These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how smart sensors are becoming more economically feasible and more widely used in infrastructure. This is enabling greater monitoring and self-healing of structures. Twenty years ago, it was improvements in MEMS, piezo-electric ceramics, and ultrasonic sensors that was enabling structural health monitoring. More recently, it has been improvements in fiber optic sensors, wireless sensors and RFID tags that are enabling this monitoring. Today, it is the falling cost of these components and their combination with more recently available ones such as ionomers (a type of polymer), carbon nano-tubes, and energy harvesters. Improvements in these sensors have enabled the absolute cost of sensors and their percentage of costs in for example bridges to fall over the last 20 years to fall. These trends are expected to continue and become applicable to a broader number of structures including buildings and vehicles.
Structural health monitoring refers to the process of implementing a damage detection and characterization strategy for engineering structures such as bridges and buildings.
Structural health monitoring refers to the process of implementing a damage detection and characterization strategy for engineering structures such as bridges and buildings.
Artificial intelligence in civil engineering seminar reportDhanushS51
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, involved in the research,
design, and application of intelligent computer. Traditional methods for modeling
and optimizing complex structure systems require huge amounts of computing
resources, and artificial intelligence based solutions can often provide valuable
alternatives for efficiently solving problems in civil engineering. This seminar
summarizes recently developed methods and theories in the developing direction for
applications of artificial intelligence in civil engineering. The field of artificial
intelligence, or AI, attempts to understand intelligent entities as well as construct
them to make the operation reasonably simple and easy, correct and precise.
Artificial neural networks are typical examples of a modern interdisciplinary
subject. Sophisticated modeling technique that can be used for solving many
complex problems serves as an analytical tool for qualified prognoses of the results.
Using the concept of the artificial neural networks and the results of the performed
numerical analyses make the field of civil engineering more accurate, precise and
efficient especially in the fields of smart materials and many more.
Structural Health Monitoring for Bridges are used for assessment as well as prioritizing which bridge needs repair or upgrade urgently. Dynamic Tests can be used to estimate the load carrying capacity of bridges
Strength and durability of concrete - Repair and rehabilitation of structures...Shanmugasundaram N
Quality assurance for concrete – Strength, Durability and Thermal properties, of concrete - Cracks, different types, causes – Effects due to climate, temperature, Sustained elevated temperature, Corrosion - Effects of cover thickness.
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Application in Infrastructure Systems ...mohammad noori
An overview of current work in application of AI in intelligent infrastructure systems. Presented at an International Symposium Organized by the Institute of Scientific Research, Department of Transportation of China.
ANALYSIS OF STEEL FRAMES WITH BRACINGS FOR SEISMIC LOADSIAEME Publication
In recent decants steel structure had played an important role in construction
industry. Providing strength, stability, ductility for buildings designed for seismic
loads. It is necessary to design a structure that can withstand under seismic loads.
Providing steel knee braces is one of the structural systems used to resist earthquake
forces on structures. Steel bracing is economical, easy to erect and occupies less
space which is flexible to design to meet the required strength and stiffness. There are
various types of steel bracing (X, knee bracing). In knee brace frame system (KBFS)
the non-buckling diagonal bracing provide most of the lateral stiffness, the flexural
yielding of knee element. In our project a 6 storey steel frame building with knee
bracing system with floor plan of 9 m x 9m is considered. We studied the performance
of a 6 storied steel frame building with knee bracing system and compared with bare
frame. Pushover analysis, equivalent static analysis, Response Spectrum analysis,
Time history analysis is performed in ETABS based on IS 1893:2002 (part 1)
guidelines. The manual calculation was done on the basis of Equivalent static analysis
and Response spectrum analysis to find out base shear for foundation and lateral
force for each storey deck slab and compared the values with bare frame. Depending
on the complexity in the problem for bracing models, we had used Etabs software in
order to analysis the Base shear and lateral shear. The results were plotted in the
form of graphs and tables for their inter storey drift and inter storey displacement.
