This document reviews 10 articles on carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthened reinforced concrete beams. The articles studied parameters like CFRP orientation, anchorage techniques, beam dimensions, and fiber direction. Tests showed that CFRP increased beam shear capacity and flexural strength when anchored properly to prevent premature debonding. Larger beams saw less improvement from CFRP sheets due to size effects. Orienting CFRP fibers at 45 degrees perpendicular to cracks optimized shear strengthening.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
composite is becoming very popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more
economical and technically superior alternative to the traditional techniques in many situations as it
offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance, easy and rapid
installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams are
continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP
strengthening of continuous beams. In the present study an experimental investigation is
carried out to study the behavior of continuous RC beams under static loading. The beams are
strengthened with externally bonded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Different scheme
of strengthening have been employed. The program consists of fourteen continuous (two-span) beams
with overall dimensions equal to (150×200×2300) mm. The beams are grouped into two series
labeled S1 and S2 and each series have different percentage of steel reinforcement. One beam from
each series (S1 and S2) was not strengthened and was considered as a control beam, whereas all
other beams from both the series were strengthened in various patterns with externally bonded GFRP
sheets. The present study examines the responses of RC continuous beams, in terms of failure modes,
enhancement of load capacity and load deflection analysis. The results indicate that the flexural
strength of RC beams can be significantly increased by gluing GFRP sheets to the tension face. In
addition, the epoxy bonded sheets improved the cracking behaviour of the beams by delaying the
formation of visible cracks and reducing crack widths at higher load levels. The experimental results
were validated by using finite element method
Review on analytical study on strengthening of beam by frpeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper present the review of analytical and numerical study of flexural and shear performance of retrofitted or strengthening
of beam by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Now a day investigator prefer numerical and analytical study to minimize error which
can’t reduce in experimental study, hence numerical study is more reliable than experimental study and analytical study less time
consuming then experimental still having good agreement with experimental study.Almost all the software available in market are
work based on finite element method (FEM) such as ANSYS, ATENA 3D and ABAQUS. Analytical study carried out by different
author using FEM basedsoftware they found ultimate capacity of beam increased noticeably.Analytical investigation of reinforced
concrete (RC) beam with FRP were carried out by number of investigator they all studied on different aspect, some of those
worked on single layer or double layer of FRP , some of those worked on different pattern and thickness of FRP and then
compared stress, strain and deflection with control specimen. For precise result by finite element method use fine mashing and
appropriate material property. Bond behaviour between steel-concrete and concrete-FRP sheets/plate must be specify for
accurate and realistic results.
Keywords: retrofitting of beam, strengthening of beam, GFRP, CFRP, Finite Element Method (FEM), ANSYS
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
composite is becoming very popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more
economical and technically superior alternative to the traditional techniques in many situations as it
offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance, easy and rapid
installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams are
continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP
strengthening of continuous beams. In the present study an experimental investigation is
carried out to study the behavior of continuous RC beams under static loading. The beams are
strengthened with externally bonded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Different scheme
of strengthening have been employed. The program consists of fourteen continuous (two-span) beams
with overall dimensions equal to (150×200×2300) mm. The beams are grouped into two series
labeled S1 and S2 and each series have different percentage of steel reinforcement. One beam from
each series (S1 and S2) was not strengthened and was considered as a control beam, whereas all
other beams from both the series were strengthened in various patterns with externally bonded GFRP
sheets. The present study examines the responses of RC continuous beams, in terms of failure modes,
enhancement of load capacity and load deflection analysis. The results indicate that the flexural
strength of RC beams can be significantly increased by gluing GFRP sheets to the tension face. In
addition, the epoxy bonded sheets improved the cracking behaviour of the beams by delaying the
formation of visible cracks and reducing crack widths at higher load levels. The experimental results
were validated by using finite element method
Review on analytical study on strengthening of beam by frpeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper present the review of analytical and numerical study of flexural and shear performance of retrofitted or strengthening
of beam by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Now a day investigator prefer numerical and analytical study to minimize error which
can’t reduce in experimental study, hence numerical study is more reliable than experimental study and analytical study less time
consuming then experimental still having good agreement with experimental study.Almost all the software available in market are
work based on finite element method (FEM) such as ANSYS, ATENA 3D and ABAQUS. Analytical study carried out by different
author using FEM basedsoftware they found ultimate capacity of beam increased noticeably.Analytical investigation of reinforced
concrete (RC) beam with FRP were carried out by number of investigator they all studied on different aspect, some of those
worked on single layer or double layer of FRP , some of those worked on different pattern and thickness of FRP and then
compared stress, strain and deflection with control specimen. For precise result by finite element method use fine mashing and
appropriate material property. Bond behaviour between steel-concrete and concrete-FRP sheets/plate must be specify for
accurate and realistic results.
Keywords: retrofitting of beam, strengthening of beam, GFRP, CFRP, Finite Element Method (FEM), ANSYS
An Analytical Study on Static and Fatigue Analysis of High Strength Concrete ...Stephen Raj
In recent years FRP stands as a better alternative to restore and upgrade deficient structures. The deficiency may be due to change in design standards, improper construction practices (or) adverse environmental conditions. Under such circumstances, adoption of appropriate technique for restoring the structure becoming challenging task. The objective of this thesis work is to evaluate the static and fatigue response of HSC beams with externally bonded FRP laminates using ANSYS software. The modeling and analysis is done using the software for HSC beam. The beams were strengthened with FRP laminates. The models are provided with carbon types of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminates. The available experimental data of HSC beam in flexure behavior is the source material of this analysis work. All the relevant data are taken from that source material. The static and fatigue load cases are applied and the results are discussed. The comparison is made between the available experimental results of HSC beam with analytical based results of HSC beam.
