This document summarizes a study that tested 14 reinforced concrete beams that were initially cracked and then strengthened with various fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminate systems. Five strengthening systems using different types of carbon and glass FRP sheets and plates were used. The effects of the strengthening on load capacity, deflection, failure mode, strain, and ductility were examined. It was concluded that vertical FRP sheets around the beam, in addition to longitudinal layers, significantly reduced deflection and increased load capacity. A combination of vertical and horizontal sheets doubled the ultimate load capacity but resulted in brittle failure, requiring a higher safety factor in design.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
1. The document discusses strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with externally bonded glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRPs).
2. Shear failure of RC beams is identified as a disastrous failure mode, and GFRP composites have become a popular technique for shear strengthening due to advantages like high strength and corrosion resistance.
3. The document reviews several studies that have examined using GFRP wraps, strips, and grids for shear strengthening RC beams, finding they can increase shear capacity significantly.
Experimental and numerical study on behavior of externally bonded rc t beams ...IJARIIT
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have
become structurally weak over their life span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional
repair systems and materials. In this study, an experimental investigation on the flexural behavior of RC T-beams
strengthened using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are carried out.
Reinforced concrete T beams externally bonded with GFRP sheets were tested to failure using a symmetrical two
point static loading system. Seven RC T-beams were casted for this experimental test. All of them were weak in flexure and
were having same reinforcement detailing. One beam was used as a control beam and six beams were strengthened using
different configurations of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Experimental data on load, deflection and failure
modes of each of the beams were obtained. The effect of different amount and configuration of GFRP on ultimate load
carrying capacity and failure mode of the beams were investigated.
The experimental results show that externally bonded GFRP can increase the flexural capacity of the beam
significantly. In addition, the results indicated that the most effective configuration was the U-wrap GFRP.A series of
comparative studies on deflection between the present experimental data and results from finite element method and IS code
method were made. A future area of research are being outlined.
Strengthening and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete beams withSubhajit Mondal
1. The document presents research on strengthening and rehabilitating reinforced concrete beams with openings using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP).
2. Ten beams were tested - one solid beam, three beams with small, medium, and large openings, three strengthened beams where GFRP was applied to the openings, and three rehabilitated beams where GFRP was applied after initial cracking.
3. The effect of the openings and GFRP on load capacity, deflection, cracking, strain, and failure mode were analyzed. It was found that GFRP can effectively increase the load capacity of beams with small openings but not for large openings.
State-of-the-art review of FRP strengthened RC slabsIJSRD
1) The document reviews different techniques for strengthening reinforced concrete slabs using fibre reinforced polymers (FRP), including externally bonded reinforcement and near surface mounted reinforcement.
2) It summarizes the advantages of FRP including corrosion resistance, ease of installation, and simplicity, and discusses how FRP can be used to strengthen beams, columns, and slabs.
3) The literature review found that FRP is effective at increasing load capacity of slabs with openings when used to strengthen, though debonding is a risk, and other techniques like steel plates can provide some strengthening but are limited.
This document summarizes research on strengthening reinforced concrete beams using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. It discusses how FRP strengthening has become a popular technique worldwide due to advantages like high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and easy installation. The document reviews literature on strengthening both simply supported and continuous beams. It outlines different FRP strengthening methods and discusses factors that influence the behavior and failure of strengthened beams, such as surface preparation, adhesive type, and concrete strength. The document also discusses design considerations and challenges for FRP strengthening, as well as disadvantages like lack of design codes and fire risk.
retrofitting of fire damaged rcc slabs,colums,beamsNayana 54321
This document discusses techniques for retrofitting existing reinforced concrete structures. It introduces various problems that can occur in concrete structures like damage, excessive loading, cracks, and corrosion. Retrofitting aims to restore strength and improve serviceability. Factors influencing the selection of a retrofitting technique include cost, time constraints, and existing structure conditions. Conventional techniques discussed are section enlargement, external plate bonding, external post-tensioning, ferrocement covering, and grouting. An advanced technique of fiber reinforced polymer composites is also introduced, with carbon fiber reinforced polymer being highlighted. CFRP has advantages of high strength, corrosion resistance, and suitability for seismic retrofitting but also has high initial costs.
The document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with various materials and techniques. Eight beams were tested with different strengthening approaches, including carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets, glass fiber reinforced polymer sheets, steel plates, or combinations of these materials. Beams were preloaded to induce cracking before strengthening. The strengthened beams were then reloaded to failure. The study aimed to evaluate the flexural properties, failure loads, stiffness, and ductility of beams strengthened with different materials and techniques. In general, strengthening increased yield and ultimate loads but reduced beam ductility compared to the unstrengthened control beam.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
1. The document discusses strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with externally bonded glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRPs).
2. Shear failure of RC beams is identified as a disastrous failure mode, and GFRP composites have become a popular technique for shear strengthening due to advantages like high strength and corrosion resistance.
3. The document reviews several studies that have examined using GFRP wraps, strips, and grids for shear strengthening RC beams, finding they can increase shear capacity significantly.
Experimental and numerical study on behavior of externally bonded rc t beams ...IJARIIT
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have
become structurally weak over their life span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional
repair systems and materials. In this study, an experimental investigation on the flexural behavior of RC T-beams
strengthened using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are carried out.
Reinforced concrete T beams externally bonded with GFRP sheets were tested to failure using a symmetrical two
point static loading system. Seven RC T-beams were casted for this experimental test. All of them were weak in flexure and
were having same reinforcement detailing. One beam was used as a control beam and six beams were strengthened using
different configurations of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Experimental data on load, deflection and failure
modes of each of the beams were obtained. The effect of different amount and configuration of GFRP on ultimate load
carrying capacity and failure mode of the beams were investigated.
The experimental results show that externally bonded GFRP can increase the flexural capacity of the beam
significantly. In addition, the results indicated that the most effective configuration was the U-wrap GFRP.A series of
comparative studies on deflection between the present experimental data and results from finite element method and IS code
method were made. A future area of research are being outlined.
Strengthening and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete beams withSubhajit Mondal
1. The document presents research on strengthening and rehabilitating reinforced concrete beams with openings using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP).
2. Ten beams were tested - one solid beam, three beams with small, medium, and large openings, three strengthened beams where GFRP was applied to the openings, and three rehabilitated beams where GFRP was applied after initial cracking.
3. The effect of the openings and GFRP on load capacity, deflection, cracking, strain, and failure mode were analyzed. It was found that GFRP can effectively increase the load capacity of beams with small openings but not for large openings.
State-of-the-art review of FRP strengthened RC slabsIJSRD
1) The document reviews different techniques for strengthening reinforced concrete slabs using fibre reinforced polymers (FRP), including externally bonded reinforcement and near surface mounted reinforcement.
2) It summarizes the advantages of FRP including corrosion resistance, ease of installation, and simplicity, and discusses how FRP can be used to strengthen beams, columns, and slabs.
3) The literature review found that FRP is effective at increasing load capacity of slabs with openings when used to strengthen, though debonding is a risk, and other techniques like steel plates can provide some strengthening but are limited.
This document summarizes research on strengthening reinforced concrete beams using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. It discusses how FRP strengthening has become a popular technique worldwide due to advantages like high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and easy installation. The document reviews literature on strengthening both simply supported and continuous beams. It outlines different FRP strengthening methods and discusses factors that influence the behavior and failure of strengthened beams, such as surface preparation, adhesive type, and concrete strength. The document also discusses design considerations and challenges for FRP strengthening, as well as disadvantages like lack of design codes and fire risk.
retrofitting of fire damaged rcc slabs,colums,beamsNayana 54321
This document discusses techniques for retrofitting existing reinforced concrete structures. It introduces various problems that can occur in concrete structures like damage, excessive loading, cracks, and corrosion. Retrofitting aims to restore strength and improve serviceability. Factors influencing the selection of a retrofitting technique include cost, time constraints, and existing structure conditions. Conventional techniques discussed are section enlargement, external plate bonding, external post-tensioning, ferrocement covering, and grouting. An advanced technique of fiber reinforced polymer composites is also introduced, with carbon fiber reinforced polymer being highlighted. CFRP has advantages of high strength, corrosion resistance, and suitability for seismic retrofitting but also has high initial costs.
The document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with various materials and techniques. Eight beams were tested with different strengthening approaches, including carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets, glass fiber reinforced polymer sheets, steel plates, or combinations of these materials. Beams were preloaded to induce cracking before strengthening. The strengthened beams were then reloaded to failure. The study aimed to evaluate the flexural properties, failure loads, stiffness, and ductility of beams strengthened with different materials and techniques. In general, strengthening increased yield and ultimate loads but reduced beam ductility compared to the unstrengthened control beam.
This document reviews 10 articles on carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthened reinforced concrete beams. The articles studied parameters like CFRP orientation, anchorage techniques, beam dimensions, and fiber direction. Tests showed that CFRP increased beam shear capacity and flexural strength when anchored properly to prevent premature debonding. Larger beams saw less improvement from CFRP sheets due to size effects. Orienting CFRP fibers at 45 degrees perpendicular to cracks optimized shear strengthening.
