This document discusses stroke and multiple sclerosis. Stroke occurs when there is obstruction of blood flow to the brain or bleeding in the brain, resulting in brain cell death. Risk factors include age, gender, hypertension, heart disease, and smoking. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic and hemorrhagic. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by loss of myelin sheath around neurons. There are several types of multiple sclerosis including relapsing-remitting and primary progressive. Management of both conditions involves controlling risk factors, drug therapy like corticosteroids, and surgical procedures for complications.

1. STROKE
AND
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
LAXMI THAPA
BSC 3RD YEAR
COMS-TH

3. STROKE
• It is a cerebrovascular disorder also known as
cerebrovascular accident
• Occurs when there is obstruction in vessels
which impedes blood flow to a part of the
brain or haemorrhage into brain
• Results in death of brain cells

4. RISK FACTORS
NON MODIFIABLE
Age
Gender
Family
MODIFIABLE
Hypertension
Heart diseases
smoking

5. Obesity
Sleep apnea
Metabolic syndrome
Lack of physical exercises

7. TYPES
1. ISCHEMIC STROKE
An ischemic stroke results from inadequate
blood flow to the brain from partial or complete
occlusion of an atery
It divides into thrombotic and embolic

8. a) THROMBOTIC STROKE
It occurs from injury to a vessels wall and
formation of blood clot
B) EMBOLIC STROKE
It occurs when an embolus lodge in and
occludes a cerebral artery

9. 2. HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
It is caused by bleeding into the brain tissue, the
ventricles or subarachnoid space
-primary intracerebral haemorrhage
-secondary intracerebral haemorrhage

10. PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY
Due to various etiological factors persisting for a
long time
There is disruption of the cerebral blood flow due
to obstruction of a blood vessels
Due to the obstruction of blood vessels, initially
there is abnormal infiltration of lipid in the intimal
layer of the artery

11. This fatty streaks further develops into the plague
This formation of the palgue may rupture which
may travel and occlude the vessels thus limiting the
blood flow causing cerebal ischemia
The ischemic cascade begins when cerebral blood
flow falls to less than 25ml/ 100 g/min

12. Due to the cerebral hypoxia, neurons cannot
longer maintain aerobic respiration
The mitochondria then switch to anaerobic
respiration, which generates large amount of
lactic acid
Initiation of anaerobic respiration

13. Neurons incapable of producing sufficient
quantities of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to
fuel the depolarization processes of brain tissue
Maintenance of electrolyte balances begin to
fall and cell function ceases
Manifest features like syncope, hemiperesis,
weakness of the limb

14. CLINICAL FEATURES
ISCHEMIC STROKE
GENERAL
 Numbness or weakness of face
 Visual disturbance
 Sudden severe headache
 Confusion
MOTOR LOSS
 Hemiplegia
 Hemiparesis

15.  Flaccid paralysis
COMMUNICATION LOSS
 Dysarthria
 Dysphasia
 Apraxia
PERCEPTUAL DISTURBANCES
 Headache
 Pain and rigidity
 Visual disturbances
 Tinnitus, dizziness and hemiparesis

16. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
Careful history and a complete physical and
neurologic examination
CT Scan
MRI
Cerebral angiography
Carotid duplex
Lumbar puncture for evidence of red blood
cells in cerebrospinal fluid

17. PREVENTION
Control of hypertension
Control of DM
Treatment of underlying cardiac problem
Avoid smoking
Limiting alcohol intake

18. MANAGEMENT
DRUG THERAPY
 Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for
administered IV is used for re-establish blood
flow through a blocked artery to prevent cell
death
 Acetylsalicylic acid is used within 48hrs
 Platelet inhibitors and anti-coagulant e.g.
aspirin, warfarin

19.  Calcium channel blockers e.g. nimodipine in
patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage
 Temperature elevation e.g.acetoaminophen
 Phenytoin for seizures

20. SURGICAL TREATMENT
Evacuation of aneurysm induced hematomas
or cerebral hematomas larger than 3cm
Aneurysm involves clipping wrapping or
coiling the aneurysm to prevent right bleeding
Merei Retriver removes blood clots in patient
who are experiencing ischemic stroke

22. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
• It is defined as an auto-immune disease that
affects the CNS and is characterized by the
loss/or damage of myelin sheath

23. TYPES
1. RELAPSING/ REMITTING MULTIPLE
SCLEROSIS (RRMS)
 Characterized by periods of flaretips and
remission
2. PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
 This type of multiple sclerosis is usually slow
continuous, periodically progressive and
results in worsening of disease in a period of
time

24. 3. SECONDARY PROGRESSIVE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
(SPMS):
This types is initially diagnosed and disappear but
relapse in over a time period (approximately within
10 years) and then becomes steady and disease
worsening develops
4. PROGRESSIVE RELAPSING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
(PRMS)
This multiple sclerosis has a steady worsening
pattern with acute relapses

26. ETIOLOGY
Idiopathic
Aging Neuro degeneration
Possible precipitating factors:
 Infection
 Physical injury
 Emotional stress
 Excessive fatigue
 Pregnancy
 Poor state of health

27. PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY
Due to various contributing factors (chronic
inflammation, viral infestation, injury)
Results in the loss of myelin, disappearance of
oligodendrocytes and proliferative astrocytes
Initially myelin sheath of neurons in brain and
spinal cord are interfered but nerve fibres are
not effected

28. Changes in the myelin results in plaque
formation which will be scattered throughout
the CNS
Loss of myelin results in noticeable impairment
of function
With the destruction of axons in late stage
impulse are totally blocked
Results in permanent loss of nerve function

29. CLINICAL FEATURES
A. MOTOR MANIFESTATION
-weakness or paralysis of limbs, trunk & head
-diplopia
-scanning speech
-spasticity of muscles
B.SENSORY MANIFESTATION
-numbness and tingling
-blurred vision

30. - Vertigo and tinnitus
- Decreased hearing
- Chronic neuropathic pain
C.CEREBELLAR
- Nystagmus
- Ataxia
- Dysarthria
- dysphagia

31. D. EMOTIONAL
- Anger
- Depression
- Euphoria

32. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
A. History collection
B. MRI
C. Evoked potential tests (EVPs)
D. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

33. MANAGEMENT
- Corticosteroids to treat acute exacerbation by
reducing edema and inflammation at the site
of demyelination
- Immunosuppressive therapy
- Antispasmodic
- Nutritional therapy