Artificial intelligence in civil engineering seminar reportDhanushS51
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, involved in the research,
design, and application of intelligent computer. Traditional methods for modeling
and optimizing complex structure systems require huge amounts of computing
resources, and artificial intelligence based solutions can often provide valuable
alternatives for efficiently solving problems in civil engineering. This seminar
summarizes recently developed methods and theories in the developing direction for
applications of artificial intelligence in civil engineering. The field of artificial
intelligence, or AI, attempts to understand intelligent entities as well as construct
them to make the operation reasonably simple and easy, correct and precise.
Artificial neural networks are typical examples of a modern interdisciplinary
subject. Sophisticated modeling technique that can be used for solving many
complex problems serves as an analytical tool for qualified prognoses of the results.
Using the concept of the artificial neural networks and the results of the performed
numerical analyses make the field of civil engineering more accurate, precise and
efficient especially in the fields of smart materials and many more.
Structural Health Monitoring for Bridges are used for assessment as well as prioritizing which bridge needs repair or upgrade urgently. Dynamic Tests can be used to estimate the load carrying capacity of bridges
Strength and durability of concrete - Repair and rehabilitation of structures...Shanmugasundaram N
Quality assurance for concrete – Strength, Durability and Thermal properties, of concrete - Cracks, different types, causes – Effects due to climate, temperature, Sustained elevated temperature, Corrosion - Effects of cover thickness.
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Application in Infrastructure Systems ...mohammad noori
An overview of current work in application of AI in intelligent infrastructure systems. Presented at an International Symposium Organized by the Institute of Scientific Research, Department of Transportation of China.
ANALYSIS OF STEEL FRAMES WITH BRACINGS FOR SEISMIC LOADSIAEME Publication
In recent decants steel structure had played an important role in construction
industry. Providing strength, stability, ductility for buildings designed for seismic
loads. It is necessary to design a structure that can withstand under seismic loads.
Providing steel knee braces is one of the structural systems used to resist earthquake
forces on structures. Steel bracing is economical, easy to erect and occupies less
space which is flexible to design to meet the required strength and stiffness. There are
various types of steel bracing (X, knee bracing). In knee brace frame system (KBFS)
the non-buckling diagonal bracing provide most of the lateral stiffness, the flexural
yielding of knee element. In our project a 6 storey steel frame building with knee
bracing system with floor plan of 9 m x 9m is considered. We studied the performance
of a 6 storied steel frame building with knee bracing system and compared with bare
frame. Pushover analysis, equivalent static analysis, Response Spectrum analysis,
Time history analysis is performed in ETABS based on IS 1893:2002 (part 1)
guidelines. The manual calculation was done on the basis of Equivalent static analysis
and Response spectrum analysis to find out base shear for foundation and lateral
force for each storey deck slab and compared the values with bare frame. Depending
on the complexity in the problem for bracing models, we had used Etabs software in
order to analysis the Base shear and lateral shear. The results were plotted in the
form of graphs and tables for their inter storey drift and inter storey displacement.
it has a small description about how wireless sensor system network can be applied in various field. A application of leaksge detection is discussed in detail.
The "Unproductive Bubble:" Unprofitable startups, small markets for new digit...Jeffrey Funk
This article will show that the current bubble has produced few profitable startups and involved few if any new digital technologies, nor technologies involving recent scientific advances, and thus it is unlikely that much that is productive will be left once the dust settles. There is a growth in old technologies such as e-commerce but little in new technologies such as AI. The startup losses are also much larger than in the past suggesting that fewer of today’s startups will still exist in a few years than those of 20 years ago.
Commercialization of Science: What has changed and what can be done to revit...Jeffrey Funk
This paper several changes that I believe may have reduced America’s ability to develop science-based technologies. I make no claims about the completeness. I begin with the growth of university research and then cover several changes it engendered, including an obsession with papers, hyper-specialization of researchers, and huge bureaucracies, also using the words of Nobel Laureates and other scientists to make my points.
