM.
Up the Ratios relies on the generosity of donors and volunteers to continue our work. Contributions of time, expertise, and financial support are crucial to sustaining our programs and expanding our reach. Whether you're an individual passionate about education, a professional in the STEM field, or a company looking to give back to the community, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference.
We are proud of the positive impact we've had on the lives of countless students, many of whom have gone on to pursue higher education and careers in STEM. By providing these young minds with the tools and opportunities they need to succeed, we are not only changing their futures but also contributing to the advancement of technology and innovation on a broader scale.
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
3. ASSIGNMENT
• Comprehensively and critically discuss the
originative context of the notion of a
Developmental State in contemporary
development discourse
• Specifications: 20 pages (excluding the
bibliography, 12’ Times New Roman, 1.5
spacing and well justified and Minimum of 15
sources)
4. Learning outcomes from the
assignment
• After the completion of this assignment, students should
be able to:-
>Understand the meaning of the concept of developmental
state as desired development model
>Understand how the concept of a developmental state is
being theorised by policy makers and academics alike in South
Africa
>Give a detailed account of the originative context of the idea
of a developmental state.
>Explain the salient features of a developmental state
>Describe the purpose of a developmental state
>Explain its relevance in contemporary development
discourse
5.
6. Learning objectives
The focus of this lecture is on the notion of a
Development Administration. At the end of this
lecture, students should understand the following:-
o The meaning of the concept Development
Administration
o The nature & purpose of development
Administration
o Various facets and/or elements of Development
Administration and
o The nature of Development constraints &
problems in developing countries.
7. Introduction
• Governments have increased in sizes throughout
the world.
• This increase in sizes has had some serious
imbalances emerging between 1) the hopes of
the people and the realities on the ground and 2)
developments needs and their fulfilment.
• It is within this context that in order to carry out
the growing functions of government, the
administrative system needs to be adapted,
developed and even expanded to realise
development needs.
8. Cont’
• The post world war 2 period 1950’s and 1960’s was characterised by
heightened interests / confidence in the power of economic &
administrative systems and techniques of western origin.
• The cold war presented an ideal environment for the pursuit of
economic interests & desires to secure economic advantages by the
developed countries and multi-national cooperation's, mainly from
the west, in developing countries.
• It was within this context that Development administration
emerged. It emerged because there was a realisation in the
development discourse that governments and their bureaucracies
in less developed countries needed to be recreated, renewed and
revitalised for development & transformation to take place.
9. cont’
• The term Development Administration was
discovered in the mid-1950s.
• However, it was only in the early 1960s that
Development Administration gained popularity as
a distinct approach towards administering
development process under extremely situation
in developing countries.
• What then is the meaning of the concept
Development Administration? This vexed
question is addressed in the section that follows.
10. Meaning of Development
Administration (DA)
• It should be acknowledged that any meaningful
discussion depends on the clarity of concepts.
This is not so because concepts in the main are
contested terrains, clarification of concepts is
critical because according Maserumule
(2012:180) concepts are tools of thinking.
• The correct use of concepts is important to
improve our thinking and to undergird the
epistemic imperative of the discourse.
11. Meaning Conti’
• The term development Administration is defined differently by different
scholars. In other words, there are as many definitions as there are
authors.
• However, three definitions stands out thorough analysis of the discourse
of Development Administration
Development Administration refers to those activities of government that
promote economic growth, strengthen human & organisational capacities,
enhance quality in the distribution of opportunities & income (Milton Esman)
Development Administration refers to management of policies, programmes
and projects designed to achieve development goals and objectives ((GF
Gant)
Developments Administration is concerned with development policies,
programmes and projects in those conditions in which there are wide and
new demands as well as low capacities and severe obstacles for meeting
those demands (Bernard Schaffer)
12. Conti’
• The commonality in these three definitions is that
Development Administration is a “special kind of
administration” that is best suited to the needs &
challenges of developing countries-where there are
formidable obstacles in the road to development.
• What stands out clear in these definitions is that
Development Administration is premised on the idea that
there are significant & fundamental differences between
administrative process in developed & developing
countries.
• Development Administration questions the relevance of
classical/ traditional public administration systems,
concepts & methods to the rapidly changing demands &
challenges of development.
13. conti’
One crucial aspect of DA is that people are not only the
targets of development administration but are also viewed
as useful resources & beneficiaries of development projects,
they must actively participate in the development process.
The nature of development problems and challenges of
developing countries are highly complex, dynamic &
formidable.