Strengthening Of Beams for flexure Using FRPReham fawzy
This document discusses fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites used for strengthening concrete structures. It covers various topics such as FRP materials and systems, causes of structural defects, strengthening techniques, and design considerations. Specifically, it describes the different types of fibers and matrices used in FRP, advantages of FRP over traditional materials, and applications of FRP like flexural, shear, and axial strengthening of beams, columns, slabs and walls. It also identifies potential structural defects in design, construction or over the service life of a structure that could require strengthening.
The document discusses using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) to strengthen concrete beams experiencing shear cracks. A concrete beam supporting a 200 MT load at each support was originally designed incorrectly as a slender beam rather than a deep beam. Analysis showed the beam was overstressed, exhibiting typical shear cracks. CFRP strengthening was proposed to reinforce the beam without requiring a plant shutdown during repairs. CFRP would be applied to increase the beam's shear capacity and allow it to support the required loads.
This document discusses various methods for shear strengthening of structural concrete members. It begins by explaining the need for structural strengthening due to factors like increased loads, damage over time, or design/construction errors. Several methods for shear strengthening are then described, including external steel reinforcement, section enlargement, internal steel/FRP reinforcement, post-tensioning, supplemental members, and near-surface mounted reinforcement. The document concludes that a variety of materials and strengthening techniques exist to increase shear capacity depending on the specific application.
This document reviews the current state of design practices for steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and mortar. It discusses the mechanical properties of SFRC, presents design methods, and lists typical applications. The document provides an overview of the key properties used in design like compression strength, flexural strength, toughness, durability, and recommends design approaches that modify internal forces to account for additional tension provided by fibers. It also discusses applications where SFRC has been used without traditional reinforcing bars to carry loads.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8b - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
This document contains a presentation by Dr. Pramin Norachan on fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) systems for strengthening concrete structures. The presentation covers flexural, shear, axial and confinement strengthening using FRP. It discusses various FRP materials, design considerations, and design equations. The key points covered include the materials and properties of FRP, how FRP is used to enhance load capacity, ductility and durability of structures, and design approaches for flexural, shear and confinement strengthening.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
In the last ten years or a little more, CFRP strips and fabrics have been successfully externally bonded to rehabilitate the concrete structures. Most of the previous research focused on the use of CFRP as an enhanced material to improve flexural, shear, ductility and ductility behaviour and confinement of concrete structural members, while limited attention was paid to the investigation of strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) members against torsion, particularly continuous concrete beams. This study aims to detect experimentally the CFRP strengthening technique for continuous RC beams exposed to pure torsion. The experimental program includes investigation of two groups of beams; the first group was composed of twelve un-strengthened beam specimens and the second one includes a total of twelve strengthened beam specimens; all were experienced under pure torsion. Factors considered in the testing program included the effects of concrete compressive strength and the angel of a twist. The angle of twist at each level of force applications, torque at first crack, ultimate torque was to be in comparison with for control and strengthened beams. The outcomes of the tests indicated that all beams wrapped with CFRP fabrics resulted in improvement in tensional resistance as compared with the reference specimens.
Structural strengthening, restoring and adding capacity is an integral part of today’s concrete repair industry. Structural strengthening may be required for increasing load capacity of beams, columns, walls, and/or slabs, seismic retrofitting, supporting additional live or dead loads not included in original design, to relieve stresses generated by design or construction errors, or to restore original load capacity to damaged structural elements.
This document discusses strengthening concrete beams using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). It begins with an introduction to FRP, including its history and advantages over traditional materials. Methods of strengthening beams for flexure using externally bonded FRP are then described. Design considerations like failure modes, stress-strain relationships, and ensuring bond are discussed. Strengthening calculations and variables in FRP composite design are also covered at a high level.
Experimental Study of Behavior of RCC Beam by Replacing Steel Bars with Glass...AM Publications
This document presents the results of an experimental study that evaluated the behavior of reinforced concrete beams where steel reinforcement bars were replaced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. Seven cases of reinforced concrete beams were tested with varying levels of GFRP bar replacement. The results showed that beams with GFRP bars had higher flexural load capacities compared to the control beam with only steel reinforcement. Beams with solid GFRP bars performed better than those with hollow GFRP bars. Overall, using GFRP bars provided higher strength capacities and was found to be a viable and potentially cheaper alternative to steel reinforcement.
Strengthening of rc beams using prestressed fiber reinforced polymers – a reviewUniversity of Malaya
This document reviews research on strengthening reinforced concrete beams using prestressed fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs). It focuses on the near surface mounted (NSM) technique, in which carbon FRP rods are grouted into slits in concrete. Research shows that prestressing these rods up to 40% of their tensile capacity provides the maximum flexural strength increase for beams. NSM reinforcement protects the FRP from the environment and has various advantages over externally bonded and externally post-tensioned FRP techniques. The review addresses anchorage systems, failure modes, bond behavior, ductility effects, and finite element modeling of prestressed FRP strengthening of RC beams.
PERFORMANCE OF CARBON FIBER AS LATERAL TIES IN SHORT AXIALLY LOADED CONCRETE ...IAEME Publication
An experimental program to investigate the structural performance of CFRP as lateral tie in concrete column is conducted. The experimental program consist of twenty one number of column fabricated and tested experimentally under axial load. Specimens were divided into four groups and each group except group 1 consists of six columns. Group 1 consist of reference columns; three plain concrete and six specimen reinforced with steel reinforcement. Group 2 columns were reinforced with CFRP lateral tie and columns of group 3 were reinforced with CFRP lateral ties except end ties to solve fabrication issue. Size of all the columns was kept same, 600 mm in height and 150 in mm diameter. Results shows a significant increase in axial capacity of column tied with CFRP lateral ties. Column with end steel ties shows similar behaviour as CFRP tied column.
Shear Behavior of Steel I-Beams Strengthened With CFRP StripsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper studies the behavior of simply supported steel I-beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) strips on the web as shear reinforcement. The experimental program contains seven simply supported steel beams. One of them was considered as a control beam and the other specimens were strengthened with different schemes; varying the position of CFRP strips to the web, its number of layers and its angle of orientation. The results show that applying CFRP strips on the web of the steel I-beams was an effective strengthening method for increasing the load bearing capacity and decreasing the deformations. Using two layers of diagonal CFRP strips on both sides of the web realized the highest increasing in the load capacity. Moreover, finite element analysis method has been utilized to analyze the tested specimens using ANSYS. A great convergence between the experimental results and the corresponding ones obtained from finite element simulation.
This Report covers the technique of retrofitting of existing as well as worn out structures using FRP laminates. Thermal stresses are imposed into the samples to mimic fire in a building. It is then tested for strength, repaired using 250 gsm glass fiber reinforced polymer and then tested for strength again. It was observed that the lost strength of the samples subjected to thermal stresses was regained.
Fiber Reinforced Composites - An Overview.pptSANTHOSH M.S
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced composites (FRC). It begins with an introduction to FRCs, which are composite materials made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers, most commonly glass, carbon, or aramid fibers. The document then covers the classification of FRCs based on matrix type, fiber types, manufacturing processes like hand layup and filament winding, curing processes, potential defects, and mechanical properties testing including tensile, flexural, shear, fatigue, and impact properties. Finally, applications of FRCs are discussed such as use in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries.
MBrace is a composite strengthening system that uses carbon fiber sheets bonded to concrete structures with epoxy resin to improve their strength and durability. It has advantages over traditional strengthening techniques like steel plating in that it is lighter, easier to install, and does not change the structure's original alignment. The multi-step MBrace installation process involves surface preparation, application of epoxy primer and saturant, attaching pre-saturated carbon fiber sheets, and optional protective topcoating. MBrace increases structures' load-bearing capacity, ductility, blast resistance, and can be used to retrofit beams, columns, walls, and other elements.
Buku ini mengandungi koleksi naratif 11 pengarang dari suku Penan di Sarawak yang menggambarkan keterpinggiran dan tantangan yang dihadapi mereka akibat pembangunan. Buku ini menawarkan perspektif peribumi terhadap isu tanah, sumber daya alam, dan konsep pembangunan. Ia juga mengkritik pendekatan antropologi tradisional dan membangunkan metodologi baru dengan menjadikan suku Penan sebagai subjek penyelidikan
This document reviews 10 articles on carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthened reinforced concrete beams. The articles studied parameters like CFRP orientation, anchorage techniques, beam dimensions, and fiber direction. Tests showed that CFRP increased beam shear capacity and flexural strength when anchored properly to prevent premature debonding. Larger beams saw less improvement from CFRP sheets due to size effects. Orienting CFRP fibers at 45 degrees perpendicular to cracks optimized shear strengthening.