EFFECT OF CARBON LAMINATION ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE STRUCTURESIAEME Publication
This work consists of preparation and testing of different structural model like cubes, Beams and Columns. They are tested for Compression test, Flexural test and Split tensile Test. The comparison between Laminated and un-laminated Structural Models was made in order to know how much strength gain after testing of these structural models, so by which the rehabilitation of any structure can be done without demolishing it with less weight to strength ratio.
State-of-the-art review of FRP strengthened RC slabsIJSRD
Many concrete structures are getting weakened or collapsed due to corrosion of steel reinforcement in structures and other factors. Rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete structures with FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymers) has been a useful technique since last few years. FRP sheets or plates are very suitable for strengthening not only because of their strength, but also due to the simplicity in the application. In this review paper, different strengthening techniques using FRP and other materials are reviewed. It can be concluded from the literature review that FRP is one of the efficient option for strengthening in either of the case like increasing the load carrying capacity of structures or to restore the original capacity of the structure after distress due to any means.
Design strengthening of beams slabs with carbon (fiber) FRP تصميم تقوية الج...Dr.Youssef Hammida
FRP Strengthening
Hevilifts is a leading designer and installer of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) products for repair and strengthening of structures. FRP can be used in existing buildings to strengthen floors and walls for larger live loads, to increase strength and ductility of columns, to correct excessive deflections, to increase shear capacity of beams and to repair and strengthen corrosion damage. FRP can be used in bridges to strengthen girders for increased live load, shear and for the repair of corrosion damage.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Experimental Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened by Externally Bonded CFRP with...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) laminates, or plates, offer very high-strength potential; however, handling of long pieces of these flexible plates can present challenges under field conditions. The development of methods for splicing CFRP plates will enhance the versatility and Practicality of using these materials in field applications. This paper studies the efficiency of CFRP lap splice in externally bonded CFRP flexural strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Seven half-scale beams with different conditions were tested in two-point bending until failure. Two groups were tested; the first one includes control specimens: the first without CFRP strengthening, the second strengthened with full length and without splice, and the third with cutoff at middle of the beam. All specimens in the second group having cut-off at the middle and with lap splice lengths equal 300, 450, 600, 900 mm. respectively on each side of the cut-off. The study illustrates the effect of confinement on the first crack load, failure load, mid-span deflection, and strain in both reinforcement and CFRP. The failure load was also predicted analytically by CEB-FIP (1993), adopting the traditional sectional analysis for strain compatibility. Instead of strain measuring, three accurate bond-slip models are used to provide accurate prediction for the contribution of CFRP in the flexural capacity of the strengthened beam since all strengthened beams are failed by interfacial debonding of CFRP.
In the last ten years or a little more, CFRP strips and fabrics have been successfully externally bonded to rehabilitate the concrete structures. Most of the previous research focused on the use of CFRP as an enhanced material to improve flexural, shear, ductility and ductility behaviour and confinement of concrete structural members, while limited attention was paid to the investigation of strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) members against torsion, particularly continuous concrete beams. This study aims to detect experimentally the CFRP strengthening technique for continuous RC beams exposed to pure torsion. The experimental program includes investigation of two groups of beams; the first group was composed of twelve un-strengthened beam specimens and the second one includes a total of twelve strengthened beam specimens; all were experienced under pure torsion. Factors considered in the testing program included the effects of concrete compressive strength and the angel of a twist. The angle of twist at each level of force applications, torque at first crack, ultimate torque was to be in comparison with for control and strengthened beams. The outcomes of the tests indicated that all beams wrapped with CFRP fabrics resulted in improvement in tensional resistance as compared with the reference specimens.
Effect of width and layers of GFRP strips on deflection of Reinforced Concret...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
An Analytical Study on Static and Fatigue Analysis of High Strength Concrete ...Stephen Raj
In recent years FRP stands as a better alternative to restore and upgrade deficient structures. The deficiency may be due to change in design standards, improper construction practices (or) adverse environmental conditions. Under such circumstances, adoption of appropriate technique for restoring the structure becoming challenging task. The objective of this thesis work is to evaluate the static and fatigue response of HSC beams with externally bonded FRP laminates using ANSYS software. The modeling and analysis is done using the software for HSC beam. The beams were strengthened with FRP laminates. The models are provided with carbon types of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminates. The available experimental data of HSC beam in flexure behavior is the source material of this analysis work. All the relevant data are taken from that source material. The static and fatigue load cases are applied and the results are discussed. The comparison is made between the available experimental results of HSC beam with analytical based results of HSC beam.
EFFECT OF CARBON LAMINATION ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE STRUCTURESIAEME Publication
This work consists of preparation and testing of different structural model like cubes, Beams and Columns. They are tested for Compression test, Flexural test and Split tensile Test. The comparison between Laminated and un-laminated Structural Models was made in order to know how much strength gain after testing of these structural models, so by which the rehabilitation of any structure can be done without demolishing it with less weight to strength ratio.
