Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Experimental and numerical study on behavior of externally bonded rc t beams ...IJARIIT
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have
become structurally weak over their life span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional
repair systems and materials. In this study, an experimental investigation on the flexural behavior of RC T-beams
strengthened using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are carried out.
Reinforced concrete T beams externally bonded with GFRP sheets were tested to failure using a symmetrical two
point static loading system. Seven RC T-beams were casted for this experimental test. All of them were weak in flexure and
were having same reinforcement detailing. One beam was used as a control beam and six beams were strengthened using
different configurations of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Experimental data on load, deflection and failure
modes of each of the beams were obtained. The effect of different amount and configuration of GFRP on ultimate load
carrying capacity and failure mode of the beams were investigated.
The experimental results show that externally bonded GFRP can increase the flexural capacity of the beam
significantly. In addition, the results indicated that the most effective configuration was the U-wrap GFRP.A series of
comparative studies on deflection between the present experimental data and results from finite element method and IS code
method were made. A future area of research are being outlined.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
composite is becoming very popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more
economical and technically superior alternative to the traditional techniques in many situations as it
offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance, easy and rapid
installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams are
continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP
strengthening of continuous beams. In the present study an experimental investigation is
carried out to study the behavior of continuous RC beams under static loading. The beams are
strengthened with externally bonded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Different scheme
of strengthening have been employed. The program consists of fourteen continuous (two-span) beams
with overall dimensions equal to (150×200×2300) mm. The beams are grouped into two series
labeled S1 and S2 and each series have different percentage of steel reinforcement. One beam from
each series (S1 and S2) was not strengthened and was considered as a control beam, whereas all
other beams from both the series were strengthened in various patterns with externally bonded GFRP
sheets. The present study examines the responses of RC continuous beams, in terms of failure modes,
enhancement of load capacity and load deflection analysis. The results indicate that the flexural
strength of RC beams can be significantly increased by gluing GFRP sheets to the tension face. In
addition, the epoxy bonded sheets improved the cracking behaviour of the beams by delaying the
formation of visible cracks and reducing crack widths at higher load levels. The experimental results
were validated by using finite element method
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Experimental and numerical study on behavior of externally bonded rc t beams ...IJARIIT
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have
become structurally weak over their life span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional
repair systems and materials. In this study, an experimental investigation on the flexural behavior of RC T-beams
strengthened using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are carried out.
Reinforced concrete T beams externally bonded with GFRP sheets were tested to failure using a symmetrical two
point static loading system. Seven RC T-beams were casted for this experimental test. All of them were weak in flexure and
were having same reinforcement detailing. One beam was used as a control beam and six beams were strengthened using
different configurations of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Experimental data on load, deflection and failure
modes of each of the beams were obtained. The effect of different amount and configuration of GFRP on ultimate load
carrying capacity and failure mode of the beams were investigated.
The experimental results show that externally bonded GFRP can increase the flexural capacity of the beam
significantly. In addition, the results indicated that the most effective configuration was the U-wrap GFRP.A series of
comparative studies on deflection between the present experimental data and results from finite element method and IS code
method were made. A future area of research are being outlined.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
composite is becoming very popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more
economical and technically superior alternative to the traditional techniques in many situations as it
offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance, easy and rapid
installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams are
continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP
strengthening of continuous beams. In the present study an experimental investigation is
carried out to study the behavior of continuous RC beams under static loading. The beams are
strengthened with externally bonded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Different scheme
of strengthening have been employed. The program consists of fourteen continuous (two-span) beams
with overall dimensions equal to (150×200×2300) mm. The beams are grouped into two series
labeled S1 and S2 and each series have different percentage of steel reinforcement. One beam from
each series (S1 and S2) was not strengthened and was considered as a control beam, whereas all
other beams from both the series were strengthened in various patterns with externally bonded GFRP
sheets. The present study examines the responses of RC continuous beams, in terms of failure modes,
enhancement of load capacity and load deflection analysis. The results indicate that the flexural
strength of RC beams can be significantly increased by gluing GFRP sheets to the tension face. In
addition, the epoxy bonded sheets improved the cracking behaviour of the beams by delaying the
formation of visible cracks and reducing crack widths at higher load levels. The experimental results
were validated by using finite element method
An Analytical Study on Static and Fatigue Analysis of High Strength Concrete ...Stephen Raj
In recent years FRP stands as a better alternative to restore and upgrade deficient structures. The deficiency may be due to change in design standards, improper construction practices (or) adverse environmental conditions. Under such circumstances, adoption of appropriate technique for restoring the structure becoming challenging task. The objective of this thesis work is to evaluate the static and fatigue response of HSC beams with externally bonded FRP laminates using ANSYS software. The modeling and analysis is done using the software for HSC beam. The beams were strengthened with FRP laminates. The models are provided with carbon types of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminates. The available experimental data of HSC beam in flexure behavior is the source material of this analysis work. All the relevant data are taken from that source material. The static and fatigue load cases are applied and the results are discussed. The comparison is made between the available experimental results of HSC beam with analytical based results of HSC beam.
