This document provides a literature review on the Kaizen philosophy. It begins with an introduction that defines Kaizen as a Japanese term meaning continuous improvement. The document then reviews literature on the Kaizen concept, including its origins in 1950s Japan and application by Toyota. It categorizes the literature into reviews on the Kaizen concept, case studies, and surveys. Several key aspects of Kaizen are discussed, such as how it involves all employees, focuses on incremental improvements, and aims to eliminate waste. The review covers over 50 sources and provides insights into how Kaizen has been defined, applied in case studies, and measured in surveys.
Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement involving everyone in an organization. It is based on the premise that processes can always be improved. The document discusses the key principles and tools of Kaizen, including the three pillars of housekeeping, waste elimination, and standardization. Housekeeping involves organizing and cleaning the workplace using the 5S methodology. Waste elimination aims to remove non-value adding activities. Standardization helps sustain improvements through visual controls and ongoing training. Kaizen promotes problem-solving through cross-functional teams and aims for continuous, incremental improvements through disciplined use of tools like process mapping and statistical analysis.
Chapter two literature revie2 last but not listberhanu taye
This part of research deals with some conceptual, theoretical and historical background of the issues related to the kaizen training implementation management.
Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement. It was introduced to Japan in 1951 through a film to improve Japanese management. Kaizen focuses on teamwork, discipline, morale, quality circles, and suggestions for improvement. Employees work as a team toward common goals. Discipline and good working conditions improve morale. Quality circles allow employees to share ideas and resources. Suggestions are welcomed from all employees to encourage continuous improvement. Kaizen has been adopted by many Indian companies and state governments to improve practices in industries like manufacturing, healthcare, and services.
This document summarizes a research article from the International Journal of Management about implementing kaizen in an Indian petrochemical plant. The article defines kaizen as continuous improvement and discusses how it is a core part of total quality management. It then describes the kaizen implementation process, principles, variables that influence organizational performance, and aspects of an effective kaizen system including employee participation, management support, and skills development. The article concludes with a case study of kaizen implementation in a large Indian petrochemical plant and areas for further improvement.
This document provides an overview of several quality management experts and their contributions to the field. It discusses W. Edwards Deming and his 14 points for transforming organizational management. It also summarizes Joseph Juran's quality trilogy of quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement. Additionally, it outlines Philip Crosby's 14 steps for building an effective quality program, including management commitment to quality and calculating the costs of poor quality.
Juran predicted in the 1970s that Japan would become the world leader in quality within two decades due to its focus on continuous quality improvement. This prediction came true as Japanese companies embraced total quality management approaches developed by quality experts like Deming and Juran. Key aspects of the Japanese quality movement included the establishment of organizations like JUSE to promote quality, Deming's emphasis on statistical process control and quality circles, and Juran's plan-do-check-act cycle. Japanese companies also utilized techniques like kaizen, 5S, and lean manufacturing to drive never-ending incremental improvements in quality, efficiency and customer satisfaction. As a result, Japanese automakers like Toyota rose to dominate global markets by the 1980s due to their
This document provides a change management plan for transforming an Indian subsidiary of an American software company from a development organization to a service organization. The plan recommends using Kotter's 8-step model as the framework and McKinsey's 7S model for planning. Key elements of the plan include establishing a change management team, developing a vision and communication strategy, empowering employees for change, and consolidating gains to anchor the new approaches. Implementing this plan using established change management theories and models could help ensure the organizational change is successful with minimal disruption.
Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement involving everyone in an organization. It is based on the premise that processes can always be improved. The document discusses the key principles and tools of Kaizen, including the three pillars of housekeeping, waste elimination, and standardization. Housekeeping involves organizing and cleaning the workplace using the 5S methodology. Waste elimination aims to remove non-value adding activities. Standardization helps sustain improvements through visual controls and ongoing training. Kaizen promotes problem-solving through cross-functional teams and aims for continuous, incremental improvements through disciplined use of tools like process mapping and statistical analysis.
Chapter two literature revie2 last but not listberhanu taye
This part of research deals with some conceptual, theoretical and historical background of the issues related to the kaizen training implementation management.
Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement. It was introduced to Japan in 1951 through a film to improve Japanese management. Kaizen focuses on teamwork, discipline, morale, quality circles, and suggestions for improvement. Employees work as a team toward common goals. Discipline and good working conditions improve morale. Quality circles allow employees to share ideas and resources. Suggestions are welcomed from all employees to encourage continuous improvement. Kaizen has been adopted by many Indian companies and state governments to improve practices in industries like manufacturing, healthcare, and services.
This document summarizes a research article from the International Journal of Management about implementing kaizen in an Indian petrochemical plant. The article defines kaizen as continuous improvement and discusses how it is a core part of total quality management. It then describes the kaizen implementation process, principles, variables that influence organizational performance, and aspects of an effective kaizen system including employee participation, management support, and skills development. The article concludes with a case study of kaizen implementation in a large Indian petrochemical plant and areas for further improvement.
This document provides an overview of several quality management experts and their contributions to the field. It discusses W. Edwards Deming and his 14 points for transforming organizational management. It also summarizes Joseph Juran's quality trilogy of quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement. Additionally, it outlines Philip Crosby's 14 steps for building an effective quality program, including management commitment to quality and calculating the costs of poor quality.
Juran predicted in the 1970s that Japan would become the world leader in quality within two decades due to its focus on continuous quality improvement. This prediction came true as Japanese companies embraced total quality management approaches developed by quality experts like Deming and Juran. Key aspects of the Japanese quality movement included the establishment of organizations like JUSE to promote quality, Deming's emphasis on statistical process control and quality circles, and Juran's plan-do-check-act cycle. Japanese companies also utilized techniques like kaizen, 5S, and lean manufacturing to drive never-ending incremental improvements in quality, efficiency and customer satisfaction. As a result, Japanese automakers like Toyota rose to dominate global markets by the 1980s due to their
This document provides a change management plan for transforming an Indian subsidiary of an American software company from a development organization to a service organization. The plan recommends using Kotter's 8-step model as the framework and McKinsey's 7S model for planning. Key elements of the plan include establishing a change management team, developing a vision and communication strategy, empowering employees for change, and consolidating gains to anchor the new approaches. Implementing this plan using established change management theories and models could help ensure the organizational change is successful with minimal disruption.
Kaizen refers to continuous improvement practices focused on processes. It originated from Japanese meanings of "change" and "good". Areas of focus for Kaizen include the "5 S's": sorting, simplifying, sweeping, standardizing, and sustaining. Quality circles involve voluntary employee groups that meet regularly to discuss and solve work-related problems. They are intended to improve quality through employee participation. While some companies have successfully implemented quality circles, challenges can include inadequate training, resistance to change, and lack of empowerment for circles to make decisions. Tata Steels in India has grown its quality circle program significantly over the years with over 7500 circles now involving 96% of employees.
The document discusses various frameworks for managing organizational change effectively. It describes the 5-P model of change which involves identifying the purpose, priorities, people, processes, and proof involved in change initiatives. It also outlines the seven levels of change management which progress from effectiveness to doing impossible things. Critical success factors are discussed as measurable parameters for judging the success of change management efforts. The importance of introducing a total quality management culture is also mentioned.