2000, 2008, 2022: It is hard to avoid the parallels How Big Will the 2022 S...Jeffrey Funk
These slides summarize the recent share price declines for new startups, declines that are driven by huge annual and cumulative losses and it contrasts today's bubble with those of 2000 and 2008. It shows that today's bubble involves bigger startup losses than those of the 2000 bubble and that the markets of new technologies have not grown to the extent that those of past decades did. Many hedge funds, VCs, and pension funds are heavily invested in these startups. Some of them are also highly leveraged.
The Slow Growth of AI: The State of AI and Its ApplicationsJeffrey Funk
The failure of IBM Watson, disappointments of self-driving vehicles, slow diffusion of medical imaging, small markets for AI software, and scorching criticisms of Google’s research papers provide evidence for hype and disappointment in AI, which is consistent with negative social impact of Big Data and AI algorithms. There are some successes, but they are much smaller than the predictions, with virtual applications (advertising, news, retail sales, finance and e-commerce) having the largest success, building from previous Big Data usage in the past. Looking forward, AI will augment not replace workers just as past technologies did on farms, factories, and offices. Robotic process automation and natural language processing are likely to play important roles in this augmentation with RPA automating repetitive work, natural language processing summarizing information, and RPA also putting the information in the right bins for engineers, accountants, researchers, journalists, and lawyers. Big challenges include reductions in training time depending on faster computers, exponentially rising demands on computers for high accuracies in image recognition, a slowdown in supercomputer improvements, datasets riddled with errors, and reproducibility problems.
Behind the Slow Growth of AI: Failed Moonshots, Unprofitable Startups, Error...Jeffrey Funk
Smaller than expected markets, money-losing startups, failure of Watson, slow-diffusion of self-driving vehicles and medical imaging, and scorching criticisms of Google’s research papers are some of the examples used to characterize the hype of AI. There are some successes, but they are much smaller than the predictions, with advertising, news, and e-commerce having the biggest success stories. Looking forward, #AI will augment not replace workers just as past technologies did on farms, factories, and offices. Robotic process automation and natural language processing are likely to play important roles in this augmentation with #RPA automating repetitive work, natural language processing categorizing information, and RPA also putting the information in the right bins for engineers, accountants, researchers, journalists, and lawyers. The big challenges include exponentially rising demands on computers for high accuracies in images, a slowdown in supercomputer improvements, datasets riddled with errors, and reproducibility problems. See either this podcast or my slides, whose URL is shown in comments. #technolgy #innovation #venturecapital #ipo #artificialintelligence
The Troubled Future of Startups and Innovation: Webinar for London FuturistsJeffrey Funk
These slides show how the most successful startups of today (Unicorns) are not doing as well as the most successful of 20 to 50 years ago. Today's startups are doing worse in terms of time to profitability and time to top 100 market capitalization status. Only one Unicorn founded since 2000 has achieved top 100 market capitalization status while six, nine, and eight from the 70s, 80s, and 90s did so. It is also unlikely that few or any of today's Unicorns will achieve this status because their market capitalizations are too low, share prices increases since IPO are too small, and profits remain elusive. Only 14 of 45 had share price increases greater than the Nasdaq and only 6 of 45 had profits in 2019. The reasons for the worse performance of today's Unicorns than those of 20 to 50 years ago include no breakthrough technologies, hyper-growth strategies, and the targeting of regulated industries. The slides conclude with speculations on why few breakthrough technologies, including science-based technologies from universities are emerging. We need to think back to the division of labor that existed a half a century ago.
Where are the Next Googles and Amazons? They should be here by nowJeffrey Funk
Great startups aren’t being founded like they were in the 1970s (Microsoft, Apple, Oracle, Genentech, Home Depot, EMC), 1980s (Cisco, Dell, Adobe, Qualcomm, Amgen, Gilead Sciences), and 1990s (Amazon, Google, Netflix, Salesforce.com, PayPal). All of these startups reached the top 100 for market capitalization, but Facebook is the only startup founded since 2000 which has entered the top 100. Tesla and Uber are often discussed as highly successful but they have many times higher cumulative losses than did Amazon at its time of peak losses and neither has had a profitable year despite being older than Amazon was when it achieved profits. Furthermore, few of the recent Unicorn IPOs have experienced shareprice increases greater than those of the Nasdaq (14 of 45), only 3 of these 14 have profits, and only six of them have a
market capitalization over $30 (Zoom), $20 (Square), and $10 billion (Twilio, DocuSign, Okta). America’s venture capital system isn’t working as well as it once did, and the coronavirus will make things worse before the VC system gets better.