In the last ten years or a little more, CFRP strips and fabrics have been successfully externally bonded to rehabilitate the concrete structures. Most of the previous research focused on the use of CFRP as an enhanced material to improve flexural, shear, ductility and ductility behaviour and confinement of concrete structural members, while limited attention was paid to the investigation of strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) members against torsion, particularly continuous concrete beams. This study aims to detect experimentally the CFRP strengthening technique for continuous RC beams exposed to pure torsion. The experimental program includes investigation of two groups of beams; the first group was composed of twelve un-strengthened beam specimens and the second one includes a total of twelve strengthened beam specimens; all were experienced under pure torsion. Factors considered in the testing program included the effects of concrete compressive strength and the angel of a twist. The angle of twist at each level of force applications, torque at first crack, ultimate torque was to be in comparison with for control and strengthened beams. The outcomes of the tests indicated that all beams wrapped with CFRP fabrics resulted in improvement in tensional resistance as compared with the reference specimens.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
Shear Behavior of Steel I-Beams Strengthened With CFRP StripsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper studies the behavior of simply supported steel I-beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) strips on the web as shear reinforcement. The experimental program contains seven simply supported steel beams. One of them was considered as a control beam and the other specimens were strengthened with different schemes; varying the position of CFRP strips to the web, its number of layers and its angle of orientation. The results show that applying CFRP strips on the web of the steel I-beams was an effective strengthening method for increasing the load bearing capacity and decreasing the deformations. Using two layers of diagonal CFRP strips on both sides of the web realized the highest increasing in the load capacity. Moreover, finite element analysis method has been utilized to analyze the tested specimens using ANSYS. A great convergence between the experimental results and the corresponding ones obtained from finite element simulation.
This Report covers the technique of retrofitting of existing as well as worn out structures using FRP laminates. Thermal stresses are imposed into the samples to mimic fire in a building. It is then tested for strength, repaired using 250 gsm glass fiber reinforced polymer and then tested for strength again. It was observed that the lost strength of the samples subjected to thermal stresses was regained.
Capacity of strengthened Reinforced concrete columnsKhaled Mahmoud
this presentation show main points of research focused on the analysis of concrete and steel jackets to get simple equations for design. Therefore, an experimental program consists of twenty columns strengthened with concrete jackets and steel jackets are performed. The results were compared with some of the design equations in available literature. These equations were modified to match the theoretical and experimental results. Recommendations for column behavior after strengthening are presented to help structural engineers to maximize the benefits of strengthening operation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Retrofitting of Beam-Column Joint using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer and G...Satyam Vijay Bhosale
Retrofitting of an existing building is immensely essential for the deteriorated and damaged structure in Engineering and Medical fields. It refers to endowing the structure with a service level higher than that initially planned by modifying the structures, not necessarily damage area. Beam-column joints, being the lateral and vertical load transferring connections in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures and hence the satisfactory performance of these joints is key to control the performance of connecting structural members during any event.
The project involves the study of the load carrying capacity of the beam-column joint after the application of the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and GFRP (Glass fibre Reinforced Polymer) sheets. Five beam-column joint models were cast out of which one model was the control specimen and others were cast for the purpose of the retrofitting. Four specimens were retrofitted by L-shape and straight configurations. The project focused on the effect of using the CFRP sheets and GFRP sheets for enhancing the strength and ductility of the beam-column joint. The wraps were provided to prevent the shear failure of the beam-column joint. The failure criteria including ultimate capacity, mode of failure, initial stiffness, ductility and developed ultimate strain in the reinforcing steel and respective sheet were considered and then compared.