This document discusses the importance and impact of implementing Total Quality Management (TQM) in modern organizations. It argues that TQM is essential for organizations to gain competitive advantages in today's global business environment. The document reviews different frameworks and principles of TQM, such as those proposed by Deming, Juran, Crosby and Ishikawa. It asserts that TQM, when properly implemented, can positively impact organizational effectiveness by improving business processes, increasing productivity and quality, enhancing customer satisfaction, and fostering cooperation among employees. However, certain organizational and cultural factors must be addressed for TQM implementation to be successful. Overall, the document advocates for TQM as a management philosophy that can help propel organizations to excellence.
The document discusses continuous organizational improvement at ASDA, a British supermarket chain. It identifies several areas for improvement, including using new technologies like e-procurement and RFID to make operations more efficient. Introducing changes requires senior leadership commitment, a culture of continuous learning and innovation, and a focus on customer needs. Proposed changes are assessed for their impact and how well they align activities with strategic goals. Determining the required changes involves stakeholder agreement and establishing an environment where people can facilitate ongoing improvement.
Quality circles originated in Japan in the 1960s and involve voluntary groups of employees who meet regularly to identify, analyze, and solve work-related problems. By the 1970s, quality circles had spread widely in Japan with over 1 million circles and 10 million participating employees. While also gaining popularity in other East Asian countries, quality circles were not as successfully implemented in the United States. Quality circles can help improve quality, productivity, motivation and develop employee skills through participation and problem solving. They utilize various tools like fishbone diagrams and involve members, leaders, facilitators and steering committees.
Quality Circle is basically a volunteer group composed of workers who did the work under the leadership of their own leaders.
This presentation is for people studying total quality management subject during engineering.
Change management is an approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from their current state to a desired future state. It involves managing the people-side of change using processes, tools, and techniques to achieve business goals. The typical change management process contains three phases - preparing for change, managing change through implementation, and reinforcing change to ensure it takes hold. This case study will examine how Toyota used change management for the first launch of one of their new vehicle models.
The document summarizes a presentation given by Group 5 on the topic of Kaizen. It defines Kaizen as the Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement and outlines its key elements and methodology. It provides examples of how Toyota implemented Kaizen techniques to improve processes, reduce waste, and increase productivity, quality, and customer satisfaction. The main benefits realized from Kaizen include reduced waste, improved space utilization, quality, capital usage, and production capacity.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a paper comparing Total Quality Management (TQM) and Lean Manufacturing. The abstract indicates that the paper will make a comparative study between TQM and Lean Manufacturing with an emphasis on Lean Thinking. It will categorize related literature, analyze it, and integrate the findings. The introduction provides background on TQM and Lean Manufacturing, noting they are different approaches to optimization but share some commonalities. It also gives some definitions and principles of each approach.
This document provides an overview of quality circles and their implementation. Some key points:
1. Quality circles are small groups of employees who voluntarily meet regularly to identify, analyze, and solve work-related problems and recommend solutions to management.
2. They originated in Japan after World War II to improve productivity and quality standards. Their use spread globally as an effective participative management technique.
3. Examples of quality circle implementations are provided for organizations like the Public Works Department of Maharashtra government, Tata Memorial Hospital, Toyota, and Vodafone.
Value engineering began at GE during WWII due to shortages and looked for acceptable substitutes, often reducing costs and improving products. It became a systematic process called value analysis. Value engineering is a methodology that focuses on a product's function to improve value without sacrificing quality by assembling a cross-functional team. It relies on team building, communication, and efficient decision making. Value engineering follows a multi-stage job plan including information gathering, alternative generation, evaluation, and presentation to determine the best alternative. Benefits include lowering costs, improving efficiency and competitiveness.
This document discusses Dr. W.E. Deming and his contributions to quality principles and philosophies. It provides background on Deming, describing how he introduced total quality management concepts to Japan after WWII. It outlines Deming's philosophy that quality is about people, not products, and that management is responsible for most production faults. The document also summarizes Deming's famous 14-point management philosophy for continuous quality improvement.
This document discusses quality circles, which are small voluntary groups of employees that meet regularly to identify and solve work-related problems. It describes how quality circles originated in Japan after World War II to improve quality and productivity. The key aspects of quality circles discussed include their definition, characteristics, objectives, basic problem-solving techniques used, and the process of operation. Charts and diagrams are also included to illustrate factors that can lead to waste and how causes are determined.
Educational Administration Practices with Total Quality Management (TQM)Timothy Wooi
This program focus on Quality Assurance and managing Organizational Change through Total Quality Management (TQM) and its application in a School setting; to provide and equip Participants with a better understanding of TQM and its practices.
to adopt TQM principles and practices to ensure best Quality delivered to customers.
to use quantitative methods to continuously improve organization’s processes, products and services.
Course Content
Quality Assurance and managing Organizational Change
TQM and its Application in School settings
Tools and Techniques for Total Quality Management
Steps in TQM Implementation building the Dream School
Advanced Standards for Quality School Systems
Introducing ISO 9001 International Quality Assurance and Lean Six Sigma
Building Sustainable Indian Multinationals - Agenda for Action -- Regional Wi...Sharon D'Costa
Regional Winner, All-India Management Association (AIMA) National Competition for Management Students, 2011.
The topic given was 'Building Sustainable Indian Multinationals - Agenda for Action'. The focus of our paper was on Innovation along with Kaizen (Continuous Improvement). We competed against B-schools from all over the West of India and won.
The document summarizes several philosophies related to quality management:
- The Deming philosophy focuses on 14 points for management including eliminating fear, driving out defects, and encouraging learning. It also discusses Deming's "profound knowledge" involving understanding systems, psychology, process variation and knowledge.
- The Juran philosophy pursues quality on organizational and departmental levels. It advocates relating quality to costs and using statistical methods to eliminate defects. Juran's "quality trilogy" includes quality planning, control and improvement.
- The Crosby philosophy defines quality as conformance to requirements. It emphasizes the "absolute" of always doing the job right the first time and measuring performance through cost of quality. Crosby's
8 relationship and comparison between in jit tqm and tpm a reviewprjpublications
This document reviews the relationships and comparisons between Just-in-Time (JIT), Total Quality Management (TQM), and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). It finds that while the concepts have similarities in their goals of continuous improvement and waste reduction, they differ in their origins, key practices, and criticisms. JIT focuses on waste reduction and inventory control, TQM emphasizes customer satisfaction through quality, and TPM highlights increasing machine efficiency through maintenance. The concepts also use similar tools but focus on different areas, like Kanban for JIT and quality control tools for TQM. Combining the concepts can help organizations improve performance, as each addresses a different aspect of manufacturing improvement.
A Study of Implementation and Impact of Total Quality Management on Construct...YogeshIJTSRD
Today the whole world is being very competitive not only in developed country but also in developing and underdeveloped country. Indian economy is very fast developing economy in whole world. In India, construction industries are playing vital role to develop India. Now a day’s in construction industries, not only big but also small construction companies is very competitive and in many companies is trying very hard not only to satisfy their customer’s needs but where possible exceed them. This can only be achieved through cost reduction, improvement in Quality, increased customer satisfaction and a constant effort towards world class organizations. In order for companies to survive and grow in the future, it is essential that they deliver high quality construction and services. Those that can deliver quality are the ones that will prosper in the next century. The Indian construction industry as compared with Construction Company of developed countries is being viewed as one with poor quality emphasis compared to other sectors like, the manufacturing and service sectors. Total quality management TQM is increasingly being adopted by construction companies as an initiative to solve quality problems in the construction industry and to meet the needs of the customer continuously. TQM has the potential to improve business results, greater customer orientation and satisfaction, worker involvement and fulfillment, team working and better management of workers within companies. However, construction firms have been continually struggling with its implementation. The implementation of a TQM within the organization requires a cultural change and its being recognized as an important aspect of total quality development. Dhananjay | Rakesh Sakale "A Study of Implementation and Impact of Total Quality Management on Construction Industries: Approach to Small Construction Organization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41103.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/41103/a-study-of-implementation-and-impact-of-total-quality-management-on-construction-industries-approach-to-small-construction-organization/dhananjay
This two-volume handbook provides guidance on implementing Total Quality Management (TQM) and Quality Control Circles (QCC). Volume I is intended for managers and explains the concepts and benefits of TQM and QCC. It also provides guidance on installing and implementing TQM and QCC programs in organizations. Volume II is a practical guide for starting QCC programs. It provides guidance for facilitators and circle leaders on carrying out daily QCC activities and solving common problems. The handbook aims to explain TQM and QCC at a level appropriate for different readers, from top managers to frontline employees.