Strengthening Of Beams for flexure Using FRPReham fawzy
This document discusses fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites used for strengthening concrete structures. It covers various topics such as FRP materials and systems, causes of structural defects, strengthening techniques, and design considerations. Specifically, it describes the different types of fibers and matrices used in FRP, advantages of FRP over traditional materials, and applications of FRP like flexural, shear, and axial strengthening of beams, columns, slabs and walls. It also identifies potential structural defects in design, construction or over the service life of a structure that could require strengthening.
The document discusses using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) to strengthen concrete beams experiencing shear cracks. A concrete beam supporting a 200 MT load at each support was originally designed incorrectly as a slender beam rather than a deep beam. Analysis showed the beam was overstressed, exhibiting typical shear cracks. CFRP strengthening was proposed to reinforce the beam without requiring a plant shutdown during repairs. CFRP would be applied to increase the beam's shear capacity and allow it to support the required loads.
This document discusses various methods for shear strengthening of structural concrete members. It begins by explaining the need for structural strengthening due to factors like increased loads, damage over time, or design/construction errors. Several methods for shear strengthening are then described, including external steel reinforcement, section enlargement, internal steel/FRP reinforcement, post-tensioning, supplemental members, and near-surface mounted reinforcement. The document concludes that a variety of materials and strengthening techniques exist to increase shear capacity depending on the specific application.
This document reviews the current state of design practices for steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and mortar. It discusses the mechanical properties of SFRC, presents design methods, and lists typical applications. The document provides an overview of the key properties used in design like compression strength, flexural strength, toughness, durability, and recommends design approaches that modify internal forces to account for additional tension provided by fibers. It also discusses applications where SFRC has been used without traditional reinforcing bars to carry loads.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8b - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
This document contains a presentation by Dr. Pramin Norachan on fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) systems for strengthening concrete structures. The presentation covers flexural, shear, axial and confinement strengthening using FRP. It discusses various FRP materials, design considerations, and design equations. The key points covered include the materials and properties of FRP, how FRP is used to enhance load capacity, ductility and durability of structures, and design approaches for flexural, shear and confinement strengthening.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
In the last ten years or a little more, CFRP strips and fabrics have been successfully externally bonded to rehabilitate the concrete structures. Most of the previous research focused on the use of CFRP as an enhanced material to improve flexural, shear, ductility and ductility behaviour and confinement of concrete structural members, while limited attention was paid to the investigation of strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) members against torsion, particularly continuous concrete beams. This study aims to detect experimentally the CFRP strengthening technique for continuous RC beams exposed to pure torsion. The experimental program includes investigation of two groups of beams; the first group was composed of twelve un-strengthened beam specimens and the second one includes a total of twelve strengthened beam specimens; all were experienced under pure torsion. Factors considered in the testing program included the effects of concrete compressive strength and the angel of a twist. The angle of twist at each level of force applications, torque at first crack, ultimate torque was to be in comparison with for control and strengthened beams. The outcomes of the tests indicated that all beams wrapped with CFRP fabrics resulted in improvement in tensional resistance as compared with the reference specimens.
Structural strengthening, restoring and adding capacity is an integral part of today’s concrete repair industry. Structural strengthening may be required for increasing load capacity of beams, columns, walls, and/or slabs, seismic retrofitting, supporting additional live or dead loads not included in original design, to relieve stresses generated by design or construction errors, or to restore original load capacity to damaged structural elements.
This document discusses strengthening concrete beams using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). It begins with an introduction to FRP, including its history and advantages over traditional materials. Methods of strengthening beams for flexure using externally bonded FRP are then described. Design considerations like failure modes, stress-strain relationships, and ensuring bond are discussed. Strengthening calculations and variables in FRP composite design are also covered at a high level.
Experimental Study of Behavior of RCC Beam by Replacing Steel Bars with Glass...AM Publications
This document presents the results of an experimental study that evaluated the behavior of reinforced concrete beams where steel reinforcement bars were replaced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. Seven cases of reinforced concrete beams were tested with varying levels of GFRP bar replacement. The results showed that beams with GFRP bars had higher flexural load capacities compared to the control beam with only steel reinforcement. Beams with solid GFRP bars performed better than those with hollow GFRP bars. Overall, using GFRP bars provided higher strength capacities and was found to be a viable and potentially cheaper alternative to steel reinforcement.
Strengthening of rc beams using prestressed fiber reinforced polymers – a reviewUniversity of Malaya
This document reviews research on strengthening reinforced concrete beams using prestressed fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs). It focuses on the near surface mounted (NSM) technique, in which carbon FRP rods are grouted into slits in concrete. Research shows that prestressing these rods up to 40% of their tensile capacity provides the maximum flexural strength increase for beams. NSM reinforcement protects the FRP from the environment and has various advantages over externally bonded and externally post-tensioned FRP techniques. The review addresses anchorage systems, failure modes, bond behavior, ductility effects, and finite element modeling of prestressed FRP strengthening of RC beams.
PERFORMANCE OF CARBON FIBER AS LATERAL TIES IN SHORT AXIALLY LOADED CONCRETE ...IAEME Publication
An experimental program to investigate the structural performance of CFRP as lateral tie in concrete column is conducted. The experimental program consist of twenty one number of column fabricated and tested experimentally under axial load. Specimens were divided into four groups and each group except group 1 consists of six columns. Group 1 consist of reference columns; three plain concrete and six specimen reinforced with steel reinforcement. Group 2 columns were reinforced with CFRP lateral tie and columns of group 3 were reinforced with CFRP lateral ties except end ties to solve fabrication issue. Size of all the columns was kept same, 600 mm in height and 150 in mm diameter. Results shows a significant increase in axial capacity of column tied with CFRP lateral ties. Column with end steel ties shows similar behaviour as CFRP tied column.
Shear Behavior of Steel I-Beams Strengthened With CFRP StripsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper studies the behavior of simply supported steel I-beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) strips on the web as shear reinforcement. The experimental program contains seven simply supported steel beams. One of them was considered as a control beam and the other specimens were strengthened with different schemes; varying the position of CFRP strips to the web, its number of layers and its angle of orientation. The results show that applying CFRP strips on the web of the steel I-beams was an effective strengthening method for increasing the load bearing capacity and decreasing the deformations. Using two layers of diagonal CFRP strips on both sides of the web realized the highest increasing in the load capacity. Moreover, finite element analysis method has been utilized to analyze the tested specimens using ANSYS. A great convergence between the experimental results and the corresponding ones obtained from finite element simulation.
This Report covers the technique of retrofitting of existing as well as worn out structures using FRP laminates. Thermal stresses are imposed into the samples to mimic fire in a building. It is then tested for strength, repaired using 250 gsm glass fiber reinforced polymer and then tested for strength again. It was observed that the lost strength of the samples subjected to thermal stresses was regained.
Fiber Reinforced Composites - An Overview.pptSANTHOSH M.S
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced composites (FRC). It begins with an introduction to FRCs, which are composite materials made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers, most commonly glass, carbon, or aramid fibers. The document then covers the classification of FRCs based on matrix type, fiber types, manufacturing processes like hand layup and filament winding, curing processes, potential defects, and mechanical properties testing including tensile, flexural, shear, fatigue, and impact properties. Finally, applications of FRCs are discussed such as use in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries.
MBrace is a composite strengthening system that uses carbon fiber sheets bonded to concrete structures with epoxy resin to improve their strength and durability. It has advantages over traditional strengthening techniques like steel plating in that it is lighter, easier to install, and does not change the structure's original alignment. The multi-step MBrace installation process involves surface preparation, application of epoxy primer and saturant, attaching pre-saturated carbon fiber sheets, and optional protective topcoating. MBrace increases structures' load-bearing capacity, ductility, blast resistance, and can be used to retrofit beams, columns, walls, and other elements.
Buku ini mengandungi koleksi naratif 11 pengarang dari suku Penan di Sarawak yang menggambarkan keterpinggiran dan tantangan yang dihadapi mereka akibat pembangunan. Buku ini menawarkan perspektif peribumi terhadap isu tanah, sumber daya alam, dan konsep pembangunan. Ia juga mengkritik pendekatan antropologi tradisional dan membangunkan metodologi baru dengan menjadikan suku Penan sebagai subjek penyelidikan
Ivan Sofyan is a production and operations manager with 16 years of experience in the chemical industry. He possesses expertise in production management, project management, lean initiatives, budget control, and quality management. Some of his achievements include increasing on-time delivery from 73% to 97%, implementing ISO certifications, and leading a project that reduced wastewater by 80% and saved 10% of site costs.
This document introduces the Business Model Canvas, which is a strategic management template for developing new or documenting existing business models. It is comprised of nine blocks that describe key components of a business model: Customer Segments, Value Propositions, Channels, Customer Relationships, Revenue Streams, Key Resources, Key Activities, Key Partnerships, and Cost Structure. The document provides brief descriptions of each block and encourages the reader to use the Business Model Canvas template to create and write key words on sheets representing each block to develop their business model.
