The document discusses the organizational structure of government in India at the central and state levels. It provides details on:
- India's constitutional framework which establishes it as a union of states with both central and state governments
- The administrative structures of the central government including the president, prime minister, and various ministries
- The administrative structures of state governments including the governor, chief minister, and councils of ministers
- Relations and powers shared between the central and state governments as outlined in the constitution
Learning about the Parts of Parliament and its functions in a Representative democracy.
The Parliament has been advisedly charged with the power and the duty of enforcing the ‘obligation of the minister to follow the directions given in the Instrument of Instructions’ and ‘to compel the ministry to give proper advice to the President
Learning about the Parts of Parliament and its functions in a Representative democracy.
The Parliament has been advisedly charged with the power and the duty of enforcing the ‘obligation of the minister to follow the directions given in the Instrument of Instructions’ and ‘to compel the ministry to give proper advice to the President
please download it for better experience..The ppt is about the basic introduction to the Constitution of India. It is not limited to law students but fit for every citizen of India whose duty is to know the constitution of our country. So keeping that in mind, the ppt is made in a very simple understanding format.
The Salient Features of "The Constitution of India".
This PPTX file is better viewed in Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 or above.
Office 2007 ver is not capable for viewing animations properly.
What is Rajya Sabah. What are its powers, Functions and activities? How is it related with Lok Sabha? all the questions have been answered in the presentation.
Role of Election Commission of India.pptx139RAJESHA
The presentation covers the roles and activities of the Election Commission of India. It also contains information about the history, powers, tenure, people, function, and significance of the ECI.
Prime minister and the council of ministerskarthikgangula
icse class 10 chapter prime minister and the council of ministers
topics included are under the further reduced syllabus
Appointment, the formation of Council of ministers, tenure;
Position and powers of the Prime Minister.
Collective and individual responsibility of the members of the Cabinet.
The distinction between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet.
please download it for better experience..The ppt is about the basic introduction to the Constitution of India. It is not limited to law students but fit for every citizen of India whose duty is to know the constitution of our country. So keeping that in mind, the ppt is made in a very simple understanding format.
The Salient Features of "The Constitution of India".
This PPTX file is better viewed in Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 or above.
Office 2007 ver is not capable for viewing animations properly.
What is Rajya Sabah. What are its powers, Functions and activities? How is it related with Lok Sabha? all the questions have been answered in the presentation.
Role of Election Commission of India.pptx139RAJESHA
The presentation covers the roles and activities of the Election Commission of India. It also contains information about the history, powers, tenure, people, function, and significance of the ECI.
Prime minister and the council of ministerskarthikgangula
icse class 10 chapter prime minister and the council of ministers
topics included are under the further reduced syllabus
Appointment, the formation of Council of ministers, tenure;
Position and powers of the Prime Minister.
Collective and individual responsibility of the members of the Cabinet.
The distinction between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet.
### **Political System of India**
India's political system is a federal parliamentary democracy. It features a President (head of state) and a Prime Minister (head of government). The bicameral Parliament consists of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. An independent judiciary ensures constitutional adherence, with powers divided between the central and state governments.
Presentation on Myanmar Governance System, Comprehensive National Development...Wunna Htun
I have uploaded a presentation which is focusing on Understanding of contemporary Myanmar Governance System, National Comprehensive Development Plan and Union Budgeting Process.
Enjoy ......
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Oraganizational structure of the government at the centre
1. Prof. I Ramabrahmam
Dept. of Political Science
University of Hyderabad
Hyderabad
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE GOVERNMENT AT THE CENTRE AND STATE
2. o Article 1 (1) of the Constitution:
India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union
of States.
o There are
o 28 States; and
o 7 Union Territories.
o Neither ‘Federal’ in the classical
sense nor ‘Unitary’ in character.
o Some call it ‘quasi federal’
Structure of the Indian
Constitution
4. Federal Structure in India After
1992
Central Government
State Government
Local Government
o Urban Local
Bodies
o Corporations
o Municipalities
o Town Areas
o Rural local Self- Governing Institutions
o District Panchayats (540)
o Intermediate Panchayats (6096)
o Village Panchayats (2,32,000)
5. The Administrative Structure of the
Government of India
President
Vice- President
Minister
Prime Minister
Council of Ministers
Secretary
Minister Minister
Joint Secretary
Additional Secretary
(The roles of the various Ministries are defined as per the Rules of Business)
6. o Articles 52 to 62 of Indian Constitution explains the
President of India and his election procedure, executive
powers etc
o Article 63 to 71 deals with the vice-president of India and
his election procedure, functions, terms of office,
Qualification etc.