Chapter two literature revie2 last but not listberhanu taye
This part of research deals with some conceptual, theoretical and historical background of the issues related to the kaizen training implementation management. Initially it is better to discuss the introduction; definition historic in context and concepts of japans Kaizen management system.
Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement involving everyone in an organization. It is based on the principles of eliminating waste, improving efficiency and quality, and standardizing processes. The document provides details on the key aspects of Kaizen, including its focus on small, incremental changes through techniques like 5S and PDCA cycles. It also discusses the three pillars of Kaizen - housekeeping, waste elimination, and standardization - and explains how successful implementation requires a permanent commitment to Kaizen principles at all levels of an organization.
Kaizen refers to continuous improvement practices focused on processes. It originated from Japanese meanings of "change" and "good". Areas of focus for Kaizen include the "5 S's": sorting, simplifying, sweeping, standardizing, and sustaining. Quality circles involve voluntary employee groups that meet regularly to discuss and solve work-related problems. They are intended to improve quality through employee participation. While some companies have successfully implemented quality circles, challenges can include inadequate training, resistance to change, and lack of empowerment for circles to make decisions. Tata Steels in India has grown its quality circle program significantly over the years with over 7500 circles now involving 96% of employees.
The document discusses various frameworks for managing organizational change effectively. It describes the 5-P model of change which involves identifying the purpose, priorities, people, processes, and proof involved in change initiatives. It also outlines the seven levels of change management which progress from effectiveness to doing impossible things. Critical success factors are discussed as measurable parameters for judging the success of change management efforts. The importance of introducing a total quality management culture is also mentioned.
This document discusses the importance and impact of implementing Total Quality Management (TQM) in modern organizations. It argues that TQM is essential for organizations to gain competitive advantages in today's global business environment. The document reviews different frameworks and principles of TQM, such as those proposed by Deming, Juran, Crosby and Ishikawa. It asserts that TQM, when properly implemented, can positively impact organizational effectiveness by improving business processes, increasing productivity and quality, enhancing customer satisfaction, and fostering cooperation among employees. However, certain organizational and cultural factors must be addressed for TQM implementation to be successful. Overall, the document advocates for TQM as a management philosophy that can help propel organizations to excellence.
The document discusses continuous organizational improvement at ASDA, a British supermarket chain. It identifies several areas for improvement, including using new technologies like e-procurement and RFID to make operations more efficient. Introducing changes requires senior leadership commitment, a culture of continuous learning and innovation, and a focus on customer needs. Proposed changes are assessed for their impact and how well they align activities with strategic goals. Determining the required changes involves stakeholder agreement and establishing an environment where people can facilitate ongoing improvement.
Quality circles originated in Japan in the 1960s and involve voluntary groups of employees who meet regularly to identify, analyze, and solve work-related problems. By the 1970s, quality circles had spread widely in Japan with over 1 million circles and 10 million participating employees. While also gaining popularity in other East Asian countries, quality circles were not as successfully implemented in the United States. Quality circles can help improve quality, productivity, motivation and develop employee skills through participation and problem solving. They utilize various tools like fishbone diagrams and involve members, leaders, facilitators and steering committees.
Quality Circle is basically a volunteer group composed of workers who did the work under the leadership of their own leaders.
This presentation is for people studying total quality management subject during engineering.
Change management is an approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from their current state to a desired future state. It involves managing the people-side of change using processes, tools, and techniques to achieve business goals. The typical change management process contains three phases - preparing for change, managing change through implementation, and reinforcing change to ensure it takes hold. This case study will examine how Toyota used change management for the first launch of one of their new vehicle models.
The document summarizes a presentation given by Group 5 on the topic of Kaizen. It defines Kaizen as the Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement and outlines its key elements and methodology. It provides examples of how Toyota implemented Kaizen techniques to improve processes, reduce waste, and increase productivity, quality, and customer satisfaction. The main benefits realized from Kaizen include reduced waste, improved space utilization, quality, capital usage, and production capacity.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a paper comparing Total Quality Management (TQM) and Lean Manufacturing. The abstract indicates that the paper will make a comparative study between TQM and Lean Manufacturing with an emphasis on Lean Thinking. It will categorize related literature, analyze it, and integrate the findings. The introduction provides background on TQM and Lean Manufacturing, noting they are different approaches to optimization but share some commonalities. It also gives some definitions and principles of each approach.
This document provides an overview of quality circles and their implementation. Some key points:
1. Quality circles are small groups of employees who voluntarily meet regularly to identify, analyze, and solve work-related problems and recommend solutions to management.
2. They originated in Japan after World War II to improve productivity and quality standards. Their use spread globally as an effective participative management technique.
3. Examples of quality circle implementations are provided for organizations like the Public Works Department of Maharashtra government, Tata Memorial Hospital, Toyota, and Vodafone.
Value engineering began at GE during WWII due to shortages and looked for acceptable substitutes, often reducing costs and improving products. It became a systematic process called value analysis. Value engineering is a methodology that focuses on a product's function to improve value without sacrificing quality by assembling a cross-functional team. It relies on team building, communication, and efficient decision making. Value engineering follows a multi-stage job plan including information gathering, alternative generation, evaluation, and presentation to determine the best alternative. Benefits include lowering costs, improving efficiency and competitiveness.
This document discusses Dr. W.E. Deming and his contributions to quality principles and philosophies. It provides background on Deming, describing how he introduced total quality management concepts to Japan after WWII. It outlines Deming's philosophy that quality is about people, not products, and that management is responsible for most production faults. The document also summarizes Deming's famous 14-point management philosophy for continuous quality improvement.
This document discusses quality circles, which are small voluntary groups of employees that meet regularly to identify and solve work-related problems. It describes how quality circles originated in Japan after World War II to improve quality and productivity. The key aspects of quality circles discussed include their definition, characteristics, objectives, basic problem-solving techniques used, and the process of operation. Charts and diagrams are also included to illustrate factors that can lead to waste and how causes are determined.
Educational Administration Practices with Total Quality Management (TQM)Timothy Wooi
This program focus on Quality Assurance and managing Organizational Change through Total Quality Management (TQM) and its application in a School setting; to provide and equip Participants with a better understanding of TQM and its practices.
to adopt TQM principles and practices to ensure best Quality delivered to customers.
to use quantitative methods to continuously improve organization’s processes, products and services.
Course Content
Quality Assurance and managing Organizational Change
TQM and its Application in School settings
Tools and Techniques for Total Quality Management
Steps in TQM Implementation building the Dream School
Advanced Standards for Quality School Systems
Introducing ISO 9001 International Quality Assurance and Lean Six Sigma
Building Sustainable Indian Multinationals - Agenda for Action -- Regional Wi...Sharon D'Costa
Regional Winner, All-India Management Association (AIMA) National Competition for Management Students, 2011.