State-of-the-art review of FRP strengthened RC slabsIJSRD
Many concrete structures are getting weakened or collapsed due to corrosion of steel reinforcement in structures and other factors. Rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete structures with FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymers) has been a useful technique since last few years. FRP sheets or plates are very suitable for strengthening not only because of their strength, but also due to the simplicity in the application. In this review paper, different strengthening techniques using FRP and other materials are reviewed. It can be concluded from the literature review that FRP is one of the efficient option for strengthening in either of the case like increasing the load carrying capacity of structures or to restore the original capacity of the structure after distress due to any means.
Design strengthening of beams slabs with carbon (fiber) FRP تصميم تقوية الج...Dr.Youssef Hammida
FRP Strengthening
Hevilifts is a leading designer and installer of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) products for repair and strengthening of structures. FRP can be used in existing buildings to strengthen floors and walls for larger live loads, to increase strength and ductility of columns, to correct excessive deflections, to increase shear capacity of beams and to repair and strengthen corrosion damage. FRP can be used in bridges to strengthen girders for increased live load, shear and for the repair of corrosion damage.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Experimental Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened by Externally Bonded CFRP with...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) laminates, or plates, offer very high-strength potential; however, handling of long pieces of these flexible plates can present challenges under field conditions. The development of methods for splicing CFRP plates will enhance the versatility and Practicality of using these materials in field applications. This paper studies the efficiency of CFRP lap splice in externally bonded CFRP flexural strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Seven half-scale beams with different conditions were tested in two-point bending until failure. Two groups were tested; the first one includes control specimens: the first without CFRP strengthening, the second strengthened with full length and without splice, and the third with cutoff at middle of the beam. All specimens in the second group having cut-off at the middle and with lap splice lengths equal 300, 450, 600, 900 mm. respectively on each side of the cut-off. The study illustrates the effect of confinement on the first crack load, failure load, mid-span deflection, and strain in both reinforcement and CFRP. The failure load was also predicted analytically by CEB-FIP (1993), adopting the traditional sectional analysis for strain compatibility. Instead of strain measuring, three accurate bond-slip models are used to provide accurate prediction for the contribution of CFRP in the flexural capacity of the strengthened beam since all strengthened beams are failed by interfacial debonding of CFRP.
In the last ten years or a little more, CFRP strips and fabrics have been successfully externally bonded to rehabilitate the concrete structures. Most of the previous research focused on the use of CFRP as an enhanced material to improve flexural, shear, ductility and ductility behaviour and confinement of concrete structural members, while limited attention was paid to the investigation of strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) members against torsion, particularly continuous concrete beams. This study aims to detect experimentally the CFRP strengthening technique for continuous RC beams exposed to pure torsion. The experimental program includes investigation of two groups of beams; the first group was composed of twelve un-strengthened beam specimens and the second one includes a total of twelve strengthened beam specimens; all were experienced under pure torsion. Factors considered in the testing program included the effects of concrete compressive strength and the angel of a twist. The angle of twist at each level of force applications, torque at first crack, ultimate torque was to be in comparison with for control and strengthened beams. The outcomes of the tests indicated that all beams wrapped with CFRP fabrics resulted in improvement in tensional resistance as compared with the reference specimens.
Effect of width and layers of GFRP strips on deflection of Reinforced Concret...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
Experimental and numerical study on behavior of externally bonded rc t beams ...IJARIIT
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have
become structurally weak over their life span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional
repair systems and materials. In this study, an experimental investigation on the flexural behavior of RC T-beams
strengthened using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are carried out.
Reinforced concrete T beams externally bonded with GFRP sheets were tested to failure using a symmetrical two
point static loading system. Seven RC T-beams were casted for this experimental test. All of them were weak in flexure and
were having same reinforcement detailing. One beam was used as a control beam and six beams were strengthened using
different configurations of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Experimental data on load, deflection and failure
modes of each of the beams were obtained. The effect of different amount and configuration of GFRP on ultimate load
carrying capacity and failure mode of the beams were investigated.
The experimental results show that externally bonded GFRP can increase the flexural capacity of the beam
significantly. In addition, the results indicated that the most effective configuration was the U-wrap GFRP.A series of
comparative studies on deflection between the present experimental data and results from finite element method and IS code
method were made. A future area of research are being outlined.
1. FRPs are being planned in the potential rehabilitation of a slab-on-girder bridge. The bridge is a one-way slab supported by prestressed concrete girders. Make a recommendation for what type of FRP (e.g., fibre and resin) would be appropriate.
2. Eight different unidirectional FRPs (4 with a fibre volume fraction of 70% and 4 with a fibre volume fraction of 35%) are going to be fabricated. For each FRP, find the modulus in both the fibre direction and the direction perpendicular to the fibres and sketch the stress-strain curve for each FRP.