o Article 73 to 78 of Indian Constitution deals with duties and
functions of the Prime Minister and the council of ministers
Continued…
7. The Administrative Structure of the
State Governments
Governor
Minister
Chief Minister
Council of Ministers
Joint Secretary
Additional Secretary
Secretary
Minister Minister
8. o Article 152 of Indian Constitution speaks about the State
Governments except the Jammu & Kashmir
o Article 153 to 161 deals with the Governors of States and their
functions, election, eligibility, and duties etc
o 163, 164, and 167 articles of the Indian Constitution deals with
the Chief Minister and council of Ministers.
o Article 170, deals with the composition of Legislative
Assemblies
o Article 171, deals with the composition of Legislative Councils
Continued…
9. District Administration
(District is a unit of administration, on an average a
district has a population of about 2 million)
District Collector
Regulatory Administration
Tax Collection
Law and Order
Land Administration
Coordination
Development Administration
10. Centre-State Relations
• Centre-State relation mentioned in the Constitution between the 245 to 300
(A) rticles
• Centre-State relations can be studied under three heads
Legislative
Financial
Administrative
11. Legislative Relations
Art. 245 to 255 Explains the distribution of Powers between the Union and State
o Present deals with 100 subjects like; defence, foreign affair, banking, currency and coinage,
communication, atomic energy etc.
o Present it deals with 61 subjects including public order and police, local government, prisons,
public health and sanitation, agriculture, state taxes and duties, inns, gas and gas works etc.
o It deals with 52 subjects. They are, criminal law and procedure, civil procedure, marriage,
welfare of labour,, family welfare, price control, factories, newspapers, etc.
Union List
Concurrent List
State List
12. Administrative and Financial
Relation
• Art. 256 to 263 deals with the
Administrative Relation between the
Union and states
• In order to ensure the uniformity
throughout the country, the indian
constitution provides for creation of
All-India service like IAS, IPS, IFS etc.
• Art. 268 to 292 deals with the financial
relations between the Centre and state
13. o The public administrative system in India has a long history. Kingdoms existed in India
several hundred years B.C.
o In the earlier era the civil servants performed the role of servants of the king. (Kautilya’s
Arthshastra describes the civil service of those days and lays down various norms 300 B.C.
to 1000 A.D)
o During the medieval period they became State servants. The land revenue system was
established during the Moghul period.
o The East Indian Company had a civil service to carry out their commercial functions.
o During the British rule they started as servants to the Crown, but gradually they started
becoming ‘Public Servants’. The British government set up the Indian civil service,
primarily with the objective of strengthening the British administration in the UK.
o In this period the role of the civil services was to further the British interest, and the role
was totally regulatory. Later on they assumed development roles also.
o After the coming into force of the Constitution, the public services as we see today came
into being
13
Evolution of the Indian Administrative System
14. o The civil service system is the backbone of the administrative machinery of the country.
o The civil service system in post-independent India was reorganised.
o At the central level, the civil services include the All-India services, namely the Indian
Administrative Service, the Indian Forest Service, and the Indian Police Service.
o There are various central services like the Indian Income Tax Service, Indian Railway Services
etc.
o There are three tiers of administration-Union Government, State Governments and the Local
governments.
o The State Governments have their own set of services.
o Constitutional protection
o Political neutrality
o Permanency
o Anonymity
o Recruitment based on merit. Done by Constitutional Authorities – the Public Service Commissions
Civil Services in India
The Hallmarks of Civil Services in India
15. o British legacy
o Regulatory administration
o Development priorities not defined
o A bureaucratic model
o Lack of people’s participation
o Not inclusive
o Ineffective and inefficient
o The First Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) was set up
in 1966.
o The ARC set up 20 study teams, 13 working groups and 1 Task
Force.
o It gave 20 Reports making a total of 581 recommendations in a
period spread over 1966-70
Problems with the Administrative
System
Reforms in Administration
16. The
It gave Reports on the following subjects:
o Machinery of Government of India and its procedures.
o Personnel Administration.
o Redress of Citizen’s Grievances.
o Centre-State Relations.
o State Administration.
o Administration of Union Territories.
o Machinery for Planning and Economic Administration.
o Finance, Accounts and Audit.
o Delegation of Financial and Administrative Powers.
o Railways, Post and Telegraph, etc.