An Analytical Study on Static and Fatigue Analysis of High Strength Concrete ...Stephen Raj
In recent years FRP stands as a better alternative to restore and upgrade deficient structures. The deficiency may be due to change in design standards, improper construction practices (or) adverse environmental conditions. Under such circumstances, adoption of appropriate technique for restoring the structure becoming challenging task. The objective of this thesis work is to evaluate the static and fatigue response of HSC beams with externally bonded FRP laminates using ANSYS software. The modeling and analysis is done using the software for HSC beam. The beams were strengthened with FRP laminates. The models are provided with carbon types of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminates. The available experimental data of HSC beam in flexure behavior is the source material of this analysis work. All the relevant data are taken from that source material. The static and fatigue load cases are applied and the results are discussed. The comparison is made between the available experimental results of HSC beam with analytical based results of HSC beam.
In the last ten years or a little more, CFRP strips and fabrics have been successfully externally bonded to rehabilitate the concrete structures. Most of the previous research focused on the use of CFRP as an enhanced material to improve flexural, shear, ductility and ductility behaviour and confinement of concrete structural members, while limited attention was paid to the investigation of strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) members against torsion, particularly continuous concrete beams. This study aims to detect experimentally the CFRP strengthening technique for continuous RC beams exposed to pure torsion. The experimental program includes investigation of two groups of beams; the first group was composed of twelve un-strengthened beam specimens and the second one includes a total of twelve strengthened beam specimens; all were experienced under pure torsion. Factors considered in the testing program included the effects of concrete compressive strength and the angel of a twist. The angle of twist at each level of force applications, torque at first crack, ultimate torque was to be in comparison with for control and strengthened beams. The outcomes of the tests indicated that all beams wrapped with CFRP fabrics resulted in improvement in tensional resistance as compared with the reference specimens.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
Shear Behavior of Steel I-Beams Strengthened With CFRP StripsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper studies the behavior of simply supported steel I-beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) strips on the web as shear reinforcement. The experimental program contains seven simply supported steel beams. One of them was considered as a control beam and the other specimens were strengthened with different schemes; varying the position of CFRP strips to the web, its number of layers and its angle of orientation. The results show that applying CFRP strips on the web of the steel I-beams was an effective strengthening method for increasing the load bearing capacity and decreasing the deformations. Using two layers of diagonal CFRP strips on both sides of the web realized the highest increasing in the load capacity. Moreover, finite element analysis method has been utilized to analyze the tested specimens using ANSYS. A great convergence between the experimental results and the corresponding ones obtained from finite element simulation.
This Report covers the technique of retrofitting of existing as well as worn out structures using FRP laminates. Thermal stresses are imposed into the samples to mimic fire in a building. It is then tested for strength, repaired using 250 gsm glass fiber reinforced polymer and then tested for strength again. It was observed that the lost strength of the samples subjected to thermal stresses was regained.
Capacity of strengthened Reinforced concrete columnsKhaled Mahmoud
this presentation show main points of research focused on the analysis of concrete and steel jackets to get simple equations for design. Therefore, an experimental program consists of twenty columns strengthened with concrete jackets and steel jackets are performed. The results were compared with some of the design equations in available literature. These equations were modified to match the theoretical and experimental results. Recommendations for column behavior after strengthening are presented to help structural engineers to maximize the benefits of strengthening operation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Retrofitting of Beam-Column Joint using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer and G...Satyam Vijay Bhosale
Retrofitting of an existing building is immensely essential for the deteriorated and damaged structure in Engineering and Medical fields. It refers to endowing the structure with a service level higher than that initially planned by modifying the structures, not necessarily damage area. Beam-column joints, being the lateral and vertical load transferring connections in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures and hence the satisfactory performance of these joints is key to control the performance of connecting structural members during any event.
The project involves the study of the load carrying capacity of the beam-column joint after the application of the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and GFRP (Glass fibre Reinforced Polymer) sheets. Five beam-column joint models were cast out of which one model was the control specimen and others were cast for the purpose of the retrofitting. Four specimens were retrofitted by L-shape and straight configurations. The project focused on the effect of using the CFRP sheets and GFRP sheets for enhancing the strength and ductility of the beam-column joint. The wraps were provided to prevent the shear failure of the beam-column joint. The failure criteria including ultimate capacity, mode of failure, initial stiffness, ductility and developed ultimate strain in the reinforcing steel and respective sheet were considered and then compared.