Start-up losses are mounting and innovation is slowing, but venture capitalists, entrepreneurs, consultants, university researchers, and business schools are hyping new technologies more than ever before. This hype is facilitated by changes in online media, including the rise of social media. This paper describes how the professional incentives of experts and the changes in online media have increased hype and how this hype makes it harder for policy makers, managers, scientists, engineers, professors, and students to understand new technologies and make good decisions. We need less hype and more level-headed economic analysis and this paper describes how this economic analysis can be done. Here is a link to the journal, Issues in Science & Technology: www.issues.org
Irrational Exuberance: A Tech Crash is ComingJeffrey Funk
These slides apply Nobel Laureate Robert Schiller's concept of irrational exuberance (and a book) title to the current speculative bubble of 2019. Over investments in startups and a lack of profitability in them are finally starting to catch up with the venture capital industry and the tech sector that relies on it. Investments by US venture capitalists have risen about six times since 2001 causing the total invested in 2018 to exceed by 40% the peak of 2000, the last big year of the dotcom bubble. But the number of IPOs has never returned to the peak years of 1993 to 2000; only about 250 were carried out between 2015 and 2017 vs. about 1,200 between 1995 and 1997.
The reason is simple: startups are taking longer to go public because they are not profitable. Consider the data. The median time to IPO has risen from 2.8 years in 1998 to 7.7 years in 2016 and the ones going public are less profitable than they were in the past. Although only 22% of startups going public in 1980 were unprofitable, 82% were unprofitable in 2018. The same high percentages of unprofitability have only been achieved twice before, in 1998 and 1999 right before the dotcom bubble burst. Furthermore, startups that have recently done high profile IPOs such as Snap, Dropbox, Blue Apron, Fitbit, Trivago, Box, and Cloudera are still not profitable.
Ride Sharing, Congestion, and the Need for Real SharingJeffrey Funk
Current ride sharing services are not financially sustainable. Although they provide more convenience than do taxi services, they are experiencing massive losses because they have the same cost structure as do taxis and thus must compete through subsidies and lower wages. After all, they use the same vehicles, roads, and drivers, and only GPS algorithms and phones are new.
They also increase congestion. Just as more private vehicles or taxis on the road will increase congestion, more ride sharing vehicles also increase congestion.
These slides describe new ways to use the technologies of ride sharing to reduce congestion along with costs while at the same time keeping travel time low. This can be done through changing public transportation systems or allowing private companies to offer competing services. For instance, current bus services, whether they are private or public, need to use the algorithms, GPS, phones and other technologies of ride sharing to revise routes, schedules and the premises that currently underpin public transportation. There is no reason a bus should be certain size, stop every 200 meters, or follow the same route all day. Algorithms and phones enable new types of routes in which designers simultaneously minimize time travel and maximize number of passengers transported per vehicle.hour.
Using the percent of top managers in IPOs (initial public offering) as a proxy for an industry’s/technology’s scientific intensity, this paper shows that the percentage of IPOs and of venture capital financing for science-based technologies has been declining for decades. Second, the percentage of PhDs among the top managers in science intensive industries is also declining, suggesting that their scientific intensities are falling. Third, the age of these top managers rose during the same period suggesting that the importance of experiential knowledge has increased even as the importance of PhDs and thus educational knowledge has decreased. Fourth, the numbers of IPOs and of venture capital funding are not increasing for newer science-based industries such as superconductors, solar cells, nanotechnology, and GMOs. Fifth, there are extreme diseconomies of scale in the universities that produce the PhD-holding top managers, suggesting that universities are far less effective at doing research than are companies. These results provide a new understanding of science and technology, and they offer new prescriptions for reversing slowing productivity growth.