3. Using the S806 design standard for a building application, calculate the factored moment resistance, Mr, in positive bending, for the precast (φc = 0.70) FRP-reinforced concrete
Experimental study of flax frp tube encased coir fibre reinforced concrete co...Libo Yan
The use of natural fibres as building materials is benefit to achieve a sustainable construction. This paper
reports on an experimental investigation of a composite column consisting of flax fibre reinforced polymer
(FFRP) and coir fibre reinforced concrete (CFRC), i.e. FFRP tube encased CFRC (FFRP-CFRC). In this
FFRP-CFRC, coir fibre is the reinforcement of the concrete and FFRP tube as formwork provides confinement
to the concrete. Uniaxial compression and third-point bending tests were conducted to assess the
compression and flexural performance of the composite column. A total of 36 specimens were tested. The
test variables were FFRP tube thickness and coir fibre inclusion. The axial stress–strain response, confinement
performance, lateral load–displacement response, bond behaviour and failure modes of the composite
column were analysed. In addition, the confined concrete compressive strength was predicted
using existing strength equations/models and compared with the experimental results. Results indicate
that the FFRP-CFRC composite columns using natural fibres have the potential to be axial and flexural
structural members.
Behavior Of Reinforce Fibrous Self Compacting Concrete Beam Strengthening Wit...IJMER
In recent years, self-compacting concrete (SCC) has gained wide use for placement in
congested reinforced concrete structures with difficult casting conditions. SCC offers several
economical and technical benefits; the use of fibers extends its possibilities. Adjustment of the
water/cement ratio and super plasticizer dosage is one of the main key properties in proportioning of
SCC mixtures. Several tests such as slump flow, V-funnel, L-box were carried out to determine
optimum parameters for the self-compatibility of mixtures. In this article Nylon 300-e3 micro synthetic
fiber and Nylon Tuff macro synthetic fiber has used in combination and the effect of fiber inclusion on
the compatibility of hybrid fiber reinforcement concrete are studied. Both the Nylon fiber hybrid with
SSC and compared to Plan SSC, Hybrid SSC. The behavior of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams
strengthened in flexure by means of different combinations of externally bonded hybrid Glass and
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP/CFRP) sheets has also studied.
Behaviour of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite in Flexure Shear Streng...ijtsrd
The corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete reduces the life of structures, causes high repair costs and can endanger the structural integrity of the structure itself. Glass fibre reinforced polymer GFRP offers a number of advantages over steel especially when used in marine and other salt laden environments. GFRP reinforcing bars are gradually finding wider acceptance as a replacement for conventional steel reinforcement as it offers a number of advantages. Technical studies on a number of concrete structures, from five to eight years old and constructed with GFRP reinforcement, have shown that there is no degradation of the GFRP from the alkaline environment. Concrete is very strong in compression but it is extremely weak in tension. To resist the tensile stress, steel reinforcement is provided in concrete. Reinforcement corrosion and structural deterioration in reinforced concrete structures are common, and prompted many researchers to seek alternative materials and rehabilitation techniques. One such material that has been offered as an alternative to mild steel reinforcement is Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer GFRP bars and flats. For the repair and strengthening of structural concrete members, strengthening with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer GFRP plates is an excellent option. The present work is to study the behavior of Shear resistance of the silica coated GFRP stirrups in the shear test zone. A series of studies were conducted using silica coated GFRP stirrups in shear zone. It is observed that beams with silica coated GFRP flats shear reinforcement have shown failure at higher loads than the theoretical failure loads. Further it is observed that GFRP flats as shear reinforcement exhibit fairly good ductility. Er. Satish Kumar | Mr. Ajit Singh "Behaviour of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite in Flexure Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30440.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30440/behaviour-of-glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer-composite-in-flexure-shear-strength-of-reinforced-concrete-beams/er-satish-kumar
Cars are a very important part of this modern world because they give luxury and comfort. Even
though they are comfortable, some problems always keep arising on the safety side. After a lot of research they
rectified certain problems using air bags, auto parking, turbo charger, pedal shift…, etc.
And now we are going to discuss about one such problem that arises on the safety side. An unsuspected
accident occurs when people smash their fingers in between the car doors. Due to this kind of accident around
120,000 people are injured every year. But this was not taken as a very major safety concern for the customer.
To avoid this kind accident due to car doors, we are introducing “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”
with the help of “HYDRAULIC PISTON AND IR SENSORS”.
The major working process of the “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”is, when a person places his/her
hand or fingers in the gap between the door and the outer panel, at the time when the closing action of the door
takes place, the Sensors start to transmit the Infra Red Rays to the Receivers at the
other end, and so even if someone closes the door without anybody‟s knowledge the hydraulic piston will
automatically come out and stop the door from closing and prevent the person from the unsuspected accident
and minor injuries by the car door and ensure maximum safety to the customer.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
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G224553
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 2, Issue 2(February 2013), PP.45-53
www.irjes.com
Use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminate for
strengthening reinforced concrete beams in shear: A review
M.B.S Alferjani1, A.A. Abdul Samad 1, Blkasem. S Elrawaff 2,N. Mohamad1,
M.Hilton 1 and Abdalla Ab Sinusi Saiah3
1
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UTHM University, Malaysia
2
Department Civil Engineering, Omar Mukhtar university, libay
3
Faculty of Techonogy Management, UTHM University, Malaysia
ABSTRACT: The use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is becoming a widely accepted solution for
repairing and strengthening ageing in the field of civil engineering around the world. Several researches have
been carried out on reinforced concrete beams strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer composite. Some of
the works were focused on shear strengthening compared with flexural strengthening that had the largest share.