The topic given was 'Building Sustainable Indian Multinationals - Agenda for Action'. The focus of our paper was on Innovation along with Kaizen (Continuous Improvement). We competed against B-schools from all over the West of India and won.
The document summarizes several philosophies related to quality management:
- The Deming philosophy focuses on 14 points for management including eliminating fear, driving out defects, and encouraging learning. It also discusses Deming's "profound knowledge" involving understanding systems, psychology, process variation and knowledge.
- The Juran philosophy pursues quality on organizational and departmental levels. It advocates relating quality to costs and using statistical methods to eliminate defects. Juran's "quality trilogy" includes quality planning, control and improvement.
- The Crosby philosophy defines quality as conformance to requirements. It emphasizes the "absolute" of always doing the job right the first time and measuring performance through cost of quality. Crosby's
8 relationship and comparison between in jit tqm and tpm a reviewprjpublications
This document reviews the relationships and comparisons between Just-in-Time (JIT), Total Quality Management (TQM), and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). It finds that while the concepts have similarities in their goals of continuous improvement and waste reduction, they differ in their origins, key practices, and criticisms. JIT focuses on waste reduction and inventory control, TQM emphasizes customer satisfaction through quality, and TPM highlights increasing machine efficiency through maintenance. The concepts also use similar tools but focus on different areas, like Kanban for JIT and quality control tools for TQM. Combining the concepts can help organizations improve performance, as each addresses a different aspect of manufacturing improvement.
A Study of Implementation and Impact of Total Quality Management on Construct...YogeshIJTSRD
Today the whole world is being very competitive not only in developed country but also in developing and underdeveloped country. Indian economy is very fast developing economy in whole world. In India, construction industries are playing vital role to develop India. Now a day’s in construction industries, not only big but also small construction companies is very competitive and in many companies is trying very hard not only to satisfy their customer’s needs but where possible exceed them. This can only be achieved through cost reduction, improvement in Quality, increased customer satisfaction and a constant effort towards world class organizations. In order for companies to survive and grow in the future, it is essential that they deliver high quality construction and services. Those that can deliver quality are the ones that will prosper in the next century. The Indian construction industry as compared with Construction Company of developed countries is being viewed as one with poor quality emphasis compared to other sectors like, the manufacturing and service sectors. Total quality management TQM is increasingly being adopted by construction companies as an initiative to solve quality problems in the construction industry and to meet the needs of the customer continuously. TQM has the potential to improve business results, greater customer orientation and satisfaction, worker involvement and fulfillment, team working and better management of workers within companies. However, construction firms have been continually struggling with its implementation. The implementation of a TQM within the organization requires a cultural change and its being recognized as an important aspect of total quality development. Dhananjay | Rakesh Sakale "A Study of Implementation and Impact of Total Quality Management on Construction Industries: Approach to Small Construction Organization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41103.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/41103/a-study-of-implementation-and-impact-of-total-quality-management-on-construction-industries-approach-to-small-construction-organization/dhananjay
This two-volume handbook provides guidance on implementing Total Quality Management (TQM) and Quality Control Circles (QCC). Volume I is intended for managers and explains the concepts and benefits of TQM and QCC. It also provides guidance on installing and implementing TQM and QCC programs in organizations. Volume II is a practical guide for starting QCC programs. It provides guidance for facilitators and circle leaders on carrying out daily QCC activities and solving common problems. The handbook aims to explain TQM and QCC at a level appropriate for different readers, from top managers to frontline employees.
Chapter two literature revie2 last but not listberhanu taye
This part of research deals with some conceptual, theoretical and historical background of the issues related to the kaizen training implementation management. Initially it is better to discuss the introduction; definition historic in context and concepts of japans Kaizen management system.
Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement involving everyone in an organization. It is based on the principles of eliminating waste, improving efficiency and quality, and standardizing processes. The document provides details on the key aspects of Kaizen, including its focus on small, incremental changes through techniques like 5S and PDCA cycles. It also discusses the three pillars of Kaizen - housekeeping, waste elimination, and standardization - and explains how successful implementation requires a permanent commitment to Kaizen principles at all levels of an organization.
Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement involving everyone in an organization. It is based on the idea that all processes can always be improved. Key aspects of Kaizen include focusing on processes, not individuals, using tools like visual controls and charts to identify problems and track improvements, and emphasizing small, incremental changes. Kaizen was influential in Japan's manufacturing success and aims to continuously challenge the status quo through team-based problem solving.
Construct operations process charts, models and diagrams for manufacturing and operations planning.
Use flow process charts, time study and occurrence sampling for methods improvement and work
measurement applications.
Perform job evaluation and merit rating, Kaizen and SMED.
Students are expected to understand various concepts in Industrial Engineering
Principles and Contributions of Total Quality Mangement (TQM) Gurus on Busine...SamuelTujuba
This document summarizes a paper about the contributions of total quality management (TQM) gurus to improving business quality. It discusses six influential TQM gurus from the 20th century: Deming, Crosby, Juran, Feigenbaum, Ishikawa, and others. It focuses on Deming's contributions, including developing the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle for continuous improvement and emphasizing that 85% of quality problems are due to management issues. The document also discusses Deming's "14 points" and how his philosophies influenced quality standards and supply chain management.
Principles and Contributions of Total Quality Mangement (TQM) Gurus on Busine...jumawanjevren02
This document discusses the contributions of several influential quality management gurus to the development of Total Quality Management (TQM). It summarizes the key principles and philosophies of W. Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran, Philip Crosby, Kaoru Ishikawa, and A.V. Feigenbaum. Deming introduced the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle and emphasized the importance of top management leadership and reducing variation. Juran developed the concept of the "quality trilogy" involving quality planning, control, and improvement. Crosby promoted the cost of quality concept. Ishikawa developed cause-and-effect diagrams and quality control circles. Feigenbaum defined total quality control. These gurus helped establish TQM
A REVIEW ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENTStacy Vasquez
This document provides a literature review and classification scheme for research on Total Quality Management (TQM). It identifies four main categories of TQM research: 1) Understanding of TQM, 2) Information Technology and TQM, 3) Global/country perspectives, and 4) Benchmarking. The review finds that TQM research has grown significantly in diverse areas. It analyzes selected research articles, identifies gaps, and provides a comprehensive reference list. The classification framework is intended to further TQM research by stimulating additional interest and providing guidance.
Kaizen refers to continuous improvement processes that aim to eliminate waste. It originated in Japan after WWII and was influenced by American experts who taught statistical process control. Kaizen focuses on gradual improvement through small changes involving employees at all levels. There are three main types: individual suggestions, quality circles for day-to-day team improvements, and special event "kaizen blitzes" for rapidly improving processes over several days through cross-functional teamwork. Key elements are quality improvement, employee involvement, and openness to change.
WHY SOME ORGANISATIONAL CHANGES PERSIST,
WHILE OTHERS DECAY
This report has studied the theory and practice of change management and its constituent elements that are essential for change sustainability in an organization.
The work is focused on the study of people and their resistance to change as one of the integrated elements of the five categories influencing change sustainability: managerial; leadership; cultural; political; temporal.
In this study, an attempt was made to observe options to reduce this resistance, which basically means changing human behavior by creating a teamwork environment, motivation and participating in the change themselves.