EFFECT OF CARBON LAMINATION ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE STRUCTURESIAEME Publication
This work consists of preparation and testing of different structural model like cubes, Beams and Columns. They are tested for Compression test, Flexural test and Split tensile Test. The comparison between Laminated and un-laminated Structural Models was made in order to know how much strength gain after testing of these structural models, so by which the rehabilitation of any structure can be done without demolishing it with less weight to strength ratio.
Behaviour of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite in Flexure Shear Streng...ijtsrd
The corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete reduces the life of structures, causes high repair costs and can endanger the structural integrity of the structure itself. Glass fibre reinforced polymer GFRP offers a number of advantages over steel especially when used in marine and other salt laden environments. GFRP reinforcing bars are gradually finding wider acceptance as a replacement for conventional steel reinforcement as it offers a number of advantages. Technical studies on a number of concrete structures, from five to eight years old and constructed with GFRP reinforcement, have shown that there is no degradation of the GFRP from the alkaline environment. Concrete is very strong in compression but it is extremely weak in tension. To resist the tensile stress, steel reinforcement is provided in concrete. Reinforcement corrosion and structural deterioration in reinforced concrete structures are common, and prompted many researchers to seek alternative materials and rehabilitation techniques. One such material that has been offered as an alternative to mild steel reinforcement is Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer GFRP bars and flats. For the repair and strengthening of structural concrete members, strengthening with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer GFRP plates is an excellent option. The present work is to study the behavior of Shear resistance of the silica coated GFRP stirrups in the shear test zone. A series of studies were conducted using silica coated GFRP stirrups in shear zone. It is observed that beams with silica coated GFRP flats shear reinforcement have shown failure at higher loads than the theoretical failure loads. Further it is observed that GFRP flats as shear reinforcement exhibit fairly good ductility. Er. Satish Kumar | Mr. Ajit Singh "Behaviour of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite in Flexure Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30440.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30440/behaviour-of-glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer-composite-in-flexure-shear-strength-of-reinforced-concrete-beams/er-satish-kumar
Experimental Study of Maintenance and Treatment of R.C.C. Building by Fiber R...ijtsrd
Fiber Reinforced Polymer FRP as an external reinforcement is used extensively to deal with the strength requirements related to flexure and shear in structural systems. But the strengthening of members subjected to torsion is explored only recently. Torsion failure is an undesirable brittle form of failure which should be avoided specially in the earthquake prone areas. In the present work, the behavior and performance of rectangular reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymer FRP fabrics subjected to combined flexure and torsion is studied experimentally. Three sets of concrete cylinders were tested for their ultimate strengths. In SET I three concrete cylindersF1 Without wrap FRP, F2 Single wrap FRP, F3 Double wrap FRP F1, F2 and F3 are tested. In SET II three concrete cylinders S1Without wrap FRP, S2 Single wrap FRP, S3 Double wrap FRP S1, S2 and S3 are tested. In SETIII three concrete cylinders R1 Without wrap FRP, R2 Single wrap FRP, R3 Double wrap FRP R1, R2 and R3 are tested. The concrete cylinders F1, S1 and R1 were taken as the control concrete cylinders. Abdul Quadir Khan | Dr. Shubha Agrawal "Experimental Study of Maintenance and Treatment of R.C.C. Building by Fiber Reinforced Plastic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46365.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46365/experimental-study-of-maintenance-and-treatment-of-rcc-building-by-fiber-reinforced-plastic/abdul-quadir-khan
Beam column joints in concrete framed structure have been identified as critical member for transferring forces and bending moments between beams and columns. The change of moments in beam and columns across the joint region, under loadings, induces high shear force and stresses as compared with other adjacent members. The shear failure caused is often brittle in nature which is not an acceptable structural performance. Retrofitting enhances the moment carrying capacity of joint. Often beam column joints need to be strengthened. Author proposes use of ferrocement for retrofitting as wrapping technique, cost effective alternative to costly FRP wrapping technique. In this present research study, modelling & comparison of Beam-Column joint with and without ferrocement jacket is carried out by finite element method using software ANSYS APDL. The comparison shows enhanced performance of the jacketed model over Non jacketed in terms of stresses, ultimate load carrying capacity.