Researchers at the University of Brighton published a study in the Sociology of Sport Journal investigating the presence of racial microaggressions in English first-class cricket. The study found that British Asian players experienced racism but tended to downplay the effects of prejudiced forms that took the shape of "banter" or "jokes" between teammates. The analysis showed that color-blind ideology is deeply entrenched in Western sport, compelling minority players to endorse claims that racism is overstated. As a result, players often denied or downplayed verbal discrimination between teammates dismissed as harmless.
This document provides an overview of Nestle, including:
1. Nestle was founded in 1866 in Switzerland and has since grown to employ 280,000 people worldwide with operations in almost every country.
2. It outlines Nestle's history and timeline of expansion from 1866 to the present, including acquisitions of major brands and companies.
3. Nestle began operations in Bangladesh in 1994 and directly employs over 650 people there with factories producing instant noodles, cereals, and repacking other products.
Sppu fe 2015 pattern syllabus. this pdf includes the syllabus of subjects chemistry, physics, graphics, basic civil, mechanics, engineering mechanics, mathematics 1 and mathematics 2, fpl, electronics, electrical,
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In a single sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design presentations.
This document discusses the current state and future of community-based service and education programs. It notes that currently such programs are unequally managed by elites and rely on government assistance for sustainability. While there is a need for these programs, studies have not clearly linked them to decreased poverty. Going forward, it suggests community-based programs should be tailored to specific community needs and involve people of all ages. The World Bank plans to invest over $7 billion in such programs in the next three years to improve organization, management, and focus on special populations and regional needs.
This document summarizes a research study on motivations for and obstacles to religious financial giving. The study examined individuals from a conservative Evangelical Protestant church and a Mainline Protestant church. It found that many individuals from both churches learned to give from their parents. Normative giving was more common among high givers in the Evangelical church, while need giving was mentioned more by high givers in the Mainline church. In terms of obstacles, most low givers reported giving what they could afford. Some individuals underestimated what percentage of their income they gave. More individuals in the Evangelical church reported feelings of guilt than in the Mainline church.
Shoaib Siddiqui has over 12 years of experience in conventional and Islamic banking as a relationship manager. He has a proven track record of meeting sales targets and expanding client bases. Siddiqui has worked at several banks in Pakistan, including Dubai Islamic Bank, Al Baraka Bank, Emirates Global Islamic Bank, Meezan Bank, and ABN Amro Bank, where he consistently exceeded sales goals. He has strong communication, analytical, and customer service skills.
LT.B Week 3 Goodwill International and Services Ana Villar
Goodwill is a nonprofit organization that aims to help people overcome barriers to employment. It does this through various training programs and services focused on skills development, like English classes and resume building. Goodwill serves many populations in need, such as youth, those with disabilities or criminal backgrounds, seniors, immigrants and veterans. By taking donations and funding these programs, Goodwill works to improve lives and communities.
This document summarizes a research study on motivations for and obstacles to religious financial giving. The study examined individuals from a conservative Evangelical Protestant church and a Mainline Protestant church. It found that many individuals from both churches learned to give from their parents. Normative giving was more common among high givers in the Evangelical church, while need giving was mentioned more by high givers in the Mainline church. In terms of obstacles, most low givers reported giving what they could afford. Some overestimated their giving levels. More individuals in the Evangelical church reported feelings of guilt over their giving amounts than those in the Mainline church.
This document is a book review that summarizes and evaluates the book "Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java" by Ann R. Kinney. The review provides a high-level summary of the book, which chronologically examines Hindu and Buddhist temple architecture and sculptures from the East Javanese kingdoms between the 10th and 16th centuries. While praising Kinney's work as an introductory survey, the review encourages future researchers to conduct deeper analyses of the localized meanings and spiritual functions represented in the temples' artistic programs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EFFECT OF CARBON LAMINATION ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE STRUCTURESIAEME Publication
This work consists of preparation and testing of different structural model like cubes, Beams and Columns. They are tested for Compression test, Flexural test and Split tensile Test. The comparison between Laminated and un-laminated Structural Models was made in order to know how much strength gain after testing of these structural models, so by which the rehabilitation of any structure can be done without demolishing it with less weight to strength ratio.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Strengthening of RCC Beam using Waste PVC Fle...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental study that tested reinforced concrete (RCC) beams strengthened with different materials to increase their flexural strength. 12 RCC beams were prepared and tested under flexure. Some beams were wrapped with waste PVC flex banners, some were wrapped with chicken mesh and flex banners, and some were wrapped with weld mesh and flex banners. The materials were bonded to the beams using different adhesives. It was found that beams wrapped with just flex banners saw a 6% increase in load capacity. Beams with chicken mesh and flex banners saw a 21% increase. Beams with weld mesh and flex banners saw the greatest increase of 147%. The study showed that commonly available waste materials can significantly
Fiber Re-inforced composites introductionHareesh K
This document provides an introduction to fiber-reinforced composites. It discusses the history of composites beginning in the 1940s when they were used to create lightweight materials for military vehicles. It defines composites as materials made from two or more constituent materials that produce properties different from the individual components. The document outlines the characteristics of fiber-reinforced composites and provides examples of their applications in aircraft, space vehicles, automobiles, sporting goods, marine vessels, and infrastructure. It also discusses the material selection process for composites.
This document summarizes a study that investigated using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips to strengthen timber beams. Five deodar wood beams were tested: one unreinforced control beam and four beams strengthened with CFRP strips of varying widths applied to the bottom surface in tension. The CFRP strengthening significantly improved the beams' load-carrying capacity, with increases in maximum flexural strength ranging from 18% to 71%. Testing showed that combining CFRP reinforcement for both flexure and shear led to the greatest improvements in beam strength and represented an effective technique for reinforcing or rehabilitating existing timber structures.
This document provides a literature review on rehabilitation methods for beam-column joints using nano-composite ferrocement jacketing with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). It discusses various retrofitting techniques studied in previous research, including ferrocement jacketing, FRP bonding, and use of nano-materials in cement composites. The literature review examines how these techniques improve properties like strength, ductility, and durability when used to strengthen beam-column joints. It also summarizes several studies that investigated the effects of ferrocement jacketing, CFRP wraps, and nano-silica additions on reinforced concrete elements. The document concludes that while integrated use of nano-composite cementitious jacketing and CFRP shows potential
This document presents an analytical model to simulate a single story brick masonry in-filled frame strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) to resist lateral loads. The model is based on experimental testing of half-scale in-filled frame specimens with different CFRP strengthening techniques. The analytical model represents the in-filled frame as diagonal struts acting in compression. Based on this model, the document derives two formulas to determine the required amount of CFRP to resist lateral loads - an accurate solution and a simplified empirical design equation. Both formulas showed good agreement with results from the experimental testing.
Analytical Model and Design Guidelines for Using FRP System in Strengthening In-filled Frames
The document presents an analytical model for simulating a single story brick masonry in-filled frame strengthened with carbon–fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets or strips. The model represents the masonry wall as a diagonal compression strut and the CFRP as a diagonal tension tie. Two equations are derived from the model: one calculates the required CFRP force and a simplified equation for preliminary design. Both equations showed good agreement with experimental test results on CFRP-strengthened in-filled frames.
Behaviour of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite in Flexure Shear Streng...ijtsrd
The corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete reduces the life of structures, causes high repair costs and can endanger the structural integrity of the structure itself. Glass fibre reinforced polymer GFRP offers a number of advantages over steel especially when used in marine and other salt laden environments. GFRP reinforcing bars are gradually finding wider acceptance as a replacement for conventional steel reinforcement as it offers a number of advantages. Technical studies on a number of concrete structures, from five to eight years old and constructed with GFRP reinforcement, have shown that there is no degradation of the GFRP from the alkaline environment. Concrete is very strong in compression but it is extremely weak in tension. To resist the tensile stress, steel reinforcement is provided in concrete. Reinforcement corrosion and structural deterioration in reinforced concrete structures are common, and prompted many researchers to seek alternative materials and rehabilitation techniques. One such material that has been offered as an alternative to mild steel reinforcement is Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer GFRP bars and flats. For the repair and strengthening of structural concrete members, strengthening with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer GFRP plates is an excellent option. The present work is to study the behavior of Shear resistance of the silica coated GFRP stirrups in the shear test zone. A series of studies were conducted using silica coated GFRP stirrups in shear zone. It is observed that beams with silica coated GFRP flats shear reinforcement have shown failure at higher loads than the theoretical failure loads. Further it is observed that GFRP flats as shear reinforcement exhibit fairly good ductility. Er. Satish Kumar | Mr. Ajit Singh "Behaviour of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite in Flexure Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30440.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30440/behaviour-of-glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer-composite-in-flexure-shear-strength-of-reinforced-concrete-beams/er-satish-kumar
The document discusses flexural strengthening of timber beams using carbon fiber reinforced polymer plates. It summarizes previous research that showed strengthening timber with FRP can significantly increase the load capacity and stiffness of beams. The document then describes an experimental study conducted to investigate the effects of carbon FRP strengthening on the flexural behavior of timber beams. Ten beams made of Cedrus Deodara and Pinus Wallichiana timber were tested, with varying levels of carbon FRP plate reinforcement. The results showed the strength and stiffness of timber beams increased substantially with CFRP strengthening.