The Impact Of Quality Cost On Total Quality ManagementKatie Gulley
This document discusses Total Quality Management (TQM), including definitions of TQM, its principles, and implementation. TQM aims to continuously improve processes, products and services through a customer-focused approach involving all employees. The key principles include customer focus, employee skills development, integrated systems, and strategic and systematic approaches. TQM implementation requires commitment from executives and operational management, as well as design of products, employee integration, and focus on customer satisfaction. Overall, TQM is a management approach that seeks to improve quality and customer satisfaction through the involvement of all organization members.
This summarizes Deming's approach to quality management, which includes his 14 points and system of profound knowledge. It also discusses total quality control approaches used in Japan, including elements of the thought revolution. Additional quality approaches covered include kaizen (continuous improvement), the Toyota Production System and lean thinking, and the ISO 9000 quality standards.
Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement involving all employees. It was influenced by American teachings and adopted by Toyota to continuously improve processes through small, ongoing changes rather than radical changes. Key elements include quality, effort, employee involvement, and willingness to change. Popular Kaizen tools and principles are used to implement ongoing improvements through the continuous improvement cycle and PDCA (plan-do-check-act) model. Benefits include increased productivity, efficiency, quality and profits while minimizing waste. Successful real-life examples include Toyota, Lockheed Martin, Ford Motor Company, and Pixar Animation Studios.
This document discusses Kaizen, a philosophy of continuous improvement, and its implementation in an Indian petrochemical plant. [1] It provides background on total quality management (TQM) and defines Kaizen as continuous, gradual improvements involving everyone. [2] The principles of Kaizen emphasize that employees are a company's most important asset and that success comes from consistent, incremental changes rather than occasional radical changes. [3] Kaizen aims to improve all aspects of operations through activities like quality circles, process management, and eliminating waste.
This document outlines an approach to improving organizational innovation called Organizational Design for Innovation (ODI). ODI applies principles of creative problem solving to assess an organization's current innovation capabilities, design improvements, and mobilize changes. The three phases of ODI - Assess, Design, and Mobilize - correspond to the three phases of the creative problem solving framework. ODI involves analyzing innovation processes and culture, identifying gaps through stakeholder interviews, researching best practices, and developing new roles, structures, and transition plans to close gaps and achieve innovation goals.
Every organisation embarks upon a journey of operational excellence. One listens to myriad evangelical presentations by consultants and practitioners,tries each method and finally ends up creating numerous flavours of the month. Here’s a take on demystifying the basics by putting into perspective the various popular methodologies available for some to adopt. This is an article written by me for Efficient Manufacturing.
This document reviews literature on adopting agile management practices in higher education. It begins with an overview of agile principles and methods, and how they have been embraced in industries to increase productivity, employee satisfaction, and ability to adapt to changing needs. While higher education institutions have traditionally operated bureaucratically, some have started adopting agile practices to keep up with changing business and workforce needs. However, fully embracing agile will require ongoing educational reforms, especially changes to organizational structures. The literature review aims to provide value for future research and practices in agile higher education management.
This document summarizes a study on the internal lean manufacturing practices at apparel manufacturing companies in Jordan. The study aimed to identify the extent to which these companies practice five key internal lean manufacturing strategies: continuous flow production, short set-up time, statistical process control, employee involvement, and total production maintenance. A survey was distributed to managers at apparel companies in Jordan. The study found that the companies generally practice internal lean manufacturing strategies to a high extent, except for employee involvement which was rated average. Therefore, the researcher concluded that Jordanian apparel companies have strong potential to compete globally by further implementing lean practices.
A presentation on The Kaizen Pholosophy, a well known workplace management philosophy originated in Japan.
The application of this philosophy has led to the success of several companies like Toyota and Canon.
Linking Theory & Practice Navigating the innovation landscape pas.docxSHIVA101531
Linking Theory & Practice Navigating the innovation landscape: past research, present practice, and future trends Shanthi Gopalakrishnan1 , Eric H Kessler 2 , Joanne L Scillitoe3 1 School of Management, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA; 2 Lubin School of Business, Pace University, New York, USA; 3 School of Management, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA Correspondence: Shanthi Gopalakrishnan, School of Management, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NY 07102, USA. Tel: þ 973-596-3283; Fax: þ 973-596-3074 Abstract The management of innovation is among the most critical capabilities contributing to the success of modern organizations. It is also complex and frequently misunderstood. In this paper we first provide a broad overview of the organizational innovation literature [the Past] to distill five fundamental themes: What is innovation, why is it important, where does it come from, who engages in it, and how can it be best executed? Second, we illustrate how these concepts are applied by three companies on the vanguard of innovation management [the Present] – Google, Walt Disney, and Johnson & Johnson. Third, we project the discussion forward by considering key issues and emerging trends [the Future] of innovation management such as nanotechnology, ethical dilemmas, information technology, globalization, and sustainability. Fourth, we derive from the above analyses concrete guidelines for managers to leverage these insights and enable more effective innovation practices. Organization Management Journal (2010) 7, 262–277. doi:10.1057/omj.2010.36 Keywords: innovation; management; industry; organization Introduction In today’s increasingly turbulent business environment, largely attributed to continual and rapid globalization and technological advancements, change has become a ubiquitous phenomenon. Innovation has emerged as an important mechanism to facilitate adaptation to this shifting competitive landscape. Although considered controversial by some skeptics, innovation plays a critical role in nurturing the economy, creating and radically transforming industries, sustaining the competitive performance of firms, and improving the standard of living and creating a better quality of life for citizens. Understandably, research that is focused on this climate of change displays a strong “pro-innovation” perspective (Kimberly, 1981; Abrahamson, 1991) and visualizes innovation as an inherently beneficial organizational activity with profound consequences for multiple constituencies. Indeed, it is an organization’s capability for sustained innovation that oftentimes determines its success. However, when discussing the management of innovation, one must also consider the more ambiguous, potentially destructive, and less readily understood social and ethical dynamics of the innovation process. This paper attempts to provide a broad overview of the innovation management landscape. First, we survey the exi ...
Similar to Kaizen philosophy, a review of literature (20)
Structural Design Process: Step-by-Step Guide for BuildingsChandresh Chudasama
The structural design process is explained: Follow our step-by-step guide to understand building design intricacies and ensure structural integrity. Learn how to build wonderful buildings with the help of our detailed information. Learn how to create structures with durability and reliability and also gain insights on ways of managing structures.
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
buy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accountsSusan Laney
As a business owner, I understand the importance of having a strong online presence and leveraging various digital platforms to reach and engage with your target audience. One often overlooked yet highly valuable asset in this regard is the humble Yahoo account. While many may perceive Yahoo as a relic of the past, the truth is that these accounts still hold immense potential for businesses of all sizes.
2. The Icfai University Journal of Operations Management, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 200952
Kaizen originated in Japan in 1950 when the management and government
acknowledge that there was a problem in the current confrontational management
system and a pending labor shortage. Japan sought to resolve this problem in
cooperation with the workforce. The groundwork had been laid in the labor contracts
championed by the government and was taken up by most major companies, which
introduced lifetime employment and guidelines for distribution of benefits for the
development of the company. This contract remains the background for all Kaizen
activities providing the necessarysecurity to ensure confidence in theworkforce (Brunet,
2000). First, it was been introduced and applied by Imai in 1986 to improve efficiency,
productivity and competitiveness in Toyota, a Japanese carmaker company in the wake
of increasing competition and the pressure of globalization. Since then, Kaizen has
become a part of the Japanese manufacturing system and has contributed enormously
to the manufacturing success (Ashmore, 2001).