This paper addresses the types of knowledge that are needed in entrepreneurial firms using a unique data base of executives and directors for all IPOs filed between 1990 and 2010. Using highest educational degrees as a proxy for educational knowledge, it shows that 85% of those with PhDs are concentrated in the life sciences and ICT (information and communication technology) industries and second, that those in the ICT industries are concentrated at lower layers in a “digital stack” of industries, ranging from semiconductors and other electronics at the bottom layer to computing and Internet infrastructure at the middle layer and Internet content, commerce, and services in the top layer. Third, industries with fewer PhDs have more bachelor’s and MBA degrees suggesting that PhDs are being replaced by them and not M.S. degrees. Fourth, age is higher for industries with the most PhDs thus suggesting a greater need for experiential knowledge in industries with greater needs for educational knowledge. Fifth, the number of Nobel Prizes tracks industries with high fractions of PhDs.
beyond patents:scholars of innovation use patenting as an indicator of innova...Jeffrey Funk
This paper discusses the problems with using patents as a measure of innovation and papers as a measure of science. It also uses data to show the problems. for example, the number of patent applications and awards have grown by six times since 1984 while productivity growth has slowed.
These slides discuss how to put context back into learning. Farm and other work at home once provided a context for learning, but this context has become much weaker as work at home as mostly disappeared Students once learned mostly from parents because they worked on farms, fixed things at home, and prepared meals. These activities provided a "context" for school learning, a context that has been mostly lost. These slides discuss how this context can be put back into learning and the implications for the types of people best suited for teaching and the way to train them.
Technology Change, Creative Destruction, and Economic FeasibiltyJeffrey Funk
After showing that the costs of most electronic products are from electronic components, these slides show how the iPhone and iPad became economically feasible through improvements in microprocessors, flash memory, and displays.
These slides show that the demand for most professions is growing steadily in spite of continued improvements in productivity enhancing tools for them. They also show that AI will have a largely incremental effect on the professions, in combination with Moore's Law, cloud computing, and Big Data. They do this accounting, legal, architects, journalists, and engineers.
Solow's Computer Paradox and the Impact of AIJeffrey Funk
These slides show why IT has not delivered large improvements in productivity and why new forms of IT like AI will also not deliver large improvements, except in selected sectors. The main reason is that the improvements in AI are over-hyped and because most sectors do not have large inefficiencies in the organization of people, machinery, and materials.
What does innovation today tell us about tomorrow?Jeffrey Funk
This paper was published in Issues in Science and Technology. It distinguished between the Silicon Valley and science-based process of technology change. It shows that more new products and services are emerging from the latter than the former.
Creative destrution, Economic Feasibility, and Creative Destruction: The Case...Jeffrey Funk
This paper shows how new forms of electronic products and services such as smart phones, tablet computers and ride sharing become economically feasible and thus candidates for commercialization and creative destruction as improvements in standard electronic components such as microprocessors, memory, and displays occur. Unlike the predominant viewpoint in which commercialization is reached as advances in science facilitate design changes that enable improvements in performance and cost, most new forms of electronic products and services are not invented in a scientific sense and the cost and performance of them are primarily driven by improvements in standard components. They become candidates for commercialization as the cost and performance of standard components reach the levels necessary for the final products and services to have the required levels of performance and cost. This suggests that when managers, policy makers, engineers, and entrepreneurs consider the choice and timing of commercializing new electronic products and services, they should understand the composition of new technologies, the impact of components on a technology's cost, performance and design, and the rates of improvement in the components.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
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Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
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Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
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https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
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Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
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Smart Sensors for Infrastructure and Structural Health Monitoring
1. Name Matriculation ID
Brian Cakra A0133496Y
Muhamad Tomi Haetami A0133454L
Arulmani Natarajan A0132656E
Ahmadali Tahmasebimoradi A0103024E
Seyed Mohammad Hasheminejad A0094092A
STRUCTURAL HEALTH
MONITORING
GROUP PRESENTATION
MT5009 ANALYZING HI-TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES
2015
For presentations on other technologies see http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations
2. MT5009
1. SHM Introduction
1.1. Past Catastrophic Structural (w/o SHM) Failures
1.2. SHM Process
1.3. SHM Applications
1.4. Wireless SHM Architecture and Applications
2. SHM Development and Technologies
3. Old SHM Technology
3.1. MEMS
3.2. Piezoelectric Sensors
3.3. Ultrasonic Sensors
2
4. New SHM Technology
4.2. Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS)
4.6. Wireless Sensors Network
4.7. Embedded RFID Systems
5. Emerging and Future SHM Technology
5.1. Self Healing SHM
5.2. Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Sensors
5.3. Energy Harvesting
6. SHM Feasibility
6.1. How Far Can It Goes
7. Conclusion
3. MT5009
SHM is the process of
implementing a damage
detection and
characterization strategy for
structures.