IRJET- Flexural Strengthening of Steel Beams using CFRP SheetsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated strengthening steel beams using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Five steel beams were tested with different CFRP sheet configurations applied. When CFRP sheets were applied to the lower and upper portions of the bottom flange as well as the bottom portion of the web (Beam SB4), there was a 10% increase in yield load and 8.54% increase in ultimate load compared to the unstrengthened beam. The study found that CFRP sheets can effectively increase the flexural capacity of steel beams when applied in appropriate configurations.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON RETEROFITTING OF RCC BEAM AND COLUMN JOINT BY USING FERR...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on retrofitting reinforced concrete beam-column joints using ferrocement, glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). It presents the methodology, results, and conclusions of finite element modeling conducted using ANSYS. The modeling analyzed exterior beam-column joints under different retrofitting conditions: without retrofitting, with ferrocement, with GFRP, and with CFRP. The results showed that retrofitted joints had 30% higher load carrying capacity and improved load-deformation behavior compared to unretrofitted joints. Specifically, CFRP retrofitting shifted the failure from the column to the beam, preventing progressive collapse. In conclusion, fiber-reinforced polymer
IRJET- Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams using Fiber Reinforced Poly...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on strengthening reinforced concrete beams with fiber reinforced polymer composites. It reviews 11 previous studies that investigated using glass or carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets to strengthen beams against flexural or shear failure. The document then describes an experimental study involving two sets of beams: one set weakened in flexure and strengthened with glass fiber sheets, and one set weakened in shear and strengthened with glass fiber sheets. The effects of fiber orientation and layering were examined. Beams strengthened in flexure had increased load capacity but were prone to shear-flexure failure. Beams strengthened in shear exhibited flexure failure with more warning. Bonding of fibers was intact until beam failure. Analytical models underpredicted load capacity compared to experiments
The document summarizes an experimental study on using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets to rehabilitate and strengthen reinforced concrete beams. Twelve beams were fabricated and strengthened with different CFRP configurations. Beams were loaded to different magnitudes prior to strengthening to study the effect of initial loading. Beams were then retrofitted with one or two CFRP layers and reloaded until failure. Results showed shear strength increased significantly with CFRP sheets. Orienting the sheets at 45 degrees was most effective. The literature review discussed previous research on using CFRP to strengthen beams in flexure and shear. Parameters like CFRP amount and configuration affected failure modes and structural performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Strengthening of Steel Fiber Reinforced Beams using GFRPIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated strengthening steel fiber reinforced concrete beams with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Five beams were cast - one control beam and four beams wrapped with GFRP at different orientations. All beams were tested under two-point loading. The results showed that wrapping GFRP at the sides and bottom of the beam increased its initial cracking load and ultimate load capacity compared to the control beam. Wrapping GFRP at the sides only provided a 10% increase in load capacity over the control beam. In general, GFRP wrapping improved the load carrying capacity of the steel fiber reinforced concrete beams.
Study Of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams With Fibre Reinforced ...IRJET Journal
1) The document studies the use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates to strengthen steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams.
2) Previous research has found that FRP sheets can increase the fatigue life and load capacity of reinforced concrete beams.
3) This study aims to examine how FRP laminates impact the flexural capacity, deformation characteristics, and ductility of steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams under loading. Tests will be conducted on concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms to determine material properties.
IRJET- Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Fiber Reinforced Polymer ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a general review of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bridge deck structures. It discusses that FRP bridge decks perform better than conventional structures as they are lightweight, durable, strong, stiff, and resistant to corrosion. The document reviews the use of FRP in bridge construction in India and China. It examines the materials, design considerations, and applications of FRP bridge decks. Several studies on the behavior and performance of FRP bridge decks under different loads and conditions are also summarized. The document concludes that FRP materials show promising potential for use in bridge construction due to their technical advantages over conventional materials.
The document summarizes research on strengthening timber beams with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates to improve ductility. Ten timber beams of two species were tested: two unstrengthened control beams and eight beams strengthened with CFRP plates of varying widths. Testing showed that CFRP strengthening significantly increased the strength and ductility of timber beams. The highest increases in strength were 114% and 140% for deodar and kail wood species, respectively. Ductility index also improved dramatically, with maximum values of 6.81 for deodar and 4.33 for kail. The optimum CFRP area for maximum ductility was found to be 0.59% of the total cross-sectional area
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3. ACI Structural Journal/September-October 1999866
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The experimental work consisted of testing 14 simply sup-
ported beams. All beams had the same dimensions and flexural
and shear reinforcements. The beams had a rectangular cross
section with a 152-mm (6-in.) width, 292-mm (11.5-in.) height,
and a clear span of 2743 mm (9 ft). Two 16-mm (No. 5) steel
bars were used for flexural reinforcement at the bottom and top
of each beam. Steel stirrups of 8 mm (No. 3) were spaced every
152 mm (6 in.) for shear reinforcement. First, each beam was
cracked by applying a midspan load of 44.8 kN (10 kips). After
cracking, each beam was strengthened with a FRP material. The
beams were then tested with a concentrated load applied at mid-
span until complete failure took place. Five FRP strengthening
systems were used in this research project. These systems con-
sisted of two types of CFRP sheets (Systems I and II), two types
of GFRP sheets (Systems III and IV), and CFRP plates (System
V). Four types of epoxies, identified as Types 1-4, were used in
these systems. Table 1 shows the combinations of strengthening
materials and epoxies for the available strengthening systems.
The available mechanical properties of the strengthening mate-
rials and epoxies are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
ACI member N. F. Grace is a professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at
Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, Mich. His reserarch interests include
the application of advanced concrete materials in reinforced and prestressed concrete
structures.
G. A. Sayed is a professor emeritus in civil and environmental engineering at the Uni-
versity of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
A. K. Soliman is a professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Suez Canal
University, Port-Said, Egypt.
K. R. Saleh is a PhD candidate in the Department of Civil Engineering at Lawrence
Table 1—Fiber reinforced polymer strengthening
systems
Strengthening
system
I II III IV V
Type of
strengthening
material
CFRP*
CFRP*
GFRP*
GFRP*
CFRP†
Epoxy type 1 2 2 3 4
*
Sheets.
†
Plates.
Table 2—Properties of strengthening laminates
Strengthening
system
I II III IV V
Type of
fibers
CFRP CFRP GFRP GFRP CFRP
Fibers
orientation
Unidirec-
tional
Unidirec-
tional
Unidirec-
tional
Bidirectional Unidirec-
tionalx-direction y-direction
Tensile strength, MPa
(ksi)
2937
(426)
758
(110)
413
(60)
482
(70)
310
(45)
2399
(348)
Modulus of
elasticity, GPa
(× 103
ksi)
230
(33.4)
62
(9.0)
21
(3.0)
14
(2.1)
11
(1.6)
149
(21.7)
Failure strain, percent 1.2 1.2 2.0 3.0 1.4
Thickness, mm
(× 10-1
), in.
5 (0.02) 13 (0.05) 10 (0.04) 13 (0.05) 13 (0.05)
Fig. 1—Arrangements of strengthening of tested beams.
5. ACI StructuralJournal/September-October 1999 868
In addition, a control beam (CONT) was tested to determine its
behavior, ductility, and load-carrying capacity. The tested beams
were divided into five groups (in addition to the control beam).
Table 4 explains the nomenclature of the tested beams and the
groups, while Fig. 1 shows the patterns of the strengthening ma-
terials. The reinforcement ratios of the tested beams, including the
strengthening materials, are also shown in Table 4.
Beams CF-I and CFS-I [Fig. 1(a)] were strengthened with
strengthening System I using epoxy Type 1. Beam CF-I was
strengthened for flexural only; CFRP sheets oriented in the hor-
izontal direction were applied to the bottom of the beam and ex-
tended along the sides to 1/3 of the total depth of the beam.
Beam CFS-I was strengthened for both flexural and shear.
CFRP sheets with fibers oriented in the horizontal direction
were applied in a fashion similar to that of the first beam. CFRP
sheets with fibers oriented in the vertical direction were applied
at the ends of the beam, forming a U-shape around the beam
cross section. The vertical sheets occupied 0.225 of the span
length at each end. They were attached to the horizontal sheets.
Beams CFS-II, UG1-III, and UG2-III are shown in Fig. 1(b).
Beam CFS-II was strengthened with strengthening System II
that consisted of CFRP sheets and Epoxy 2. A U-shaped layer
with the fibers oriented in the longitudinal direction covered the
bottom and both sides of the beam for the entire span. In addi-
tion, a U-shaped layer, with the fibers aligned in the vertical di-
rection, was attached to the first layer and covered 0.15 of the
span at each support. Beam UG1-III was strengthened with
strengthening System III in a pattern similar to that of Beam
CFS-II, except that every CFRP layer was replaced with two
GFRP layers. Beam UG2-III was strengthened with strengthen-
ing System III in a manner similar to that of beam UG1-III, except
that each vertical layers was extended to cover half of the span. It
should be noticed that epoxy Type 2 was used in both of Sys-
tems II and III.