This paper reviews 10 articles on carbon fiber reinforced polymer strengthened reinforced concrete beams.
Finally, this paper attempts to address an important practical issue that is encountered in shear strengthening
of beams with carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminate. This paper also proposes a simple method of applying
fibre reinforced polymer for strengthening the beam with carbon fibre reinforced polymer.
Keyword- carbon fibre reinforced polymer, concrete beams, flexural strengthening, shear strengthening
I. INTRODUCTION
The external bonding of high-strength Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) to structural concrete members
has widely gained popularity in recent years, particularly in rehabilitation works and newly builds structure.
Comprehensive experimental investigations conducted in the past have shown that this strengthening method
has several advantages over the traditional ones, especially due to its corrosion resistance, high stiffness-to-
weight ratio, improved durability and flexibility in its use over steel plates. The use of fiber reinforced polymer
(FRP) materials in civil infrastructure for the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete structures and also
for new construction has become common practice. The most efficient technique for improving the shear
strength of deteriorated RC members is to externally bond fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) plates or sheets [1].
FRP composite materials have experienced a continuous increase of use in structural strengthening and repair
applications around the world, in the last decade [2].In addition, when the FRP was compared with steel
materials, it was found that it provided unique opportunities to develop the shapes and forms to facilitate their
use in construction. Although, the materials used in FRP for example, fiber and resins are relatively expensive
when compared with traditional materials, noting that the crises of equipment for the installation of FRP systems
are lower in cost [3]. A review of research studies on shear strengthening, however, revealed that experimental
investigations are still needed [4, 5]. The use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) can now be
considered common practice in the field of strengthening and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures.
The effectiveness of this technique is widely documented by theoretical and experimental researches and by
applications on real structures. As a consequence, the need of codes is necessary, leading to the development of
guidelines in different countries [6]. The CFRP strengthening provides additional flexural or shear
reinforcement, the reliability for this material application depends on how well they are bonded and can transfer
stress from the concrete component to CFRP laminate [7]. Also, CFRP has made this technique even more
acceptance worldwide. Commercially available FRP reinforcing materials are made of continuous aramid
(AFRP), carbon (CFRP), and glass (GFRP) fibers. Possible failure modes of FRP strengthened beams are
classified into two types; the first type of failure includes the common failure modes such as, concrete crushing
and FRP rupture based on complete composite action, the second type of failure is a premature failure without
reaching full composite action at failure. This type of failure includes: end cover separation, end interfacial
delamination, flexural crack induced debonding and shear crack induced debonding. Different failure
mechanisms in experimental tests were reported by [8-10]. A more in depth explanation of these failure modes
can be found in [11, 12]. Although CFRP composites are known to perform better under environmental action
than glass fibre reinforced polymer laminates, no significant differences were detected, seemingly because
www.irjes.com 45 | Page
2. Use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminate for strengthening reinforced concrete beams in
failure was not due to rupture of the fibres [13]. In addition, several studies were conducted to identify methods
of preventing premature failure with the aim of improving the load capacity and ductility of RC beams.
Researchers studied the use of end anchorage techniques, such as U-straps, L-shape jackets, and steel clamps for
preventing premature failure of RC beams strengthened with CFRP [8, 14-23].
II. APPLICATIONS OF FRP
There are three broad divisions into which applications of FRP in civil engineering can be classified:
applications for new construction, repair and rehabilitation applications, and architectural applications. FRPs
have widely been used by civil engineers in the design of new construction. Structures such as, bridges and
columns built completely out of FRP composites, have demonstrated exceptional durability and effective
resistance to the effects of environmental exposure. Retrofitting with adhesive bonded FRP, has been
established around the world as an effective method applicable to many types of concrete structural elements
such as; columns, beams, slabs and walls. It was there that the first on-site repair by externally bonded FRP took
place, in 1991. Since then, strengthening by externally bonded FRP composites has been studied worldwide.
This sudden increase in the use of FRP composites was attained after the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu Earthquake in
Japan. By 1997, more than 1,500 concrete structures worldwide had been reinforced with externally bonded
FRP composites. Figure 1 shows the application of CFRP on site. The other application, use of FRP bars instead
of steel reinforcing bars or pre-stressing strands in concrete structures.
Figure-1. Shear strengthening of Reinforced concrete using CFRP laminate.
III. PREVIOUS RESEARCH WORKS ON BEAMS
Investigation on the behaviour of CFRP retrofitted reinforced concrete structures has in the last decade
become a very important research field. In terms of experimental application several studies were performed to
study the behaviour of retrofitted beams and analyzed the various parameters influencing their behaviour.
Khalifa et al (1999), carried out the test of three simply supports RC T-beams to study the effectiveness
of anchorage of surface mounted FRP reinforcement. The first beam was a reference beam, the second beam
strengthened with CFRP without end of anchor and the last beam strengthened with CFRP with end of anchor.
The anchor system, called U-anchor used GFRP bar inserted in the groove in the beam flange used as end
anchor. They found that the shear capacity increased when strengthened with CFRP but, failure was governed
by debonding of CFRP when CFRP was used without end anchor. However, the specimen where the anchor was
used, shear capacity of the member rather increased and, ultimately no FRP debonding was observed.