• Damage due to:
Mismanagement in
construction,
Lack of quality control,
Temperature variation,
Initiation of cracks due to
cyclic loadings.
• Damage changes:
Geometry properties,
Boundary conditions,
Characteristics of the system.
3
Why SHM?
1. Safety.
2. Replace schedule-
driven maintenance
with condition-based
maintenance.
3. Increase Structure’s
Longevity.
4. Addressing Issues of
Scale (e.g. monitoring
millions of structure).
5. Detecting damage in
early stage to enable
proactive responses.
6. Total Cost Reduction.
Human Health
Monitoring
SHM Analogy
Structural Health Monitoring
4. MT5009
Sampoong Department Store Collapse due to
Overload in Seoul, South Korea (1995).
4
Historical
Archive of
the City
Collapse due
to Ground
Deformation
in Cologne,
Germany
(2009)
Tacoma Bridge Collapse due to Wind
in Tacoma, US (1940) Sung-Su Bridge Collapse
in Korea (1994)
I-35 Bridge Collapse in
Minessota, US (2007)
Nicoll Highway
Collapse due to
Construction
Failure and
Overload,
Singapore
(2004)
5. MT5009 5
SHM steps:
1. Operational evaluation,
2. Data acquisition (Sensors such as piezoelectric, piezoresistive, MEMS, optical
fibers, resistance strain, dip angle, acoustic emission, stress measurement sensors,
selecting the excitation methods, the sensor types, number and locations )
3. Analyzing the data (microprocessors, IC, microcontroller)
4. Developing a statistical model for feature discrimination
11. MT5009 11
OLD SHM NEW SHM
EMERGING &
FUTURE SHM
1970s 1990s 2000s
Wired
Independent Sensor / Not
communicate with other
sensors
Only Monitoring
Fiber Optic
Less Calibration
Wired and Wireless
Sensor Array.
Self-organization and near-
neighbor awareness
Only Monitoring
Active SHM, Self Healing
Structure
Smart Particle, self assembly
Energy Harvesting
Smart Sensors, cooperation
between sensor nodes
Problem:
Messy Wires and
complex
installation.
Need Calibration.
Problem:
Power Management
issue, many sensors
need power.
Sensor’s reliability
issue (life time).
12. MT5009 12
OLD
SHM
NEW
SHM
EMERGING &
FUTURE SHM
1970s
Problem:
Messy Wires
and complex
installation.
Wired
Independent Sensor / Not communicate with other sensors
Passive, Only Monitoring
13. MT5009
• MEMS inertial sensors (Strong motion Class B)
• An acceleration sensor and angular velocity sensors (gyroscope)
13
Performance. S/N Dynamic range dB.
Market Size by Application and Grade
Advantages:
• Miniaturized size,
• Lower power
consumption,
• Improved linearity,
• Extended FS range,
• Integrated wireless,
• Low cost,
• Mass production,
• Three-dimensional
detection.
MarketSize.$Million
MEMS-based devices Market:
CAGR of 11.7% and a total volume of $9.2 billion (2015).
Unit production growth of 14%.
14. MT5009
Mechanical energy Electrical
energy (direct effect) and vice versa
(converse effect).
14
Application:
to investigate the deformation and deflection (damage
detection) for the structures including loaded pipes, beams, and
plates.
to identify, locate, and quantify the structural performance of
the system by the vibration and frequency response from a
network of piezoelectric sensors.