Beams BG1-IV, BG2-IV, and BG3-IV are shown in Fig. 1(c).
These beams were strengthened with strengthening System IV
that consisted of bidirectional (45/-45 deg) GFRP sheets and ep-
oxy Type 3. One, two, and three layers were epoxied to Beams
BG1-IV, BG2-IV, and BG3-IV, respectively. The GFRP
strengthening sheets were applied to the bottom and sides of the
beams for the entire span length. Each layer was applied inde-
pendently, with additional layers applied after the previous lay-
er had cured.
Beams BG2-IV-E4 and BG2-IV-E1 are shown in Fig. 1(d).
These two beams were strengthened with combination of two
layers of bidirectional (45/-45 deg) GFRP sheets of System IV
but using epoxy Types 4 and 1, respectively. Their strengthen-
ing patterns were similar to Beam BG2-IV.
Beams CP1-V, CP2-V, and CP3-V are shown in Fig. 1(e).
These beams were strengthened with strengthening System V,
which consisted of CFRP plates and epoxy Type 4. Two plates
80-mm (3.1-in.) wide were placed side by side to the bottom of
Beam CP1-V along its full clear span. Beam CP2-V was
strengthened in the same manner as Beam CP1-V, with addi-
tional plates placed on both sides for 1/4 of the depth of the cross
section. One 80-mm-(3.1-in.)-wide plate was placed on each
side for the length of the beam. Beam CP3-V was strengthened
in the same manner as Beam CP2-V, except that one additional
50-mm-(2.0-in.)-wide plate was attached to each side above the
80-mm (3.1-in.) plate. The fibers of all plates were oriented in
the longitudinal direction of the beams.
Concrete with a compressive strength of 48.26 MPa (7000
psi) and typical slump of 200 mm (8 in.) was provided by a local
supplier. High-strength steel [650 MPa (94 ksi) tensile strength]
was used for reinforcement. Each beam was instrumented with
strain gages, dial gages, potentiometers, and one load cell.
Table 4—Details of tested beams
Group Beam
Strengthening
system
Epoxy
type ρ*
× 10-2
Remarks
1
CF-I
I 1
1.32 Strengthening for flexural only
CFS-I 1.32 Strengthening for flexural and shear
2
CFS-II II
2
1.76
One Hl† layer and 2 Vl‡ layers
of 0.15L§
length
UG1-III
III
2.42
Two Hl layers and 2 Vl layers
of 0.15L§
length
UG2-III 2.42
Two Hl layers and 2 Vl layers
of 0.5L§
length
3
BG1-IV
IV 3
1.51 One layer
BG2-IV 1.92 Two layers
BG3-IV 2.35 Three layers
4
BG2-IV-E4
Combination||
4 1.52 GFRP sheets of System IV with epoxy Type 4
BG2-IV-E1 1 1.52 GFRP sheets of System IV with epoxy Type 1
5
CP1-V
V 4
1.65 Strengthening bottom only
CP2-V 2.19 Strengthening bottom and 1/4 sides
CP3-V 2.56 Strengthening bottom and 1/2 sides
*Equivalent reinforcement ratio at midsection (contribution of strengthening material above neutral axis ignored).
†
Longitudinal fibers along span.
‡
Vertical U-shape fibers.
§
Clear span.
||
Combination of GFRP sheets of System IV with epoxies Type 4 or 1.
Notes: I-V = strengthening system; C = CFRP; G = GFRP; F = flexural strengthening; S = shear strengthening; B = bidirec-
tional; U = unidirectional; P = plates; and E = epoxy.
Table 3—Properties of epoxy
Epoxy type 1 2 3 4
Tensile strength, MPa
(psi)
29.8
(4251)
66.5
(9500)
95.0
(13,800)
24.8
(3571)
Modulus of elasticity,
GPa (ksi)
—
2.7
(400)
3.7
(540)
4.5
(650)
Elongation at break,
percent
— 5.0 4.6 1.0
Shear strength,
MPa, (psi)
9.8
(1391)
— —
24.8
(3571)
Flexural strength,
MPa (psi)
39.2
(5700)
79.0
(11,500)
152
(22,000)
46.8
(6771)
6. 869 ACI Structural Journal/September-October 1999
RESULTS
Deflections
Table 5 shows the midspan deflections of all the beams at their
failure loads. The largest deflection was experienced by Beam
BG2-IV-E4. This beam had a maximum deflection of 139 mm
(5.5 in.), twice that of the control beam’s 63 mm (2.51 in.). Con-
versely, Beams BG1-IV and CFS-I experienced the lowest de-
flections of 72 and 74 mm (2.85 and 2.91 in.) at ultimate load,
respectively. All the strengthened beams experienced deflec-
tions larger than those of the control beam at their failure loads.
In addition, all the strengthened beams had failure loads higher
than that of the control beam. For comparison, the deflections of
the beams at the yield load of the control beam of 66.7 kN (15
kips) are also shown in Table 5. The table shows that using FRP
strengthening materials significantly reduces deflections when
compared at yield load. This decrease in deflection was depen-
dent on the type of strengthening material, the epoxy used, and
the strengthening pattern. The smallest deflections of 14 mm
(0.54 in.) were only 55 percent of that of the control beam and
were experienced by Beams UG2-III and CP3-V. However, the
amount of strengthening material and the required preparation
time for strengthening Beam UG2-III were almost twice that re-
quired for Beam CP3-V.
In Fig. 2, the load-deflection relationships of the control Beam
CONT and the two strengthened Beams CF-I and CFS-I are com-
pared. At a load of 66.7 kN (15 kips), flexural strengthening of
Beam CF-I decreased its deflection by 24 percent, while a com-
bination of both flexural and shear strengthening in beam CFS-
I decreased its deflection by 48 percent. These large reductions
in deflection are noticeable at a high load level (above 70 per-
cent of the load carrying capacity of the beams). This indicates
that while strengthening the maximum shear areas does not sig-
nificantly decrease deflections at service loads, it does reduce
deflections by 1/2 at higher load levels. This was expected since
the presence of the vertical CFRP sheets at both ends of the
beam eliminated the development of diagonal tension cracks.
Fig. 3 shows the load-deflection relationships for Beams CFS-
II, UG1-III, and UG2-III, as well as the control beam. As shown,
the behavior of the three strengthened beams was identical up to
a load of 72 kN (16 kips). Afterwards, the deflection of Beam
UG1-III was larger than that of Beam UG2-III because of the ef-
fect of the extended vertical layers that limited the cracking of
concrete. The deflection of Beam UG1-III was larger than that of
Beam CFS-II, because the modulus of elasticity of the CFRP
sheets is three times that of the GFRP sheets (Table 2).
Fig. 4 shows the load-deflection relationships of the control
beam and the Beams BG1-IV, BG2-IV, and BG3-IV. As shown
in Fig. 4 and Table 5, Beams BG1-IV, BG2-IV, and BG3-IV ex-
perienced deflections of 72, 96, and 104 mm (2.85, 3.80, and
4.10 in.), respectively. Beam BG1-IV had the lowest deflection
of the tested beams. However, at a load of 66.7 kN (15 kips), its
deflection was second highest. This can be explained by the low
failure load of this beam (only a 6 percent increase over the con-
trol beam). The behavior of Beams BG2-IV and BG3-IV was
similar, with the exception of their residual deflection. While
Beam BG2-IV experienced 38-mm (1.5-in.) residual deflection,
Beam BG3-IV experienced only 25-mm (1.-in). Aside from the
effect on residual deflection, no significant effect of the number
of layers on deflection was noticed. At the start of delamination
Table 5—Comparison between failure loads and deflections
Group Beam
Failure load Deflection at 15 kips Maximum deflection
kN (kips)
Ratio to
CONT mm (in.)
Ratio to
CONT mm (in.)
Ratio to
CONT
1
CF-I 104.5 (23.5) 1.38 19 (0.74) 0.75 82 (3.24) 1.29
CFS-I 110.3 (24.8) 1.46 13 (0.51) 0.76 74 (2.91) 1.15
2
CFS-II 108.9 (24.5) 1.44 13 (0.81) 0.83 91 (3.59) 1.43
UG1-III 164.5 (37.0) 2.18 17 (0.67) 0.68 119 (4.68) 1.86
UG2-III 177.9 (40.0) 2.35 14 (0.55) 0.56 82 (3.24) 1.29
3
BG1-IV 80.0 (18.0) 1.06 23 (0.90) 0.91 72 (2.85) 1.13
BG2-IV 94.7 (21.3) 1.26 22 (0.86) 0.87 96 (3.80) 1.51
BG3-IV 92.5 (20.8) 1.22 19 (0.76) 0.78 104 (4.10) 1.63
4
BG2-IV-E4 142.2 (32.0) 1.88 22 (0.87) 0.88 139 (5.50) 2.19
BG2-IV-E1 129.0 (29.0) 1.70 24 (0.94) 0.96 114 (4.50) 1.79
5
CP1-V 110.3 (24.8) 1.46 22 (0.87) 0.88 81 (3.20) 1.27
CP2-V 120.1 (27.0) 1.59 19 (0.76) 0.77 93 (3.67) 1.46
CP3-V 131.2 (29.5) 1.73 14 (0.55) 0.56 109 (4.31) 1.71
CONT 75.2 (16.9) 25 (0.98) 64 (2.51)
Fig. 2—Response of Group 1 strengthened beams.