Kaizen forms an umbrella that covers many techniques including Kanban, total
productive maintenance, six sigma, automation, just-in-time, suggestion system and
productivity improvement, etc. (Imai, 1986) as shown in Figure 1.
A growing and developing literature on this subject was published after 1986. The
present article presents a review of literature and attempts to identify the important
and useful contributions on this subject. The relevant literature can be classified in
three basic categories:
• Reviews of literature related to concept of Kaizen philosophy.
• Reviews of literature related to case studies.
• Reviews of literature related to surveys.
K
Kanban
A
Approach
I
Improvement
Z
Zero Defects
E
Effectiveness
N
Networking
Customer Orientation
Six Sigma
Total Productive Maintenance
Just-In-Time
Small Group Activities
Automation
Suggestion System
Discipline
Poka-Yoke
Figure 1: The Kaizen Umbrella
Source: http://afr.kaizen.com; Imai (1986).
3. 53Kaizen Philosophy: A Review of Literature
Review of Literature Related to Kaizen Concept
The philosophy ofKaizen has kindledconsiderable interest among researchers because
it increases productivity of the company and helps to produce high-quality products
with minimum efforts. Several authors have discussed the concept of Kaizen including
Deniels (1996), and Reid (2006) etc.
According to Imai (1986), Kaizen is a continuous improvement process involving
everyone, managers and workers alike. Broadly defined, Kaizen is a strategy to include
concepts, systems and tools within the bigger picture of leadership involving and
people culture, all driven by the customer.
Watson (1986) says that the origin of Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle or Deming
cycle can be traced back to the eminent statistics expert Shewart in the 1920s. Shewart
introduced the concept of PDCA. The Total Quality Management (TQM) guru Deming
modified the Shewart cycle as: Plan, Do, Study and Act. The Deming cycle is a
continuous quality improvement model consisting of a logical sequence of these four
repetitive steps for Continuous Improvement (CI) and learning. The PDCA cycle is
also known as Deming Cycle, the Deming wheel of CI spiral. In ‘Plan phase’, the
objective is to plan for change predict the results. In ‘do phase’, the plan is executed
by taking small steps in controlled circumstances. In ‘study/check phase’ the results
are studied. Finally in ‘act phase’, the organization takes action to improve the process.
Suzaki (1987) explains that CI is a philosophy widely practiced in manufacturing
and quality circles. As the name implies, it relies on the idea that there is no end to
make a process better. Each incremental improvement consists of many phases of
development. Originally used for enhancing manufacturing processes, the philosophy
has gained considerable popularity recently, and has been extended to all aspects of
business including the software industry.
Wickens(1990) describes the contribution of teamwork to make the concept of Kaizen.
The key role and authority of each supervisor as a leader of his team has been described
by taking an example of Nissan Motor Plant in theUK. Emphasisisplaced on teamwork,
flexibility and quality. Teamwork and commitment do not come from involving the
representatives of employees, but from direct contact and communication between the
individual and his boss.
Teian (1992) describes that Kaizen is more than just a means of improvement
because it represent the daily struggles occurring in the workplace and the manner in
which these struggles are overcome. Kaizen can be applied to any area in need of
improvement.
Hammer et al. (1993) explain that Kaizen generates process-oriented thinking since
processes must be improved before better results are obtained. Improvement can be
4. The Icfai University Journal of Operations Management, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 200954
divided into CI and innovation. Kaizen signifies small improvements that have been
made in the status quo as a result of ongoing efforts. On the other hand innovation
involves a step—improvements in the status quo as a result of large investments in
new technology and equipments or a radical change in process design using Business
Process Re-engineering (BPR) concept.
Bassant and Caffyn (1994) define the CI concept as ‘an organization-wide process
of focused and sustained incremental innovation’. Many tools and techniques are
developed to support these processes of incremental innovation. The difficulty is the
consistent application of CI philosophy and CI tools and techniques. As an organization-
wide process, CI requires the efforts of all employees at every level.
Deming (1995) highlights that organizations are evolved at a greater rate than at
any time in recorded history. Since organizations are dynamic entities and since they
reside in an ever-changing environment, most of them are in a constant state of flux.
This highly competitive and constantly changing environment offers significant
managerial opportunities as well as challenges. To effectively address this situation,
many managers have embraced the management philosophy of Kaizen.
Deniels (1995) explains that the way to achieve fundamental improvement on the
shop floor is to enable operators to establish their own measures, to align business
strategies and to use them to drive their Kaizen activities. The author explains that
operators are the experts and once they realize that they are the ones who are going to
solve their problems, and then all they need is some direction. He also discusses the
role ofperformance measurementin fashioning the worldclass manufacturing company.
Yeo et al. (1995) describe the viewpoints of various traditional quality management
gurus on the concept of ‘zero defects’ and ‘do it better each time’ that these strategies
are the important ways to improve quality continuously. ‘Zero defects’ represents CI
over quality by detection of defects. A phrase ‘do it better each time’ (DIBET) strategy
is associated with constant,conscious and committed efforts to reduce process variation.
They conclude that CI is the most important way to manage business through these
strategies.
Newitt (1996) has given a new insight into the old thinking. The author has
suggestedthe key factors to determine the business process management requirements.
The author also has stated that Kaizen philosophy in the business process management
will liberate the thinking of both management and employees at all levels and will
provide the climate in which creativity and value addition can flourish.
Womack and Jones (1996) refer to Kaizen as a lean thinking and lay out a systematic
approach to help organizations systematically to reduce waste. They describe waste as
any human activity that absorbs resources but creates or adds no value to the process.
Most employees could identify several different types of muda in their workplace, but
5. 55Kaizen Philosophy: A Review of Literature
unfortunately the waste that they identify is only the tip of the iceberg. The authors
state that until these employees have been taught the essentials of lean thinking, they
are unable to perceive the waste actually present in their environment. They provide
an example involving preparing a newsletter for mailing. Most of us would tackle the
problem after the printing has been completed by folding all copies of the newsletter,
placing stamps on the envelopes, then inserting the folded newsletter into an envelop
and finally, sealing all the envelopes. When examining this process, it is not readily
apparent to the observer that the newsletter is picked up four times. We
compartmentalize and attempt to group tasks without looking at the flow. It would
reduce muda if newsletter has been folded, inserted into the envelope, stamped as
stacked. When explained, this opens up a new world of operation to those studying
manufacturing processes. The process of Kaizen carries many other benefits as well.
Ghalayini et al. (1997) describe that Kaizen is characterized by operatives on the
shop floor, identifying problems and proposing solutions—the epitome of spontaneous,
bottom-up change. Small scale tuning of a system, by its very nature, is likely to lower
the cost, generated from an intimate knowledge of a small part of the system. Progress
is likely to be largely outside the control of management who are not the sponsors of
change but only play, at most, a supporting role. Even though the aggregate effects
may be significant, there is an obvious danger that the process may be erratic and
fragmented.
Imai (1997) describes that the improvement can be divided into Kaizen and
innovation. Kaizen signifies small improvements as a result of ongoing efforts.
Innovation involves a drastic improvement as a result of large investment of resources
in new technology or equipment. The author also explains that in the context of Kaizen,
management has two major functions: maintenance and improvement. Maintenance
refers to activities directed towards maintaining current technologies, managerial and
operating standards, and upholding such standards through training and discipline.