1. Piezoelectric Ceramics (PZT):
• Inexpensive,
• Small,
• Light weight,
• Easily fabricated,
• Less sensitive to temperature variation,
• Low power consumption,
• (-) Inflexible.
2. Piezoelectric Polymers (PVDF):
• Very flexible,
• (-) High cost of fabrication
3. Piezoelectric Ceramic /
Polymer Composites
15. MT5009
This technique relies on shear waves (frequencies above 18kHz to MHz) generated by a probe (e.g.
piezoelectric transducer) at a given point of the structure and sensed by another at a different point. The
damaged areas affect the propagated ultrasonic wave in the structure and result in mixed modes.
15
16. MT5009 16
OLD
SHM
NEW
SHM
EMERGING &
FUTURE SHM
1990s
Fiber Optic
Less Calibration
Wired and Wireless
Sensor Array.
Self-organization and near-neighbor awareness
Only Monitoring Faults in sensor nodes can be tolerated
by using other available nodes.
17. MT5009
In SHM, type of FOS commonly used is
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, with
multiplexing capacity.
17
Advantages:
• Suitable for long-term permanent.
• More accuracy and reliability
• No calibration needed
• One cable can have hundreds of the Sensors
• Simple installation
• Light weight
• Cable can run kilometers, no length limit
• FOS uses light signal: High Bandwidth, No Electrical
sparking, EMI immunity, etc.
Fiber Bragg Grating principle
18. MT5009
Every sensors in the old days tended to
transform its physical layer to wireless
connection.
18
Example Wireless Sensors.
Advantages:
• No messy cabling, increase mobility
• Faster Installation speed
• Reduce infrastructure cost of cabling
• Enabled communication between sensors through
• (-) Security Issues
• (-) Radio Interference Issues
Wireless Sensor
Network Market
Forecast
400 -
800 -
600 -
200 -
1000 -
MarketSize(inMillionUSD)
$ 401 M
$ 945 M
$ 455 M
19. MT5009
Wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer data,
Automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects.
19
Hand Held RFID Reader RFID Temperature Sensor RFID Strain SensorRFID Temperature and Moisture Sensors
Advantages:
• Wireless data collection, Non-contact communication
• Small Size
• Stored data in built-in memory
• Readable by both fixed RFID reader and hand held reader
General configuration of RFID tag with sensor and
built-in memory
20. MT5009
RFID Type Active RFID Passive RFID Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP)
Tag Power Source Internal to tag
Energy transfer from the reader
via RF
Internal power source to power on,
and energy transferred from the
reader via RF to backscatter
Tag Battery Yes No Yes
Availability of Tag Power Continuous Only within field of reader Only within field of reader
Required Signal Strength
from Reader to Tag
Very Low Very high (must power the tag)
Moderate (does not need to power
tag, but must power backscatter)
Available Signal Strength
from Tag to Reader
High Very Low Moderate
Communication Range
Long Range (100m or
more)
Short range (up to 10m) Moderate range (up to 100m)
Sensor Capability
Ability to continuously
monitor and record
sensor input
Ability to read and transfer
sensor values only when tag is
powered by reader
Ability to read and transfer sensor
values only when tag receives RF
signal from reader
20
21. MT5009 21
OLD
SHM
NEW
SHM
EMERGING &
FUTURE SHM
2000s
Active SHM, Self Healing Structure
Smart Particle, self assembly
Energy Harvesting
Smart Sensors, cooperation between sensor nodes
22. MT5009 22
Application:
Fill the crack / gap
Protective coating for concrete
Fiber Coating with Nano
and Micro Capsules
contain Resin / Glue /
Sodium Silicate / Calcium
Lactate as a healing agent.
Advantages:
• Inexpensive,
• Environmentally friendly,
• Catalyst free
• Increase concrete structures’ life by 20%
Bacteria
H2O, CO2,
O2
+
+
+
FURTHER:
Self lubricating
Self cleaning
Metal Healing
23. MT5009
CNT spatial sensing skins: Using CNT (e.g. hybrid glass-fiber composite) attached to small-scale
concrete beams formed a continuous conductive skin (layer in structure).