Reinforcement of Reinforced Concrete Beams using CFRP and GFRPijtsrd
Concrete, steel and masonry materials are the common materials used for housing, office buildings, bridges, power plant structures and these structures are being deteriorated with age. The deterioration of the structures is due to the design deficiency, materials deficiency, poor workmanship and extreme loads. Most of the investigation reports on strengthening of damaged RC structures are based on patch repairing and using FRP sheets for flexural, shear and compressive strengthening of members. This research work is mainly focused on retrofitting of RC beams using GFRP and CFRP sheets. In this study the flexural behaviour of M 20, 40and M60grade RC beams retrofitted with single, double and triple layers of GFRP sheets is done and all the beams are analysed using ANSYS modelling and compare with the experimental results. From the presence study, it is derived that strengthening of RC beams with GFRP and CFRP sheets can enhance the load carrying capacity of beams and at the same time deflections up to yield stage of loading is increased and further the deflections are reduced up to ultimate stage of loading. The RC beams strengthened with GFRP and CFRP sheets show a marked reduction in crack width at all stages of loading and substantial delay in the formation of first crack. Satrughan Singh | Puspendra Kushwaha "Reinforcement of Reinforced Concrete Beams using CFRP and GFRP" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52006.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52006/reinforcement-of-reinforced-concrete-beams-using-cfrp-and-gfrp/satrughan-singh
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
V01226139142
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 2 Ver. VI (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 139-142
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1226139142 www.iosrjournals.org 139 | Page
Strengthening Of RC Beams with Externally Bonded GFRPs
Nikita Jain1,
Varun Kumar Sikka2.
Abstract: The rehabilitation of existing reinforced concrete (RC) bridges and building becomes
necessary due to ageing, corrosion of steel reinforcement, defects in construction/design, demand in the
increased service loads, and damage in case of seismic events and improvement in the design
guidelines. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) have emerged as promising material for rehabilitation of
existing reinforced concrete structures. The rehabilitation of structures can be in the form of
strengthening, repairing or retrofitting for seismic deficiencies. Shear failure of RC beams is identified as the
most disastrous failure mode as it does not give any advance warning before failure. The shear strengthening
of RC T-beams using externally bonded (EB) FRP composites has become a popular structural
strengthening technique, due to the well-known advantages of FRP composites such as their high strength-to-
weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance. This study assimilates the experimental works of glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) retrofitted RC beams under symmetrical four-point static loading system.
Keywords: Glass fiber, carbon fiber, epoxy, retrofitting.
I. Introduction
FRP composites comprise fibers of high tensile strength embedded within a thermosetting matrix
such as epoxy, polymer or vinyl ester. The most widely used matrix is epoxy. FRP was originally
developed for aircraft, helicopters, space-craft, satellites, ships, submarines, high speed trains because of its
light weight. The application of FRP in the civil engineering structures has started in 1980s[1]. Then, the use
of FRP for strengthening of existing or new reinforced concrete (RC) structures against normal and seismic
loads increases at a rapid pace because of numerous advantages enlisted as follows:
1. FRP materials are not vulnerable to the swift electrochemical corrosion that occurs with steel
2. They can be rolled which makes easy to transport.
3. High fatigue resistance
4. High strength to weight ratio
5. Fiber composite materials are available in very long lengths while steel plate is generally limited
to 6m. The availability of long length and the flexibility of the material simplify the installation
process
6. Time required for installation is very less
7. Fiber composite strengthening materials have higher ultimate strength and lower density as
compared to those of steel
8. Low energy consumption during fabrication of raw material and structure, and has the potential for real
time monitoring.
II. Literature Review
When the RC beam is deficient in shear, or when its shear capacity is less than the flexural capacity
after flexural strengthening, shear strengthening must be considered. It is critically important to examine
the shear capacity of RC beams which are intended to be strengthened in flexure
Many existing RC members are found to be deficient in shear strength and need to be repaired.