Adhikary et al (2004), carried out the tests of eight simply supported RC beams strengthened for shear
with CFRP sheet using two different wrapping schemas; U-wrap and two sides of the beam. He investigated the
effectiveness of cross plies one over another, vertical and horizontal; the main parameter, direction of fiber
alignment (90°,0°and 90°+0°) and number of layers (1 and 2). They observed that the maximum shear strength
was obtained for the beam with full U-wrapped sheets having vertically aligned fibers. Horizontally aligned
fibers also showed enhanced shear strengths as compared to beam with no CFRP. On the other part, they found
that the lowest concrete strain was the same load range among all beams. The beam with full U-wrapping of a
single layer of CFRP with vertically aligned fibers, was observed at a maximum of 119% increase in shear
strength. Also, they compared with the experimental value, using models for the prediction of shear contribution
of sheet to shear capacity of CFRP bonded beams.
Al-Amery (2006), tested six RC beams; having various combinations of CFRP sheet and straps in
addition to an un-strengthened beam, as control test. CFRP provided (CFRP sheet for flexural strengthening and
CFRP straps for shear strengthening or with a couple of CFRP sheets and straps, for overall strengthening. From
the experiment, two beams were tested in four-point bending over a total span of 2300 mm and a shear span of
700 mm, while the rest RR3-RR6 were tested in three points bending over a total span of 2400mm and shear
www.irjes.com 46 | Page
3. Use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminate for strengthening reinforced concrete beams in
span of 1200 mm. The CFRP sheets consisted of three layers, while CFRP straps consisted of one layer and
extra anchorage mechanism for the CFRP sheets. They observed that the used of CFRP straps significantly
reduced the interface slip between the CFRP sheets and the concrete section. CFRP straps used to anchor the
CFRP sheets, increased in flexural strength of up to 95%. However, with the use of CFRP sheets alone, only an
increase of 15% was achieved. Test results and observations showed that was a significant improvement in the
beam strength was gained due to the coupling of CFRP straps and sheets. Furthermore, a more ductile behaviour
was obtained as the debonding failure was prevented.
Anil (2006), improved the shear capacity of RC T-beams using unidirectional CFRP composites and
compared between the experimental and analytical used ACI Committee report. He tested six beams of sizes;
120mm width 360mm depth 1750mm length and 75mm flange thickness. Of these, two beams were control
specimen and four beams were strengthened with different configurations of CFRP strips, all these beams were
tested under cyclic loading. These beams had longitudinal reinforcement and no stirrups for beams except one of
the control beam. The parameters of this case were; 1) CFRP orientation of CFRP and , 2) spacing of CFRP
was 285 and 143mm, 3) CFRP strengthened scheme was both sides and U-wrap, 4) different compressing
strengths were used and 5) anchorage was used as steel plates on both sides and ( L-shaped). From the results,
he observed that the stiffness of the beams were very close. He also observed that the strength and stiffness of
the specimens improved by using CFRP unidirectional. On the other side, the analytical shear load capacity
showed 20% less than the experimental shear load capacity, due to using the successful performance of
anchorage.
Bencardino et al (2007), presented an experimental and analytical investigation on the shear
strengthening of reinforced concrete rectangular beams wrapped with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP)
laminates. A total of four beams were specifically designed, with and without an external anchorage system. The
cross sections of 140mm x 300mm with total length of 5000mm were used. The specimens were two control
beams with different av/d, one beam with only CFRP and one beam with CFRP + external links. All beams had
identical internal reinforcement and were tested under four point bending over an effective span of 4800 mm
and no in the shear span but had stirrups in the near of support. The principle variables included external
anchorages, with different lengths in the mode of U-shaped steel stirrup. The results showed the anchorage
system enhances the strength and deformability properties of the CFRP plated beam. Also, the anchorage system
modifies the failure mode of the strengthened RC beam under predominant shear force, without increasing the
load capacity, to a more ductile failure with a substantial increase of load carrying capacity to almost a flexural
failure.
Jayaprakash et al (2008), did an experimental investigation on shear strengthening capacity and modes
of failure of pre-cracked and non-pre-cracked RC beams bonded externally with bi-directional Carbon Fibre
Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) fabric strips. Twelve RC T- beams were fabricated with different internal
longitudinal and shear reinforcements. These beams were subjected to two types of loading; namely three-point
and four-point bending systems. The beams were classified into three categories namely; control, precracked-
repaired and initially strengthened (i.e. non-precracked) beams. The overall increase in shear enhancement of
the precracked-repaired and initially strengthened beams ranged between 13% and 61% greater over their
control beams. It was found that the application of CFRP strips in the pre-cracked-repaired beams attained better
performance as compared to the initially strengthened beams. It was also observed that all strengthened beams
failed in premature flexural failure due to the presence of excessive amount of shear reinforcement.