First Administrative Reforms
Commission
17. o Globalization.
o Increasing disparities.
o Transformation of the world into a global
village.
o Deregulation and privatization trends.
o Increasing awareness about human rights.
o State formerly interventionist, producer,
regulator and seller now called upon to be a
facilitator, promoter, and partner.
o Emergence of powerful technological
solutions-computers and IT.
o Increasing expectations from the Governments
to ‘perform’.
Major developments
impacting administration
18. o Committee on Rcruitment Policy and Selection Methods (D.S.Kothari)-1976
o The Commission on Centre-State Relations (Sarkaria)-1983.
o The Fourth Central Pay Commission Report-1986
o The Committee to Review the Scheme of the Civil Services Examination
(Satish Chandra, 1989)
o The Economic Administration Reforms Commission.
o The Fifth Pay Commission (1993)
o Surendra Nath’s Committee Report (2003)
o Committee on Civil Services Reforms.
Studies/Reports after the First Administrative
Reforms Commission
19. Administrative reforms have been necessitated because of:
o Change in the role of the Government.
o Changing environment.
o Rising aspirations of the people.
o Improving efficiency and effectiveness
Second Phase of Administrative Reforms
in India
22. Constituted on 31st August 2005
Objective: To prepare a detailed blueprint for revamping the public
administration system
Terms of Reference: The Commission will inter-alia consider the following
1. Organizational structure of the Govt. of India.
2. Ethics in Governance.
3. Refurbishing of Personnel Administration.
4. Strengthening of Financial Management Systems.
5. Steps to ensure effective administration at the State level.
6. Steps to ensure effective District Administration.
7. Local Self-Government/Panchayati Raj Institutions.
8. Social Capital, Trust and participative service delivery.
9. Citizen Centric Administration.
10. Promoting e-governance.
11. Issues of Federal Polity.
12. Crisis Management.
13. Public Order.
The Second Administrative
Reforms
23. • A set of subjects is selected by the
Commission for study.
• Eminent National Institutions are requested to
carry out studies of the subject and help the
Commission.
• The Commission carries out Public Hearings.
• The Commission carries out deliberations with
all stakeholders.
• Detailed consultations with the State
Government.
• He Commission carries out field visits in order
to assess the ground realities.
The approach of the Second
Administrative Reforms Commission
24. • The final recommendations in all these four areas would be
submitted by March 06.
• The majour areas are
1.Effective implementation of Right to Information Act.
2.Crisis management
3.Public Order.
4.Implementation of the National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme.
5. E-Governance
25. • Build, Operate, Maintain, Transfer model – Public Private
Partnership
• All the infrastructure costs (both one-time and recurring) are
borne by the selected private service provider
• Service provider paid based on ‘per-transaction’ basis, through
a slab-based tariff (depending on number of transactions logged
in a month)
• In turn, per-transaction based processing fee (flat rate) collected
from the respective departments / utility providers
The e-Seva Model
26. o Convenience of a single window – multiple services at a
single point
o Waiting time for citizens reduced by half
o Travel time for citizens reduced by Rs.09 per transaction
o Greater transparency
o Depts. have been able to provide more outlets without
extra infrastructure or manpower costs
o Higher revenue collection
o Real time information on service delivery has facilitated
improved monitoring and supervision
E-Seva has resulted in….
27. o Bhoomi – online registration and delivery of land records in Karnataka
o Computer aided administration of registration department
o ( CARD) and e- seva in Andhra Pradesh
o District planning project in Uttar Pradesh
o Gyandoot project in Madhya Pradesh
o Planning a land development project in Orissa
o Smart card driving License project in Gujarat
o Used in data base management
o E- Banking sector
o E- Health
o E-Courts
o Education
o Agriculture
o Urban transport management
o Local government service delivery
o Disaster management
o Railways
SUCCESS STORIES IN INDIA
28. 1. Comprehensive electoral reforms
2. Empowerment of local governments
3. Instruments of accountability
4. Speedy and efficient justice
5. Best practices identification and implementation
The Five Pillars of Good
Governance