Proponents of this view hold that it is imperative to find
appropriate institutions and organisations that are better
able to address these challenges.
Hence, there is a realisation that public institutions must be
re-created & restructured to adequately respond to the
developmental needs & aspirations of the people.
14. Conti’
It is often argued that development in developing countries is
not frustrated by inadequate financial resources but by
numerous inadequacies inherent in the administrative
machinery of the bureaucracies in developing countries.
It is therefore important that the administrative systems &
organisations be structured in such a way that they are
responsive to such problems.
This means that public organisations must conform to their
own socio-economic & political environment in order to
realise their administrative & development goals.
The shouldn’t be a one-size-fits-all approach.
15. Conti’
• The new thinking in development discourse puts more emphasis on
experimentation.
• This means that as a results of oceans of diversity, there can be no
best way/path to development (hence different countries will
follow different development routes)
• One other issue is that government needs to intervene in the
economy. Proponents of this view argues that government & their
bureaucracies in developing countries cannot afford to be passive
participants in the development process.
• Government needs to be actively involved in the design,
formulation & administration of development projects.
• Proponents of this view holds that governments should go beyond
the mere regulation of the economy and extend their role into the
realm of facilitating & inducing fundamental & structural changes.
16. Facets of Development
Administration
• Development Administration has got two major facets
namely: development of administration & Administration
of development.
• Development of Administration
Development of administration involves the strengthening &
improving administrative capacities as a means for achieving
developmental goals. The focus here is to develop administrators.
• Administration of Development
Administration of development implies that administrative
organisations are expected to act as instruments in the
implementation of development programmes, projects and
policies.
17. Conti’
• To this end, it can be argued that the two facets
of development administration constitute two
sides of the same coin.
• This means that administration cannot be
improved without changes in the environmental
constraints that hamper its effectiveness &
equally, the environment cannot be changed
unless and until administration of development
programmes is strengthened.
18. Elements of development
Administration
• Planned & coordinated efforts
Development Administration in operational terms
refers to organised efforts to carry-out development
programmes & projects in the direction of nation
building & socio-economic development
It is important to acknowledge that such efforts needs
to be channelled towards developing human & material
resources as part and parcel of national development.
For progress to be attained in this regard, planning and
coordination should be considered critical in such
organising efforts..
19. CONT’
Planning & coordination in this regard is crucial as it
facilitates the identification of major functions/projects
to be carried out as well as the alignment of such
programmes.
In developing countries where human & material
resources are scarce, governments are increasingly
under tremendous pressure to adopt & adapt planning
techniques as crucial in promoting socio-economic
development. NDP is a case in point
20. • Goal-orientated administration
One of the critical aspects of administrative functions of PUBA
is policy making. Policy Making is critical as it set goals and
objectives of administrative actions.
Development Administration does not only involve effective
and efficient carrying out of functions, it also involve
formulation of clear goals and objectives that guide the
administrative action.
It must be goal-orientated administration with emphasis on
achieving socio-economic goals.
However, in most instances, bureaucratic administration is
rule bound & procedure orientated offering resistance to
change.
21. • Management capacities
One of the facets of development administration puts
more emphasis on the development of administrators.
This involves creating & enhancing management
capacities of administrators as a means for achieving
development goals.
The focus of DA is on improving the skills and
knowledge of development orientated administrators
so that they are able to effectively respond to the
growing needs of the people.
22. Elements
• Progressivism
The element of progressiveness of goals is an
accepted feature of development administration.
Progressivism in this case means greater
participation of the people in development process.
It also entails training & development of
administrators with a focus on preparing
administration for future tasks.
This essentially requires forecast of new
competencies in the wake of changing technology &
methods.
23. Elements
• Public participation
Participation is another key element of development
administration.
Progressive realisation of development goals by developing
economies would entail a far greater participation of the
people.
In political democracies, public participation would imply the
strengthening of pressure groups, political parties & respect
for public opinion in government efforts.
It is therefore expected of DA machinery to create & promote
such conditions that will facilitate greater participation in the
process of social & economic change and in delivery of public
services.
24. Public participation
Cont’
• To this end, it can be argued that participation of people in
the formulation, implementation, monitoring & evaluation
of programmes & projects attuned to benefit them is
critical feature of development administration.
• However, it is important to note that for participation to be
effective, members of the public should be familiar with
the problems to be addressed.
• They must also demonstrate willingness & ability to
participate.
• If Public participation can be made a central feature of
development administration, development administration
will be grass-roots orientated.