Jayaprakash et al (2008), conducted tests to study shear capacity of pre-cracked and non- pre-cracked
reinforced concrete shear beams with externally bonded bi-directional CFRP strips. The experimental program
consisted of six specimens that were classified into two categories; namely BT and BS, each category had eight
beams, four control beams, six pre-cracked/repaired beams and six initially strengthened specimens. The
rectangular beam had a dimension of 2980mm length, 120mm wide and 310mm depth. The variables
investigated within this program included longitudinal tensile reinforcement ratio ( = 1.69) for 20mm and ( =
1.08) for 16mm, no steel stirrups, shear span to effective depth ratio (av/d=2.5 and av/d =4), spacing of CFRP
strips (80 mm @ 150 mm c/c and 80 mm @ 200 mm c/c) and orientation of CFRP strips (0/90 deg and 45/135
deg) in 3 sides U- wrap schemes. From the results, they observed that the external CFRP strips act as shear
reinforcement similar to the steel stirrups. They also showed that by increasing the amount of longitudinal
tensile reinforcement ratio and spacing of CFRP strips, affect the shear capacity. This study found that the
orientation of CFRP strips not only affects the cracking pattern but also affects the shear capacity.
Godat et al (2010), studied to obtain a clear understanding of size effects for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer (CFRP) shear-strengthened beams. Their experimental research presented here, investigated the shear
performance of rectangular reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP U-strips as well as one
completely wrapped with CFRP sheet. Seven rectangular RC beams were grouped into three test series, three
control beams, three beams with U-Shaped CFRP jacket and beam with completely wrapped external CFRP
sheets. The cross sections were; first series 100mmx200mm with length 900mm, second series 200x400mm of
www.irjes.com 47 | Page
4. Use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminate for strengthening reinforced concrete beams in
length 1800mm and third series 300mmx600mm with beam length 2700mm. All beams were heavily reinforced
in bending, no steel stirrups were installed in the right shear span of interest but in the left shear span,it was
placed to ensure that the failure would occur in the shear span of interest. From these results, they observed that
the larger beam size, CFRP sheet provided less improvement in the shear capacity. They investigated the
cracking behaviour of these specimens. Their research presented a Comparison between Test Results and
Predictions from Design Guidelines.
Bukhaari et al (2010), studied the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with Carbone Fiber
Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheet. Seven, two span continuous reinforced concrete (RC) rectangular beams.
The cross section of rectangular was 152mmx305mm and beam length 3400mm. One beam was un-
strengthened (control beam)and, the remaining six were strengthened with different arrangements of CFRP
sheet. They studied orientation of fiber (0/90 and 45/135) as main variables. The tests showed that it is
beneficial to orientate the fibres in the CFRP sheet at 45 so that they are approximately perpendicular to the
shear cracks.
H.K. Lee, S.H. Cheong, S.K. Ha and C.G. Lee (2011), investigated the behaviour and performance of
reinforced concrete (RC) T-section deep beams strengthened in shear with CFRP sheets. A total of fourteen
reinforced concrete T-section deep beams were designed to be deficient in shear. The cross section of
180mmx460mm with flange thickness of 100 mm and the beam’s length of 1800mm, were used. The specimens
were reinforced with longitudinal steel and stirrups near the mid-span. They also studied variables such as
strengthening length, fiber direction combination of CFRP sheets, and an anchorage using U-wrapped CFRP
sheets, these variables have significant influence on the shear performance of strengthened deep beams. Their
tested Experimental results T-section beams were regarded as deep beams, since the shear span-to-effective
depth ratio (a/d) was 1.22. On the other hand, Crack patterns and behaviour of the tested deep beams were
observed during four-point loading tests.
Table-1. Experimental results and numerical simulation of load-carrying capacity of reference RC
beams
Author
/ size of Beam No of Ancho Ultima
Material Fcu Adh
beam ID layer rage te load Failure mode
MPa esive
(mm) (mm) (kN)
24/150 BT1 - - 35 - Epoxy 180 Diagonal shear crack
x405x305 BT2 CFRP sheet 1 35 No paste. 310 Shear compression
0mm, BT3 CFRP sheet 1 35 yes 442 Flexural failure
flange
thickness
=100mm
25/150 B-1 - - 30.5 - Primer 39.2 Diagonal shear
x200 B-2 CFRP sheet 1 34.4 No and 50.5 Diagonal shear+ CFS rupture
x2600 epoxy (horizontal).
mm B-3 CFRP sheet 2 33.5 No 63.6 Shear crashing + CFS rupture
(horizontal).