Under its maintenance function, management performs its assigned tasks so that
everybody can follow standard operating procedure. Improvement, meanwhile, refers
to activities directed towards elevating current standards (Figure 2).
Williamson (1997) highlights the target costing and Kaizen costing concept, one
of the manufacturing techniques, which has been developed in Japan. Target costing
is a process, ensuring that the products are designed in such a way that the company
can sell them cheaply and still make a fair profit. Kaizen costing focuses on the value
and profitability of the manufacturing phase, both of new and existing products. Kaizen
costing activities should be a part of a process of business improvement continuously,
with improvements in quality, product functionality and service jointly. Kaizen activities
and targets may vary depending on the type of cost. Combining target costing and
Kaizen costing provides a basis of the total life-cost management, managing cost
throughout the product life cycle.
6. The Icfai University Journal of Operations Management, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 200956
Cheser (1998) explains that Kaizen is based on making small changes on a regular
basis—reducing waste and continuously improving productivity, safety, and
effectiveness. While Kaizen has historically been applied to manufacturing settings, it
is now commonly applied to service business processes as well.
Kim and Mauborgne (1999) call incremental improvement as ‘imitation’ and not
‘innovation’. According to them, companies should focus on a proactive strategy, which
focuses on the creation of new customers as well as sustaining existing customers.
They refer this strategy as ‘value innovation strategy’ where the emphasis is on
value and customers and to a lesser extent on the competition. The focus on value
innovation pushes managers to go beyond continuous incremental improvements of
existing products, service, and processes to new ways of doing things.
Williams (2001) highlights that CI techniques are the recognized way of making
significant reduction to production costs. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a
well-known technique for translating customer requirements for a product
into functional specification. Data suggests that the best opportunity for
significant reduction in the overall cost of manufacturing a product is at the
design stage of the new product development program.
Doolen et al. (2003) describe the variables that are used to measure the impact
of Kaizen activities on human resource. These variables include attitude toward Kaizen
events, skills gained from event participation, understanding the need
for Kaizen, impact of these events on employee, impact of these events on the work
area, and the overall impression of the relative successfulness of these events.
Figure 2: Improvement Divided into Innovation and Kaizen
Top
Management
Middle
Management
Supervisors
Workers
Innovation
Kaizen
Maintenance
Source: Imai (1997).
7. 57Kaizen Philosophy: A Review of Literature
Chen and Wu (2004) explain that CI can be generated and sustained through
the promotion of good improvement model and management support. In fact,
it is not easy in reality. The improvement case may fail without carefully examining
the problem in the activity.
Hyland et al. (2004) highlight the major potential benefits of CI. These benefits
are: increased business performance (in terms of reduced waste, setup time,
breakdowns, and lead time) and increased ‘people performance’ in the form
of improved development, empowerment, participation, and quality of
work life of employees; all of which address contemporary societal needs.
Abdolshah and Jahan (2006) describe how to use CI tools in different life periods
of the organization. Organizations are facing the problem of which CI tool should
be used during different stages and life periods of organization. Methodologies of
applying both quantitative and qualitative tools in different life periods of an
organization have been discussed.
Review of Literature Related to Case Studies
Thecase studies are the importantmeans to check the effectiveness of Kaizen philosophy
in different fields of applications, especially in manufacturing industries.
Many researchers have performed case studies to cover wide range of benefits like
increased productivity, improved quality, reduced cost, improved safety and faster
deliveries, etc. (Powel, 1999).
Jayaraman et al. (1995) demonstrate the application of the CI in simulation model
development. This study presents several techniques that can be used to build accurate
and efficient model of systems that include one or more transfer machines and long
conveyors. The system under study shows a fair amount of complexity, so a five staged
model has been developed to obtain a balance between model accuracy and execution
performance. The simulation analysis helpsto predict optimal combinations of operation
times, material handling speeds, buffer sizes, preventive maintenance, breakdown
schedules; and a considerable cost saving has been obtained.
Radharamanan et al. (1996) apply Kaizen technique to a small-sized custom-made
furniture industry. Thevariousproblems that have been identified through brainstorming
process are absence of appropriate methodology to assure quality, less compatibility of
theindividual protection equipment, old machines, disorganized workplace, inadequate
and insufficient number of measuring instruments, lack of training, insufficient
illumination at certain places and poor quality of raw material. Suggestions are also
given to solve these problems. The main aim is to develop the product with higher
quality, lower cost and higher productivity to meet customer requirements.
Chaudhari (1997) describes the key factors of the CI system at Morris Electronics
Limited, an Indo-Japanese joint venture firm that has contributed to dramatic
improvement in the productivity and sustained competitiveness. The paper examines
8. The Icfai University Journal of Operations Management, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 200958
corporate values in terms of sets with values held by individuals within the organization.
A general methodology is proposed that allows corporate values to be mapped into
both attitude and management style required to implement and support organizational
change. The author also highlights the evolution of collaboration between Morris and
Hitachi metals and its impact on the development of the higher-level competencies.
Sheridan (1997) has applied Kaizen events to Allied Signal Inc., jet engine
manufacturing industry to overcome the difficulties like low production rates and large
floor space requirements. The result indicates 89% improvement in WIP (work in
process), 88.5% increase in productivity and floor space requirements are saved over
2000 sq. ft. by applying Kaizen events.
Erlandson et al. (1998) apply Kaizen tool, i.e., poka-yoke on fuel-fitter assembly.
The fixture that has been introduced shows considerable variation in the assembly
process. The old fixture is replaced by the more promising of the two fixtures that have
been designed, built and tested. Results show the increase in the production rate of
about 80% and the error rate drops from above 50% to about 1%. More significantly, a
large number of individuals who could not perform the assembly task with the old
fixture are now being able to competently perform the task with the new fixture.
Adams et al. (1999) explain that simulation is the powerful tool to support CI process
improvement. Two case studies including a commercial manufacturer and aerospace
manufacturer have been performed where simulation is used to support the CI steps.
In summary, the following conclusions are made:
• Process simulation can be used to support steps in the CI process.
• To be most effective, simulation model should be developed.
• For new situations, basic and simple models of the process are a good way to
start.
• Interpreting the results with management can be beneficial.
• Animation features of the simulation give an ability to provide insight into
the factory working.
Bond (1999) has studied the Kaizen and re-engineering programs in a leading
international company manufacturing surgical products. Research data is collected
from a program of semi-structured interviews with appropriate staff at all levels ranging
from senior management to machine operators. Research has been confined to
in-depth studies:
• The ‘mini company’ and the role of CI.
• New ‘quantum project’ of process innovation and step change.
Key performance factors that are identified include quality, delivery reliability,
customer satisfaction, cost, safety and morale. Result shows that performance measures
9. 59Kaizen Philosophy: A Review of Literature
are used in four distinct stages and each stage has its distinctive characteristics, which
should be taken into account while applying Kaizen and re-engineering techniques.
Savolainen (1999) has conducted two case studies including a medium sized metal
industry and other larger group in the construction and concrete industry. The main
aim of the studies is to increase the understanding of the processes and dynamics of
CI implementation. The focus is placed on how these companies are renewed through
the embedding of quality related management ideology. The paper has discussed the
processesand dynamics ofCI implementation conceptually andempirically. The results
show that the dynamics of CI implementation process is cyclic in nature, which
progresses at different speeds and with varying intensity.
Burns(2000) describesthe importance of two techniques namely Overall Equipment
Effectiveness (OEE) and set up reduction, taking an example of Weston EU Company.