Shear failure of RC beams are catastrophic which could occur without any forewarning. Shear
deficiencies in reinforced concrete beams may crop up due to factors such as inadequate shear
reinforcement, reduction in steel area due to corrosion, use of outdated design codes, increased service
load, poor workmanship and design faults. The application of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer
(GFRP) composite material, as an external reinforcement is a viable technology recently found to be
worth for improving the structural performance of reinforced concrete structures.[2]
Ghazi et al. (1994) studied the shear repair of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with
fiber glass plate bonding (FGPB) for structural and non-structural cracking behaviour due to a variety of
reasons. Results from a study on strengthening of RC beams having deficient shear strength and showing
major diagonal tension cracks have been presented. The beams with deficient shear strength were damaged to
a predetermined level (the appearance of the first shear crack) and then repaired by fiber glass plate
bonding (FGPB) techniques.[5]
2. Strengthening Of RC Beams With Externally Bonded GFRPS
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1226139142 www.iosrjournals.org 140 | Page
Varastehpour and Hamelin (1997) examined the application of composite materials in civil
engineering by strengthening of a reinforced concrete beam in situ by externally-bonded fiber reinforced
polymer (FRP). The study of the mechanical properties of the interface and the rheological behaviour of
composite materials are very important to design.[15]
Khalifa et al. (2000) studied the shear performance and the modes of failure of reinforced concrete
(RC) beams strengthened with externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) wraps
experimentally. The experimental program consisted of testing twenty-seven, full-scale, RC beams. The
variables investigated in this research study included steel stirrups (i.e., beams with and without steel stirrups),
shear span-to depth ratio (i.e., a/d ratio 3 versus 4), CFRP amount and distribution (i.e., Continuous wrap
versus strips), bonded surface (i.e., lateral sides versus U-wrap), fiber orientation (i.e., 90°/0° fiber
combination versus 90° direction), and end anchor (i.e., U-wrap with and without anchor)[8]. As part of the
research program, they examined the effectiveness of CFRP reinforcement in enhancing the shear capacity
of RC beams in negative and positive moment regions, and for beams with rectangular and T-cross
section. The experimental results indicated that the contribution of externally bonded CFRP to the shear
capacity is significant and dependent upon the variable investigated. For all beams, results show that an
increase in shear strength of 22 to 145% was achieved.[9]
Hadi (2003) examined the strength and load carrying capacity enhancement of reinforced
concrete (RC) beams, those had been tested and failed in shear. A total of sixteen sheared beam specimens
with a length of 1.2m and cross-sectional area of 100 x 150 mm were retrofitted by using various types
of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and then retested. The retrofitted beam specimens wrapped with different
amounts and types of FRP were subjected to four-point static loading. Load, deflection and strain data were
collected during testing the beam specimens to failure. Results of the experimental program indicate that
there were several parameters that affect the strength of the beams[6]. The results also show that the use of
FRP composites for shear strengthening provides significant static capacity increase.
Teng et al. (2004) have studied the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with
FRP composites. A recent technique for the shear strengthening of RC beams is to provide additional
FRP web reinforcement, commonly in the form of bonded external FRP strips/sheets. Over the last few
years, a large amount of research has been conducted on this new strengthening technique, which has
established its effectiveness and has led to a good understanding of the behaviour and strength of such
shear-strengthened beams. Here, the methods of strengthening were described first, followed by a
summary of experimental observations of failure processes and modes. The accuracy of existing design
provisions was examined next through comparisons with test results. Limitations of existing experimental
and theoretical studies were also highlighted.[14]
Islam et al. (2005) investigated shear strengthening of RC deep beams using externally bonded
FRP systems. In this study, six identical beams were fabricated and tested to failure for this purpose. One of
these beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference, while the remaining five beams were
tested after being strengthened using carbon fiber wrap, strip or grids. The test results have shown that the
use of a bonded FRP system leads to a much slower growth of the critical diagonal cracks and enhances the
load-carrying capacity of the beam to a level quite sufficient to meet most of the practical upgrading
requirements[7]. Although FRP grids placed in normal orientation demonstrated to be the most effective
system as far as the amount of material used in strengthening is concerned, other systems were found to be
almost equally effective. An enhancement of shear strength in the order of about 40%, was achieved in this
study. Saafan (2006) studied the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams using GFRP wraps. The
objective of the experimental work was to investigate the efficiency of GFRP composites in strengthening
simply supported reinforced concrete beams designed with insufficient shear capacity. Using the hand
lay-up technique, successive layers of a woven fiber glass fabric were bonded along the shear span to
increase the shear capacity and to avoid catastrophic premature failure modes. The strengthened beams were
fabricated with no web reinforcement to explore the efficiency of the proposed strengthening technique
using the results of control beams with closed stirrups as web reinforcement. The test results of 18 number of
beams were reported, addressing the influence of different shear strengthening schemes and variable
longitudinal reinforcement ratios on the structural behaviour. The results indicated that significant
increase in the shear strength and improvements in the overall structural behaviour of beams with
insufficient shear capacity could be achieved by proper application of GFRP wraps. It was observed that the
layers can easily slip down under self weight[13].
