The document discusses strategies for evolutionary change and continuous improvement processes like Kaizen. [1] Evolutionary change emphasizes small, incremental changes through a learning process whereas radical change can cause resistance. [2] Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement involving everyone in an organization making ongoing small suggestions for improvement. [3] The principles of Kaizen emphasize that human resources are a company's most important asset and that improvement should be based on quantitatively evaluating processes.

1. Strategies for Change
Evolution
Encourages a continuous learning environment
The evolutionary model emphasises small incremental changes.
It is a learning organisation with the capability of creating something new in a step by
step process.
Change in general can cause confusion and can be resisted if the culture of the
organisation is familiar with incremental change only.
The workers are not given enough opportunity to apply their learning
‘all but incremental change is resisted’.(Pettigrew,1985)

2. What is Kaizen?
The Key to Japan's Competitive Success published in 1986 that introduced Kaizen to the western corporate
world, Masaaki Imai defined it as: "a means of continuing improvement in personal life, home life, social life, and
working life. At the workplace, Kaizen means continuing improvement involving everyone—managers and
workers alike. The Kaizen business strategy involves everyone in an organization working together to make
improvements without large capital investments."
Masaaki Imai(1986)

3. The Evolutionary Change Process
• The firm is the starting point
• Evolution is a constant stream process of gradual changes
• It is a metamorphosis of long-term organisational learning
• Learning is a slow process which can be new skills, processes,
experiment, test and discuss
• Organisational learning power is dispersed
• Management recognise that the firm has to continuously learn
and adapt
• Management do not have the absolute power to impose
dramatic revolutionary change but must continue with the
evolutionary change process

4. Kaizen
Kaizen is a system that involves every employee - from
upper management to the cleaning crew. Everyone is
encouraged to come up with small improvement
suggestions on a regular basis. This is not a once a
month or once a year activity. It is continuous. Japanese
companies, such as Toyota and Canon, a total of 60 to 70
suggestions per employee per year are written down,
shared and implemented.

5. Perspectives On Strategic Change
• Evolutionary change is necessary to ensure continuity
in the renewal process
• Gradual mutation and selection
• Continuous renewal is a marathon and not won by
good sprinters
• Continuous renewal in a long-term approach
• Requires commitment from motivated employees
willing to learn and adapt to gradual change

6. What are the Kaizen Principles
• Human resources are a company's most
important asset
• Processes must evolve by gradual improvement
rather than by radical change
• Improvement must be based on a quantitative
evaluation of the performance of different
processes. It is aimed at management

7. Kaizen 5S’s
• The Five S's relate to the visual workplace
• Sort – Clean up and organise and throw away items
not required
• Set in order: Organise, identify and arrange
everything in a work area
• Shine- Regular cleaning and maintenance
• Standardise- Make it easy to maintain - simplify and
standardise
• Sustain -Maintain what has been accomplished

8. Canon Technology Office Products
Market Share in 2011
Source: Gartner Dataquest (February 2012)
Technological Leadership
Canon's overwhelming success is attributed to superior technology, the result of an unprecedented
commitment to research and development. In 2011, Canon devoted approximately 8.7% of its Net Sales to R&D
This spending exceeds many of their key competitors and ensures that research and development efforts continue to grow.
Innovation has been a key ingredient in Canon's success.
Canon is one of the most prolific inventors of consumer and professional imaging solutions having in excess of 40,000 U.S. patents
in its 70-year history.
In 2011, Canon ranked third in the country for receiving patents in the private sector, with 2,818 patents granted according to the
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

9. Management & Kaizen
• Kaizen Event” where managers and employees work together to fine-tune and
revise the current standards. Once a more efficient and superior system is
achieved, it is then standardized and integrated into current policies, rules, and
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).
• When you implement Kaizen into the workplace, you should aspire to make
changes to your current operating standards by breaking down each process in
detail, monitoring the results, and then making adjustments accordingly (“If it ain’t
broke, Do fix it”).
• Your management team should ensure that the current SOPs are being followed.
Management must “go and see” operations, or MBWA (management by walking
around), in order to achieve efficient operations and take corrective actions when
required. That is the only way they can fully understand their current business
climate and make educated adjustments.

10. Advantages of Kaizen
These continual small improvements add up to major benefits. They result in improved
productivity, improved quality, better safety, faster delivery, lower costs, and greater customer
satisfaction. On top of these benefits to the company, employees working in Kaizen-based
companies generally find work to be easier and more enjoyable—resulting in higher employee
moral and job satisfaction, and lower turn-over.
With every employee looking for ways to make improvements, you can expect results such as:
• Kaizen Reduces Waste in areas such as inventory, waiting times, transportation, worker
motion, employee skills, over production, excess quality and in processes.
• Kaizen Improves space utilization, product quality, use of capital, communications, production
capacity and employee retention.
• Kaizen Provides immediate results. Instead of focusing on large, capital intensive
improvements, Kaizen focuses on creative investments that continually solve large numbers of
small problems. Large, capital projects and major changes will still be needed, and Kaizen will
also improve the capital projects process, but the real power of Kaizen is in the on-going
process of continually making small improvements that improve processes and reduce waste.

11. Kaizen
(Continuous Improvement)

12. Kaizen
Patterns
• Human Effort
• Material
• Machine
• Scientific Method Based

13. Imai also points out that improvements
must be standardized

14. Kanban Video Clip

15. Kaizen managing is related to cross-functional management and policy
deployment. Cross-functional management emphasizes breaking inter-
departmental communication barriers.(Imai,1986)

16. Kaizen Culture
• Culture means constant efforts to improve
industrial relations
• Training workers and developing leaders among
the workers
• Bringing discipline to the workshop