23
Advantages:
• A direct means for measuring the distributed strain fields.
• High Sensitivity and Accuracy to identify the existence,
location and severity of structural cracks or corrosion.
• Higher degree of miniaturization.
• (-) Expensive and currently limited production
Carbon nanotube-based sensing composites for
structural health monitoring
24. MT5009 24
• Energy sources for wireless sensors.
• e.g. solar, thermal, wind, and kinetic.
Advantages:
• Independent self-powered Sensors,
• Less power cable infrastructure,
• Reduce energy consumption, Eco-friendly.
$ 45 M
$ 227 M
25. MT5009 25
Example: Innowattech Piezoelectric
Piezoelectric installed beneath the
surface of the Road. Electricity
generated from the Vibration.
26. MT5009
The Wind and Structural Health Monitoring
System (WASHMS) at Tsing Ma Bridge has
four different levels of operation: sensory
systems, data acquisition systems, local
centralised computer systems and global
central computer system.
26
FACTS:
Origin: Hongkong
Year: 1997
Structure Cost: 929 Million
SHM Cost: USD 8 Million
350 Sensors
Cost per Sensor: USD 22,875
Technology: FOS, Wireless
Tsing Ma Bridge with positions of sensors
27. MT5009
The Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge is a
cable-stayed bridge across the
Mississippi River, Missouri, USA.
27
FACTS:
Origin: Missouri, USA
Year: 2003
Structure Cost: USD 100 Million
SHM Cost: USD 1.3 Million
86 Sensors
Cost per Sensor: USD 15,116
Technology: Wireless
28. MT5009
The I-35 bridge which replaced the Minneapolis bridge that collapsed. This
SHM is potentially saving 15 to 25 percent of long-term maintenance costs.FACTS:
Origin: Minneapolis, USA.
Year: 2008
Structure Cost: USD 234 Million
SHM Cost: USD 1 Million
500 Sensors
Cost per Sensor: USD 2,000
Technology: Wireless
29. MT5009
Item Tsing Ma Bridge
Bill Emerson
Memorial Bridge
I-35 bridge
Total Structure Cost USD 929 mil. USD 100 mil. USD 234 mil.
Year 1997 2003 2008
SHM cost USD 8 mil. USD 1.3 mil. USD 1 mil.
SHM cost (%) 0.9% 1.3% 0.4%
Total sensors 350 sensors 86 sensors 500 sensors
Cost per sensor USD 22,875 USD 15,116 USD 2,000
Sensor technology FOS, Wireless Wireless wireless
-15%
SHM Cost decrease
15% each year.
30. MT5009
1. Almost any structure that we want to maintain for any purpose.
2. By further improvements in the process of MEMS and better miniaturization of them, SHM can be
applied to even small device like artificial heart, skin and limbs.
3. Using on daily life’s:
Self healing / self patching (hole in) tire.
Self inflating tire.
Self healing from scratch in any surface.
Monitoring stress, load, fatigue in furniture.
SHM in home appliances.
• Crack in gas regulator / gas tank.
• Exposed cable.
Etc.
4. New protocols to reduce energy usage.
Bluetooth 4, Zigbee, Thread, MiWi, Allseen, etc.
30
Part of Smart City.
Internet of Things.
31. MT5009
1. Increasing in Market Size (CAGR) mass production + technology growth cheaper unit cost ↓
MEMS sensor/actuator = 12 %
Wireless Sensor Network = 13 %
Energy Harvesting = 50 %
These parts’ price will continuously reduce, at least until 2020 .
2. Other factors affect the decrement of SHM Cost:
Less labor and engineering cost due to wireless network and better monitoring system.
Smaller sensors, better performance, cheaper unit cost, lower energy consumption.
Internet of things
3. SHM Technologies applications depend on geographical location.
E.g. Energy harvesters (solar panel) need sunny environment.
4. SHM Technology will become more effective with “self-….” tech., energy harvesting, and new material.
5. s 31
CHEAPER SHM.
Cost decrease 15%
each year.