Mosallam and Banerjee (2007) studied experimentally on shear strength enhancement of
reinforced concrete beams externally reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. A
total of nine full-scale beam specimens of three different classes, as-built (unstrengthened), repaired and
retrofitted were tested. Three composite systems namely carbon/epoxy wet layup, E-glass/epoxy wet
layup and carbon/epoxy procured strips were used for retrofit and repair evaluation. Experimental results
3. Strengthening Of RC Beams With Externally Bonded GFRPS
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1226139142 www.iosrjournals.org 141 | Page
indicated that the composite systems provided substantial increase in ultimate strength of repaired and
strengthened beams as compared to the pre-cracked and as-built beam specimens.[11]
Kim et al. (2008) studied the shear strength of RC beams strengthened by fiber material. It consists
of a plasticity model for web crushing, a truss model for diagonal tension, and a simple flexural theory
based on the ultimate strength method. To analyze the shear strengthening effect of the fiber, the
model considers the interfacial shear-bonding stress between base concrete and the fiber. This reflects that
the primary cause of shear failure in strengthened RC beams is rapid loss of load capacity due to separation
of the strengthening fibers from the base material. The predictive model can estimate load capacities of
each failure mode, and is compared to tested specimen data including extreme load failure. The analysis
matches well with the experiments concerning load capacity and failure mode. Also, the experimental results
of other published data are compared to the predictive model to evaluate its application. The results show
that the predictive model has good adaptability and high accuracy.[10]
Balamuralikrishnan (2009) has studied the flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened with carbon
fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabrics. For flexural strengthening of RC beams, total ten number of
beams were cast and tested over an effective span of 3000 mm up to failure under monotonic and cyclic
loads. The beams were designed as under-reinforced concrete beams. Eight number of beams were
strengthened with bonded CFRP fabric in single layer and two layers which are parallel to beam axis
at the bottom under virgin condition and tested until failure; the remaining two beams were used as control
specimens. Static and cyclic responses of all the beams were evaluated in terms of strength, stiffness,
ductility ratio, energy absorption capacity factor, compositeness between CFRP fabric and concrete, and
the associated failure modes. The theoretical moment-curvature relationship and the load-displacement
response of the strengthened beams and control beams were predicted by using software ANSYS.
Comparison has been made between the numerical (ANSYS) and the experimental results. The results show
that the strengthened beams exhibit increased flexural strength, enhanced flexural stiffness, and composite
action until failure.[3] Ceroni (2010) experimentally studied on RC beams externally strengthened with carbon
fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) laminates and Near Surface Mounted (NSM) bars under monotonic and cyclic
loads, the latter ones characterized by a low number of cycles in the elastic and post-elastic range.
Comparisons between experimental and theoretical failure loads were discussed in detail.[4]
More recently, Obaidat et al. (2011) investigated experimentally, the behaviour of the
structurally damaged full-scale reinforced concrete beams retrofitted with CFRP laminates in shear or in
flexure. The main variables considered were the internal reinforcement ratio, position of retrofitting and
the length of CFRP. The experimental results, generally, indicate that beams retrofitted in shear and flexure
by using CFRP laminates are structurally efficient and are restored to stiffness and strength values nearly
equal to or greater than those of the control beams. Employing externally bonded CFRP plates resulted
in an increase in maximum load. The increase in maximum load of the retrofitted specimens reached values
of about 23% for retrofitting in shear and between 7% and 33% for retrofitting in flexure. Moreover,
retrofitting shifts the mode of failure to be brittle. It was found that the efficiency of the strengthening
technique by CFRP in flexure varied depending on the length. The main failure mode in the experimental
work was plate debonding which reduces the efficiency of retrofitting. Based on the conclusion deeper
studies should be performed to investigate the behaviour of the interface layer between the CFRP and
concrete. Also numerical work should be done to predict the behaviour of retrofitted beams and to evaluate the
influence of different parameters on the overall behaviour of the beams.[12]
Mix Design:
The mix design strength of concrete is 25 Mpa in 28 days. The specific gravity of Coarse and Fine
Aggregates are 2.88 and 2.64. The standard deviation is taken as 4Mpa. Portland slag cement is being used of
specific gravity 2.96.