7. ACI StructuralJournal/September-October 1999 870
in Beams BG2-IV and BG3-IV, their deflections surged such
that the load–deflection curve was flat until the beams were un-
loaded. Reloading the beams again yielded even higher deflec-
tions until complete delamination took place.
Fig. 5 shows the load-deflection relationships of Beams BG2-
IV-E4 and BG2-IV-E1 compared to those of BG2-IV. Using
GFRP bidirectional sheets is the common factor between these
three beams. Before a load of 72 kN (16 kips), the behaviors of
Beams BG2-IV-E1 and BG2-IV-E4 were identical. After a load
of 72 kN (16 kips), Beam BG2-IV-E4 experienced a larger de-
flection than BG2-IV-E1. To determine if the cause of this large
difference in deflection was the epoxy or some other element in
the testing procedure, the beam was unloaded and reloaded. The
same deflection values were recorded since the only difference
between BG2-IV-E4 and BG2-IV-E1 was in the use of epoxy
type. These results show that the type of epoxy can significantly
influence beam deflection. Table 3 shows that both the flexural
and the tensile strength of Type I epoxy were higher than those of
Type IV. Therefore, using a strong epoxy can reduce the deflec-
tion of a strengthened beam at high load. In addition, it shows that
if the delamination problem is eliminated, which was experi-
enced by Beams BG2-IV, the ultimate load capacity of the Beams
BG2-IV-E4 and BG2-IV-E1 is significantly improved.
Fig. 6 shows the load-deflection relationships for Beams
CP1-V, CP2-V, and CP3-V, as well as the control beam. Deflec-
tions at a load of 66.7 kN (15 kips) were 22, 19, 14, and 25 mm
(0.87, 0.76, 0.57, and 0.98 in.), respectively. Differences in de-
flections among the three strengthened beams started just
above the cracking load, where the CFRP plates are effective
in increasing the stiffness of the beams. The high modulus of
elasticity of the CFRP plates increased the reinforcing ratio of
the beam. In addition, it can be seen that the beam strength-
ened with CFRP plates on the bottom and on half of its sides
(Beam CP3-V) experienced the lowest deflection at the ulti-
mate load, and its ultimate load carrying capacity increased sig-
nificantly.
FAILURE LOADS
Table 5 summarizes the maximum loads experienced by the
tested beams. Beam UG2-III exhibited the maximum load car-
rying capacity, which is about 2.35 times that of the control
beam. By comparing the load-deflection relationships for
Beams CF-I and CFS-I, it is obvious that strengthening the
beams with vertical U-shape layers at the ends improved the
beams’ load-carrying capacity (Fig. 2).
Fig. 3—Response of Group 2 strengthened beams.
Fig. 4—Response of Group 3 strengthened beams.
Fig. 5—Response of Group 4 strengthened beams.
8. 871 ACI Structural Journal/September-October 1999
Comparing the results of Beams UG2-III and CONT shows
that the load-carrying capacity can be easily doubled if a beam
is strengthened with both vertical and horizontal layers covering
the entire span. Furthermore, comparing results of beams CFS-
II and CFS-I indicates that both beams experienced the same
load carrying capacity, suggesting that the CFRP sheets of
strengthening Systems I and II may lead to the same results in
beams strengthening (Table 5). However, as expected, the load
carrying capacity of Beam UG2-III was higher than that
of Beam UG1-III (Fig. 3).
Fig. 4 shows the load-maximum deflection relationships for
Beams BG1-IV, BG2-IV, and BG3-IV, as well as the control
beam. The beams failed at 80.0, 94.7, 92.5, and 75.2 kN (18.0,
21.3, 20.8, and 16.9 kips), respectively. Using one layer of
GFRP increased the failure load from 75.2 kN (16.9 kips) in
Beam CONT to 80.0 kN (18.0 kips) in Beam BG1-IV—only a
6 percent increase. Bonding another layer of GFRP onto Beam
BG2-IV increased the failure load to 94.7 kN (21.3 kips), a
25.5 percent increase over the control beam and a 18.3 percent
increase overBeam BG1-IV. However, adding a third layer of
GFRP over the first two layers did not increase the failure
load, as shown by the behavior of Beam BG3-IV. Failure of
Beam BG1-IV occurred due to the rupture of GFRP sheets,
followed by crushing of concrete. Using two layers of GFRP
sheets in Beam BG2-IV cut the stresses in GFRP sheets in half
and resulted in delamination between the two GFRP sheets
and the concrete. Bonding a third layer of GFRP did not
change the failure load as the overall load carrying capacity
was governed mainly by the epoxy bond strength. In the same
way, Beam BG3-IV also experienced a delamination failure
similar to that of Beam BG2-IV. Therefore, to exploit the full
strength of strengthening sheets, a minimum value of epoxy
strength is needed. If the strength of the epoxy is less than this
value, the overall load carrying capacity of the beam will be
governed by delamination failure rather than sheets rupture.
Therefore, the strength of epoxy, as well as the strength of the
FRP sheets, are important in maximizing the strength of the
beams. Comparing results of Beams CFS-I and BG1-IV shows
that Beam CFS-I exhibited higher load carrying capacity, as
shown in Table 5. This was expected due to the higher strength
and modulus of elasticity of the CFRP sheets used in Beam
CFS-I.
As shown in Fig. 5 and Table 5, the failure loads of Beams
BG2-IV-E1, BG2-IV-E4, and BG2-IV were 129.0, 142.3, and
94.7 kN (29.0, 32.0, and 21.3 kips), respectively. Comparing
results of Beams BG2-IV, BG2-IV-E4, and BG2-IV-E1 indi-
cates that ultimate load-carrying capacity can be significantly
improved by using the GFRP sheets of strengthening System
IV with the proper epoxy, as given in Table 5. Comparing re-
sults of Beams CP1-V, CP2-V, and CP3-V shows that the ad-
dition of plates on both sides of the beam significantly
increased the load carrying capacity of the beam (Table 5 and
Fig. 6).
Strains
Fig. 7 shows the load-strain relationships for Beams CP1-V,
CP2-V, and CP3-V, as well as that of the control beam. The re-
sults suggest that the presence of CFRP plates changed the dis-
tribution of compressive strain in concrete. In the
unstrengthened beam, the stress in steel bars increases until the
steel reaches its yield point. Thereafter, a large portion of any
extra stress is absorbed by large deformations in the steel, which
lowers the increase of concrete compressive strain. In strength-
ened beams, tensile stresses are shared between the steel bars
and the strengthening plates, so the stresses carried by the steel
bars will be less and may not reach the yield strength of steel.
Therefore, concrete strains in the strengthened beams are higher
than those in the control beam at the same load.
Fig. 6—Response of Group 5 strengthened beams. Fig. 7—Strain response of Group 5 beams during first cycle of
9. ACI StructuralJournal/September-October 1999 872
Fig. 8—Failed sections of beams: (a) CF-I; (b) CFS-I; (c) CFS-II; (d) UG1-III; (e) UG2-III; (f) BG1-IV; and (g) BG2-IV.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Failure modes and cracking patterns
Fig. 8 (a) through (m) show the failure modes of all the tested
beams. Examination of these figures suggests that all beams ex-
perienced flexural failure, and all beams except Beam UG2-III
failed in tension.
Fig. 8(a) and (b) show the failed sections of Beams CF-I and
CFS-I, respectively. The presence of the vertical layers of CFRP
sheets at the ends of Beam CFS-I limited the propagation of
cracks to the unstrengthened area of the beam. Therefore, all the
diagonal cracks ended at the intersection of the horizontal and
the vertical sheets. Removing the strengthening sheets after fail-
ure and inspecting the beams revealed that diagonal cracks did not
extend beneath the vertical sheets. However, the diagonal cracks
were well-distributed along the span of Beam CF-I and extended
10. 873 ACI Structural Journal/September-October 1999
beneath the horizontal sheets. Thereupon, the use of vertical
sheets is essential so that the growth of diagonal cracks will be
limited.
Fig. 8(c), (d), and (e) show the failed section of Beams CFS-II,
UG1-III, and UG2-III, respectively. Beams UG1-III and UG2-
III had the same reinforcing ratio at their midsections; however,
their flexural modes of failure were quite different. Beam UG2-
III failed in a compressive mode by crushing of concrete, while
Beam UG1-III failed in a tensile mode by rupture in the GFRP
sheets. Calculations show that the midsection of Beam UG2-III
was under-reinforced (less than the balanced ratio). Evidently,
the fact that the concrete was strengthened by the two vertical lay-
ers affected the mode of failure. Rupture lines experienced in the
GFRP sheets on both sides of Beam UG1-III, but were present
only in the span between the two vertical layers. By eliminating
the span in between the two vertical layers, as in Beam UG2-III,
these rupture lines were eliminated. The failure of Beam CFS-II
was very similar to the failure of Beam UG1-III, in which rup-
ture occurred in the GFRP sheets at midspan.