25. Elements
• Creativity & innovativeness
Another important element in development administration is
creativity & innovativeness.
Creativity in this regard is understood as the ability & power to
develop new ideas.
Innovation generally implies the application of such ideas.
Creativity & innovation therefore emphasises the new way of doing
things.
Once goals have been agreed upon and new priorities determined,
innovation is needed.
It is within this context that development administration as an
instrumentality of government, lays emphasis on the adoption of
new structures, procedures, policies, plans and programmes which
will help in achieving developmental objectives with the greatest
possible facilitation.
26. Elements
• Responsiveness & accountability
The traditional administrative system was criticised
for the simple reason that administrators tended to
be routine minded, stagnant and generally lacking
in the enthusiasm and ability for innovation.
DA requires administrators who are dynamic,
innovative & development conscious enough to
perform their duties in the administration of
development.
DA is therefore required to be responsive and
accountable.
27. Elements
• People-centred administration
DA must be people centred because it is aimed at serving
the needs & interests of the people.
This is because development programmes & projects are
designed by planners and administrators with the aim of
benefiting people.
It is within this context that DA seeks to put
administrators with requisite capacities to mediate &
respond to substantive demands from members of the
public.
DA must consistently respond to the growing demands,
challenges & expectations from the people.
28. Development Constraints in
developing countries
• Colonial & western pattern of development
• Lack of skilled personnel & administrative staff
• Centralised bureaucratic structures
• Inadequate political will & support to improve
administrative systems
• Multiplicity of administrative agencies
• Limited public participation
• Lack of motivation
• Corruption
29. Further Reading
For further reading on this thematic area, students
are strongly advised to consult the following
sources:
Chapter 3, Sapru, RK (2002)Development
Administration
Chapter 13 & 14, National Planning Commission
(2012) National Development Plan
Chapter 2, Kotze, D.A (1997) Development
Administration & Management: A holistic approach.
Pretoria: Van Schaik
31. Introduction
• There is a considerable debate in South Africa as well
as in many developing countries about the prospects of
future development.
• This debate largely emanates from the realisation that
the current development path pursued by these states
does not yield the desired benefits for the majority of
the population of the third world.
• Development in most of these countries is said to be
stagnant.
• The discussion seeks to introduces students on the
current debate concerned with the challenge of
building a developmental state in South Africa.
32. Conceptualisation of the notion of
Developmental state
• The concept of a developmental state has become a mantra
for government officials, policy makers and academics
(Andani, 2012).
• This is understandable because the usage of the concept in
the Public Administration discourse in South Africa is fairly
new.
• There was no mention of the concept in the discourse that
shaped and guided the multi-party negotiation process in
the early 1990s
• This is in spite of reports that the ANC, one of the major
players in the negotiations, had entertained ideas that are
associated with a developmental state while in exile
33. Cont’
• This consideration should, as Maserumule (2012)
argues, encourage us to ask questions as follows:-
– Why did the concept of DS vanished from the
discourse in spite of the fact it occupied the centre
stage of the discourse in exile?
– Were the national democratic and reconciliation
projects more important than a developmental
project?
– Was this a missed opportunity on part of the ANC to
seize their strategic political advantage of the
negotiation process to forge a consensus on a
developmental state and its vision?
34. Cont’
• DS has generated a widespread debate among
policy makers and academics.
• To better understand the gist of the current
thinking on developmental state, it is of
critical importance that the originative context
of term be established.
35. (cont’)
• According to Madumo (2012), the current
thinking on the discourse of a developmental
state originated in East Asia in the 20th
Century.
• The concept of a developmental state was
coined by Chalmers Johnson in 1982 (Dlamini,
2008; Kauzya, 2008; Dassah, 2011) to describe
Japan’s successful “development scenario and
industrial process” (Dassah, 2011: 590).
36. (cont’)
• Johnson’s description primarily appreciates and
acknowledges the critical and transformative role played by
an “active and interventionist” state (Dassah, 2011: 590 &
Tsheola, 2012) of Japan in leading and directing a
successful and impressive development trajectory.
• Johnson credits the Japanese state, and not the market
forces, for the country’s high and sustained economic
growth rates and development that has contributed
immensely towards realising the development needs of
Japan.
• The socio-economic successes of East Asian countries have
drawn a considerable attention to the concept of a
developmental state as a possible model for developing
countries.
37. What is a developmental State?
• The idea of the developmental is premised on
the centrality of the government driving
development objectives and goals of the
nation through the state.