Table 1: Mix Proportions
Water Cement Fine Aggregates Coarse Aggregates
0.45 1 1.49 2.89
Table 2: Quantity of materials for casting
Materials One Mould (in Kg) Three Mould (in Kg)
Cement 2.816 8.448
Fine Aggregate 5.376 17.208
Coarse Aggregate 7.460 22.380
Fly Ash 0.256 0.768
Water 1.3 3.9
4. Strengthening Of RC Beams With Externally Bonded GFRPS
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1226139142 www.iosrjournals.org 142 | Page
Table 3: Curing Specimens
Cured Plain concrete beam U Wrapped beam Two side Wrapped beam
7 Days 3 nos 3 nos 3 nos
28 Days 3 nos 3 nos 3 nos
Experimental Study:
Analysis of beam for 7 days:
The beams B1, B2 and B3 cured for 7 days and 28 days were tested on Flexural Testing Machine. One
sided GFRP Wrapped concrete beams, Two sided GFRP Wrapped concrete beams , Details are illustrated in the
table below:
Table 4: Load in KN for 7 Dyas & 28 Days
Beam Plain cement concrete U GFRP wrapped Two sided GFRP wrapped
Load in KN Load in KN Load in KN
7 days 28days 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days
B 1 26 31 31 40 28 33
B 2 25 30 32 39 30 32
B 3 26.5 31 33 42 31 39
Avg Load (KN) 25.84 30.67 32 40.34 20.34 34.67
III. Results
Conclusion drawn from above results
Sr No Beam Increase in strength compared to PCC in %
1 GFRP Wrapped U 32
2 GFRP Wrapped Two sides 11
The strength of beam wrapped by GFRP on beam in U shape is 32% more than that of Plain cement
concrete and the strength of beam wrapped on two parallel sides is comparatively more than the strength of Plain
cement concrete but lesser than the wrapped in one side.
IV. Conclusion
From theabove research and results we can conclude that GFRP wrapped in U shape gives better
strength as compared to GFRP wrapped on two parallel sides. The strengthening of beam in U shape is more
effective than in sides of beam. And finally we can conclude that the GFRP can increase the shear capacity of
beams.The use of GFRP sheets as an external reinforcement is recommended to enhance the shear capacity of
RC Beams with anchorage system.
References
[1]. ACI 440.2R-02, “Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete
Structures”, Reported by ACI Committee 440.
[2]. Archana kumari panigrahi (2013), “Strengthening Of Shear Deficient RC T beams with externally bonded FRPs”, Composite
structures.
[3]. Balamuralikrishnan R., and Jeyasehar C. A. (2009), “Flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Polymer (CFRP) fabrics”, The Open Civil Engineering Journal.
[4]. Ceroni F. (2010), “Experimental performances of RC beams strengthened with FRP materials”, Construction and Building
materials.
[5]. Ghazi J. Al-Sulaimani, Alfarabi Sharif, Istem A. Basunbul, Mohhamed H. Baluch, and Bader N. Ghaleb (1994), “Shear
Repair for Reinforced Concrete by Fiberglass Plate Bonding”, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 91, Issue No. 4.
[6]. Hadi M. N. S. (2003), “Retrofitting of shear failed reinforced concrete beams”, Composite Structures.
[7]. Islam M. R., Mansur M. A., and Maalej M. (2005), “Shear strengthening of RC deep beams using externally bonded FRP
systems”, Cement & Concrete Composites.
[8]. Khalifa A., Lorenzis L. D., and Nanni A. (2000), “FRP composites for shear strengthening of RC beams”,
Proceedings, 3rd International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, 15-18 Aug.
[9]. . Khalifa A., and Nanni A. (2000), “Improving shear capacity of existing RC T-section beams using CFRP composites”, Cement &
Concrete Composites.
[10]. Kim G., Sim J., and Oh H. (2008), “Shear strength of strengthened RC beams with FRPs in shear”, Construction and Building
Materials.
[11]. Mosallam A. S., and Banerjee S. (2007), “Shear enhancement of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP composite
laminates”, Composites: Part B.
[12]. Obaidat Y. T., Heyden S., Dahlblom O., Farsakh G. A. and Jawad Y. A. (2011), “Retrofitting of reinforced concrete
beams using composite laminates”, Construction and Building Materials.
[13]. Saafan M. A. A. (2006), “Shear strengthening of Reinforced Concrete beams using GFRP wraps”, Czech Technical University
in Prague Acta Polytechnica, Vol. 46 No. 1.
[14]. . Teng J. G., Lam L., and Chen J.F. (2004), “Shear strengthening of RC beams with FRP composites”, Programm Structural.
Engineering Material.
[15]. . Varastehpour H., and Hamelin P. (1997), “Strengthening of concrete beams using fiber reinforced plastics”, Materials and
Structures.