The failed sections of Beams BG1-IV, BG2-IV, and BG3-IV
are shown in Fig. 8(f), (g), and (h), respectively. As shown in
Fig. 8(c), Beam BG1-IV failed by rupture of the GFRP sheets.
However, in Beams BG2-IV and BG3-IV neither the concrete nor
the strengthening sheets failed. The failure of Beams BG2-IV and
BG3-IV was the result of delamination between the GFRP sheets
and concrete, caused by the failure of the bonding epoxy between
the concrete and the strengthening sheets. After failure, the
strengthening sheets were removed to examine the cracking pat-
(i)
(k)
(l)
(m)
Fig. 8 (cont.)—Failed sections of beams: (h) BG3-IV; (i) BG2-IV-E4; (j) BG2-IV-E1; (k) CP1-V; (l) CP2-V; and (m) CP3-V.
(h)
(j)
11. ACI StructuralJournal/September-October 1999 874
tern. One large crack was developed at the midspan of Beam
BG1-IV, and the total number of cracks in Beam BG1-IV was
less than that of Beams CF-I and CFS-I. This is expected, since
Beam BG1-IV was strengthened over the entire depth of the
beam, whereas in Beams CF-I and CFS-I, the horizontal CFRP
sheets were not applied over the entire depth. Obviously, apply-
ing the strengthening material in a U-shape over the depth of the
beam is effective in limiting the growth of cracks.
Fig. 8(i) and (j) show the failed sections of Beams BG2-IV-
E4 and BG2-IV-E1, respectively. These figures show that both
beams failed by rupture in the strengthening sheets, followed by
yielding in steel bars and fracture of the beams in a V-shape.
Therefore, the use of epoxy Type 1 or 4 enabled the sheets to
reach their full strength with no delamination.
The failed sections of Beams CP1-V, CP2-V, and CP3-V are
shown in Fig. 8(k), (l), and (m), respectively. The cracking pat-
terns of beams CP1-V, CP2-V, and CP3-V indicate that the
bonding of CFRP plates on the sides of the beams resulted in
fewer and wider cracks along the beam lengths. In addition, the
presence of CFRP plates on the sides of the beams did not
change the angle of inclination of the cracks, since these plates
carried stresses only in their longitudinal direction and did not
carry any shear force. The three beams failed in a tension, with
a horizontal shear failure in the concrete near CFRP plates. No
delamination or rupture of fibers was noted in the three tested
beams. Therefore, epoxy Type 4, coupled with the CFRP plates,
was stronger than the concrete. In addition, the shear failure in
the concrete is attributed to stress concentration near the CFRP
plates.
Ductility
The ductility of a beam can be defined as its ability to sustain
inelastic deformation without loss in load carrying capacity, pri-
or to failure. Ductility can be defined in terms of deformation or
energy. In the case of steel-reinforced beams, where there is
clear plastic deformation of steel at yield, ductility can be calcu-
lated using deformation methods. It can be defined as the ratio
of ultimate deformation to the deformation at yield. The defor-
mations can be strains, deflections, or curvatures. In the case of
beams strengthened with FRP, there is usually no clear yield
point; therefore, the classical definition of ductility cannot be
applied. In addition, due to the low modulus of elasticity of the
FRP materials, the FRP-strengthened beams usually experience
large deformations. These large deformations do not mean duc-
tile behavior. Therefore, based on the energy definition, ductility
may be expressed by a ratio relating any two of the inelastic,
elastic, and total energies. For comparison, the ratio of the inelas-
tic energy to the total energy is considered to be the energy ratio.
The total energy is the area under the load-deformation curve,
which can be easily calculated. The problem that remains is how
to separate the elastic energy from the inelastic energy. A pro-
posed approach9 is shown in Fig. 9. Detailed discussion of this
approach can be found elsewhere.9
The slope of the line separating the elastic energy and the in-
elastic energy is
(1)
where
P1, P2, and P3 are loads shown in Fig. 9, and S1, S2, and S3 are
the corresponding slopes.
α = constant depends on type of shear reinforcement
(vertical external reinforcement);
β = constant depends on type of flexural reinforcement
(longitudinal external reinforcement);
γ = constant depends on the mode of failure (equals to 1
in case of flexural failure);
Ef = modulus of elasticity of FRP laminates;
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel;
fy = yield strength of steel; and
fds = design failure strength of FRP, usually 60 percent of
S αβγ
Ef
Es
-----
fy
fd s
------
P1 S1 P2 P1–( )S2 P3 P2–( )S3+ +
P3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------×=
Table 6—Energy ratios of tested beams
Group
Beam
designation Energy ratio*
Failure mode
1
CF-I (0.61)†
Rupture of FRP sheets
CFS-I (0.63)†
2
CFS-II 0.61
UG1-III 0.58
UG2-III 0.64 Concrete crushing
3
BG1-IV 0.67 Rupture of FRP sheets
BG2-IV‡ 0.73 Bond failure between resin and
concreteBG3-IV‡ 0.67
4
BG2-IV-E4 0.64
Rupture of FRP sheets
BG2-IV-E1 0.61
5
CP1-V 0.68
Horizontal shear failure in
concrete
CP2-V 0.64
CP3-V 0.69
CONT 0.81 Tensile failure of steel
*
Ratio of inelastic energy to total energy at failure.
†
Numbers between bracket not verified experimentally as these two beams were not
unloaded and reloaded before failure.
‡
These two beams may be excluded due to epoxy bond failure.
Fig. 9—Comparison between theoretical and experimental unloading slopes: (a) Beam BG1-
IV; (b) Beam CP1-V; and (c) Beam CFS-II.
12. ACI Structural Journal/September-October 1999 875
maximum strength.
From the experimental results, the constants α, ß, and γ were
determined as follows:
α = 1 for no shear strengthening;
α = 0.35 for shear strengthening using bidirectional GFRP
sheets of strengthening System IV;
α = 0.45 for shear strengthening using unidirectional GFRP
sheets of strengthening System III;
α = 0.5 for shear strengthening using CFRP sheets of
strengthening Systems I and II;
β = 1 for no flexural strengthening;
β = 7.0 for flexural strengthening using bidirectional GFRP
sheets of System IV;
β = 5.5 for flexural strengthening using unidirectional GFRP
sheets of System III; and
β = 3.5 for flexural strengthening using System I or V.
Once the slope is determined from Eq. (1), the energy ratio
can be calculated. The load-deflection relationships of three
beams shown in Fig. 9 were not used in the derivation of the
constants α, β, and γ. These relationships were reserved for ver-
ification of Eq. (1). The energy ratios of Beams BG2-IV-E1,
CP1-V, and CFS-II are shown in Fig. 9(a) through (c), respec-
tively. In Fig. 9, the calculated slope correlates well with the ob-
served unloading path of the three beams.
The energy ratios of the tested beams are tabulated in Table 6.
Ratios of Beams BG2-IV and BG3-IV should be excluded be-
cause these beams delaminated at maximum load. With the ex-
ception of the control beam, all of the beams exhibited poor
ductility. Failures in all strengthened beams were sudden and
accompanied by the release of large amounts of energy. There-
fore, a reasonable factor of safety should be used in the design
of FRP strengthened reinforced concrete members.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the experimental results discussed in this paper, the
following can be concluded:
1. The use of FRP laminates in strengthening concrete beams
reduces deflections and increases load carrying capacity in the
beams. Cracks that do occur are smaller and more evenly dis-
tributed. Furthermore, the use of FRP vertical layers can help to
further reduce deflections and to further increase ultimate load
carrying capacity. The presence of vertical layers also prevents
rupture in the flexural (horizontal) strengthening fibers.
2. The ultimate load carrying capacity of beams can be dou-
bled by using a proper combination of horizontal and vertical fi-
bers coupled with the proper epoxy.
3. Extending the vertical layers over the entire span of the
beam reduces the diagonal cracks so that the longitudinal fibers
are fully used and the load carrying capacity of the beams is sig-
nificantly increased.
4. The use of CFRP plates on the bottom and sides of the
beam improves the response in comparison with using CFRP
plates only at the bottom of the beam.
5. All the FRP strengthened beams exhibited brittle behavior
requiring a higher factor of safety in design.
REFERENCES
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Plastic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (ACI 440R-96),”
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 1996, 65 pp.
2. Saadatmanesh, H., and Ehsani, M. R., “RC Beams Strengthened with
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117, No. 11, 1991, pp. 3417-3455.
3. Alfarabi, S.; Al-Sulaimani, G.; Basunbul, I.; Baluch, M.; and Ghaleb,
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169.
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