• It is not anti-capitalism but it pro-regulating /
pro-intervening in the affairs of the economy
in the interest of the developmental goals of
the nation whatever they may be.
38. Cont’
• It is the idea that the State is the main driver
of development as opposed to the idea that
free-market is the propeller of development.
• The latter is the position of GEAR while the
former is much more related to RDP as was
the principal policy of the ANC when it came
to power in 1994.
• A policy which was implemented until 1996
when GEAR was introduced.
39. cont’
• The defeat of the RDP policy by the Mbeki faction within
the ANC put the ANC and South Africa down the neo-liberal
route of today.
• The RDP policy was South Africa's signal to the
international markets and the West that we had truly
embarked on the path towards a developmental State.
• Instead, the signal of GEAR, which substituted for and
replaced the RDP policy, which the NDP is repeating and
resending, is to telegraph again to the international
markets and the West (investors especially) that we remain
tied to the hips to the Washington Consensus and its
neoliberal economic policy framework, and that we are
open to do business with them without caring for a
developmental State.
40. Cont’
• In his Mai l& Guardian article of 2008, Joel
Netshitenzhe revealed that the Mbeki
government had already started the process of
crafting a national developmental plan and a
strategic vision, and that Mbeki's Cabinet devoted
the January 2008 Cabinet Lekgotla to discussing
specifically this issue
• Joel went on to serve on the Zuma-appointed
National Planning Commission (NPC), which came
up with the Diagnostic Report and finally the
NDP.
41. Cont’
• So the link between GEAR and the NDP, in terms
of personnel, eg Trevor Manuel and Joel
Netshitenzhe, and policy thinking, eg neo-liberal
economics, bowing before the Washington
Consensus, and idolizing as well as sacralising the
moneyed investors, all this at the expense of SA's
poor and unemployment, is more than direct
• It is complicit and explicit.
• The NDP is the proud successor of GEAR
42. (cont’)
• The ANC’s engagement with the notion of a DS is
largely based on the constructs that describe the
socio-economic progress made by East Asian
countries in realising their developmental needs.
• DS has generated a widespread debate among
policy makers and academics
• However, Maserumule (2012) points out that the
concept is convoluted by the fact that it is
enmeshed in numerous misconceptions.
43. (cont’)
• For example, the theorisation of DS in South
Africa is as follows:-
– as a democratic state,
– or that it is anti-thesis of democracy,
– a service delivery state and
– or that all states are developmental
There is a general agreement that the promotion of a
developmental state is buttressed by a strong sense of
realisation that it could contribute immensely towards
addressing the numerous socio-economic hardships
facing the significant majority of the people in South
Africa
44. Democratic developmental state
• There is a consensus in PUBA discourse on the
notion of developmental state that South Africa
and indeed African countries requires the so
called a democratic developmental state (DDS)
• This is informed largely by a consideration that
the traditional model of an autocratic DS as
observed in the East Asian examples seems
unsuitable for Africa.
• This is attributed to the fact that their
authoritarian nature allowed for a very minimal
public participation.
45. cont
• Hence, it is argued that the differences
between the Asian-type authoritarian DS and
what some scholars increasingly refer to as
DDS should be noted and be considered to be
of critical importance.
• It is desirable for African countries to consider
adopting and implementing DSs that are
democratic, particularly in terms of allowing
space for public and civic engagement
46. Cont’
• The other argument that is made about the
necessity of creating a DS is that all the countries
that are presently considered in terms of the
dominant paradigm, have also benefited from
state-led injection of vital resources in their initial
stages of development.
• Interestingly, the same countries are today, the
champions and advocates of free-market and
neo-liberalism
47. • DS model seem to be the most appropriate for
Africa not only because of its appeal to most
countries.
• It is seen as the most effective vehicle for
undertaking positive and fundamental changes
without merely relying on the proverbial notion
of the “invisible hand of the market”
• This understandable because much of the
continent consists of largely poor, agrarian and
underdeveloped countries that undoubtedly
require significant state intervention and support
48. Cont’
• It is important to caution however that this
will not happen without onslaught from
developed countries and financial institutions
such as the IMF, World Bank etc.
• This is understandable considering the
enormous influence of developed countries
on the development trajectory of developing
countries
49. Questions to Ponder
• Comprehensively discuss the origin of the
notion of a developmental state
• Explain the misconceptions associated with
the theorisation of the notion of a
developmental state in South Africa
• Why is it necessary foe African countries to
theorise developmental state as democratic
developmental state?