B-4 CFRP sheet 1 31.5 No 58.6
B-5 CFRP sheet 2 31.0 No 60.3 Shear crashing + CFS debonding
B-6 CFRP sheet 2 33.7 No 80.8 Shear crashing + CFS debonding
Shear crashing + horizontal cracks
B-7 CFRP sheet 1 34.4 No 68.5 at top face
Shear crashing + CFS debonding +
B-8 CFRP sheet 1 35.4 No 85.8 tearing
Shear crashing + horizontal cracks
at top face
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6. Use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminate for strengthening reinforced concrete beams in
30/120x3 BT1aa - - 27.38 No Epoxy 98.14 Shear
10x2980 BT1-I CFRP strips 1 27.38 No resin 134.73 Shear-CRP fracture
mm BT1-1I CFRP strips 1 27.38 No (sikad 174.64 Shear-CFRP fracture
BT1-2I CFRP strips 1 27.38 No ur 330) 134.73 Shear-CFRP fracture
BS1a - - 27.38 No 74.86 Shear
BS1-1 CFRP strips 1 27.38 No 121.42 Shear-CFRP fracture
BS1-2 CFRP strips 1 27.38 No 101.46 Shear-CFRP fracture
BT2a - - 16.73 No 64.88 Shear
BT2-1 CFRP strips 1 16.73 No 134.73 Shear-CFRP fracture
BT2-2 CFRP strips 1 16.73 No 121.42 Shear-CFRP fracture
BT2-2I CFRP strips 1 16.73 No 154.68 Shear-CFRP fracture
BS2a - - 16.73 No 61.56 Flexural
BS2-1 CFRP strips 1 16.73 No 108.19 Flexural
BS2-2 CFRP strips 1 16.73 No 81.51 Flexural
BS2-2I CFRP strips 1 16.73 No 88.16 Flexural
BS2-1I CFRP strips 1 16.73 No 68.21 Flexural
31/a)100x RC1 - - 51.2 No Epoxy 160 Concrete crushing
200x900 U4 CFRP jacket 1 51.2 No resin 203 Debonding
mm RC2 - - 49.7 No 709 Concrete crushing
b)200x40 U5 CFRP jacket 1 51.2 No 809 Debonding
0x1800m
RC3 - - 50.5 No 1626 Concrete crushing
m
U6 CFRP jacket 1 51.0 No 2018 Debonding
c)
300x600x W7 CFRP sheet 1 50.7 No 2221 CFRP rupture
2700mm
32/152 C1 - - 60 - Epoxy 250 Shear
x305x340 C2 CFRP sheet 1 60 No 384.7 Sheet delamination
0mm C3 CFRP sheet 1 60 No 423.2 Sheet delamination
C4 CFRP sheet 1 60 No 383.2 Sheet delamination
C5 CFRP sheet 1 60 No 452.0 Sheet rupture
C6 CFRP sheet 1 60 No 480.9 Sheet delamination
D6 CFRP sheet 1 44 No 461.7 Sheet delamination
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7. Use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminate for strengthening reinforced concrete beams in
33/180x4 CT - - 22.45 - primer 458.2 shear-compression
60x1800 CS-QL-HP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 No and 528.6 shear-compression due to partial
mm, saturan delamination
flange CS-QL-VP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 No t resin 505.9 shear-compression due to partial
thickness delamination
= 100mm.
CS-QL-CP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 No 512.9
. shear-compression due to partial
CS-QL-AP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 No 525.3 delamination
shear-compression due to partial
CS-HL-HP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 No 599.4 delamination
CS-HL-VP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 No 528.6 shear-compression due to partial
delamination
CS-HL-CP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 No 562.7 shear-compression due to partial
delamination
shear-compression due to partial
CS-HL-AP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 No 547.2
delamination
CS-FL-HP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 No 760.5
shear-compression due to partial
delamination
CS-FL-VP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 No 542.1 shear-compression due to rupture of
CFRP sheets
CS-FL-CP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 No 660.5
shear-compression due to partial
CS-FL-AP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 No 646.5 delamination
shear-compression due to partial
delamination
CS-FL-CP CFRP sheet 1 22.45 Yes 699.5
shear-compression due to partial
delamination
shear-compression due to partial
delamination
IV. COMMENTS ON THE ACTUAL STATE OF ART:
V.
From the above review of literature (Table-1), illustrates that although substantial research has been
conducted on CFRP strengthening of reinforced concrete beams still, the behaviour of CFRP strengthened
beams in shear was young as compared with strengthened beams in flexural. There is no design guideline for
optimizing and choosing the thickness of CFRP sheet/laminate for strengthening RC beams. From the
researchers conducted on RC rectangular and T-Beams sections which, were strengthened in shear with CFRP
and which were strengthened with 1, 2 and 3 layers of CFRP laminate .
VI. PROPOSED METHOD OF STRENGTHENING
To overcome the problems stated above, the future new technique for strengthening the beam with
CFRP uses different Options (Bonded Surface Configurations, End Anchor, Spacing and Fiber Orientation), to
understand the behaviour of strengthened beam with CFRP laminates. The study parameters including end of
anchorage, failure mode, orientation, number of layer, spacing, strength scheme and shear capacity must be
investigated in shear strengthening with CFRP laminate. Finally, the proposed study is to improve the
understanding of reinforced concrete beams retrofitted with CFRP and this proposal brings new challenges for
professionals and who are working in the field of structural repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete
structures and due to the latest technologies in binding the delamination concept can be totally eradicated.
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8. Use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminate for strengthening reinforced concrete beams in
VII. CONCLUSIONS
This paper reviewed the existing research works on reinforced concrete beams strengthened by CFRP.
The beam strengthened with more than one layer of CFRP laminate unnecessarily increased the strengthening
time as well as cost by providing more than one layer of CFRP laminate. The importance of the study in the
strengthening of the beam using CFRP laminate in the strengthening system provides an economical and
versatile solution for extending the service life of reinforced concrete structures. From the literature, it is evident
that epoxy resin is favoured in strengthening and also the end of anchorage was used to eliminate the debonding
failure. Future research is needed for a complete awareness for strengthening reinforced concrete beams with
FRP, with the aim to efficiently contribute in the concrete structures repair tasks as well as, to decrease the
dimensional stability of the structure. A working knowledge of how material properties change as a function of
climate, time and loading will also be of great value to the engineering and design communities. Moreover, FRP
in concrete allows engineers to increase or decrease margins of safety depending on environmental and stress
conditions, generic FRP type and required design life.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)
funded by Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia.
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