No appropriate measures of the process and equipment usage are available. Initially,
six pilot areas have been identified, out of these three turned out to be successful.
OEE is actually used to drive CI in the development of a company. Setup reduction
has been applied to reduce change over times, to meet the customer demand for greater
product mix and to overcome the difficulties in machine loading. Both techniques are
described in terms of how they help the company to drive improvement in the core of
business-70 capital equipment CNC machines.
Chen et al. (2000) apply Kaizen approach on a small manufacturing designing
system. The focus of this project is the virtual manufacture of meat tenderizer.
The product is currently too expensive to produce. In order to address this system
design problem, a design engineer, a manufacturing engineer, a quality engineer and
two machining operators are invited to be the team members in this Kaizen project.
After identifying the problem, a brainstorming process has been used to explore the
team goals by receiving the information on current process of the product. Cellular
manufacturing system is introduced to reduce production costs. Kaizen brings CI, it
reduces 25% of the unit cost, reduces floor space requirement by 15% and it also
develops a better communication network throughout the organization.
Lee (2000) has conducted a case study atNichols Foods manufacturing food products.
There was a lack of standard operating procedures, forces and structure. The study
describes how the company values have improved the work environment for the
employees and motivated them to achieve excellence. The paper describes that how
the Kaizen program has been implemented in this company using 5S technique and
team training. The result shows decrease in quality rejections, reduction in change
over times and increase in manufacturing efficiencies.
Lee et al. (2000) describe that inclusion of the Kaizen approach in industrial
technology is beneficial. This case study provides a description of the steps used to
implement lean thinking in a typical mid-western company developing a dynamic
Tri-Resin fiberglass rod, which has 100 times more tensile strength than that of steel.
10. The Icfai University Journal of Operations Management, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 200960
After implementing lean thinking, reduction in space used in the building, material
handling costs and also lower scrap rates can be expected. Exercises that are described
in this paper can be used within the existing system in all manufacturing-focused
programs to assure that graduates are sufficiently familiar with this important concept.
Ashmore (2001) discovers that Kaizen is a hardheaded weapon in hard–pressed
manufacturing industries. Kaizen technique has been applied to Toyota in response to
increasing competition and costs. It has found that after implementation of this
technique, the sale is increased by multiple of not less than 69% and its profit by 54
times in an economic year. The author has also discussed the role of SS by eliminating
waste and JIT in making CI.
Palmer (2001) has focused his study on the ‘inventory management Kaizen’ that
has been conducted at ‘BAE SYSTEM’ to remove the muda (waste) from the receiving
and storing process. Kaizen event encompasses about five months one week from
actual analysis of the process and the remainder working to implement the changes
that are identified. Results show that the process time is reduced from 610 hours to 290
hours. Ultimately the Kaizen event results in saving well over million dollars per year.
Ahmed et al. (2005) conduct a study in a casting based manufacturing plant, which
is currently implementing Kaizen to achieve higher productivity. The study has focused
on the Performance Indicators (PIs) currently being measured by the company. Careful
investigationsand observations have been taken to show the effectiveness andefficiency
of the implementation of the Kaizen system in an innovative manner. After analyzing
the collected data, sufficient information has been generated on various aspects of
performance evaluation. However, due to lack of financial data, monetary-based PIs
could not be carried out in this study.
Granja et al. (2005) study the target and Kaizen costing concept in a construction
company. The aim is to develop the framework taking together these two matching
approaches, which provides a basis for a total cost management system. The authors
explain that the continuing series of Kaizen activities are needed to achieve product
performance and reduce the cost. Combining target and Kaizen costing is a powerful
approach for the construction company by assuring value for the customer at a low but
profitable price.
Dehghan et al. (2006) describe the case study of Kaizen project that is performed
by National Productivity Improvement Program (NPIP), at Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari
Agriculture Organization. Two Kaizen methodologies namely 5S and process
improvement are used for this CI project. The status of the process before and after
Kaizen is shown by using flow charts, block diagrams and spaghetti charts, etc.
Shortening of work processes and decrease in financial expenses result in increasing
the satisfaction level ofboth domestic and foreign customers. Results show the decrease
in 11% stations, decrease in 11.7% moving around, 16% time saving, 34.2% length
decrease and 53% saving in transportation cost.
11. 61Kaizen Philosophy: A Review of Literature
Vaidya and McCartney (2006) explain the application of Kaizen to welding
operations by taking two examples of a small sample of over 100 welding performance
appraisals that has been carried out in Canada in recent years. To control semiautomatic
welding processes, 27 different parameters have to be controlled to ensure quality of
theweld. The authors suggest thatKaizen should beapplied to three welding parameters
including wire feed speed, welding technique and welding speed, as a start. He also
explains that it requires the involvement of everyone in the organization. By following
these rules, spectacular results can be produced.
Kikuchi et al. (2007) aim at applying OEE method to cost reduction by using Kaizen
technique to a semiconductor industry. The consumption of gases and chemicals for a
specificprocess isvery high. Two differentmethods of Overall Consumable Effectiveness
(OCE) technique are adopted to reduce the consumption of gases and chemicals for
12-items. The result indicates a cost reduction of 7% annually for the use of gases and
chemicals. This experience has raised the awareness that the Kaizen process can be
applied to other areas also.
Chandrasekaran et al. (2008) apply Kaizen technique to solve the ‘part mismatch
problem’ in automobile assembly production line. Step-by-step Kaizen procedure has
been followed to solve the problem by data collection, root cause analysis, selection of
the best solution method, corrective action and documentation. The various benefits
that have been observed after implementing Kaizen include elimination of major
functional problem, reduction in quality rejections, elimination of rework processes
and a considerable cost saving.
Reviews of Literature Related to Surveys
Surveys are the effective means to check the performance of different Kaizen practices,
determining the extent of use of these practices and to check how the industries are
deploying various Kaizen practices to achieve their goals.
Gibb and Davies (1990) have identified and highlighted the success factor for CI
and innovative strategy in Australian Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs), the
importance ofmarket orientation andeffective strategic formulation in successfulSMEs.
The critical success factors that have been highlighted in the survey include promoting
a corporate culture, creating an effective structure, analyzing competitors, developing
cooperations and partnerships, and developing flexibility and speed of response.
Soderquist (1996) investigate CI and innovation practices in French SMEs. In this
survey, they examine the drivers for change and the short- and long-term goals, the
sources of innovation and the nature of innovative management in French SMEs. The
respondents are asked to consider a recent and successful innovation of a product and
then to indicate just how important the number of items used as a source of particular
innovation. The top nine sources of innovation that have been found are introduction
of the new product, CI of work processes, radical change (e.g., through business
12. The Icfai University Journal of Operations Management, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 200962
process re-engineering), increased focus in marketing/sales efforts, reduction of indirect
staff numbers, improvement of staff competence, improvement of the quality of product
and services, improvement of the quality of management, and efforts to improve
supplier performance. The survey identifies two groups of SMEs. The first group has
reported satisfaction with their organization’s performance in product innovation and
has also reported that their organizations have a strategic approach to innovation. The
second groupcomprises SMEs, which are satisfied with the currentactionsforimproving
short-term performances. Further analysis shows that the second group is more likely
to report a stronger emphasis on performance management approach.
Based on the survey in a small-scale manufacturing company, Irane and Sharp
(1997) suggest that CI strategy should be ingrained as a belief into the employees’
heart. The ideal situation of CI strategy is its integration with the corporate culture.
Bassant (2000) presents a survey that has been conducted by CI ResearchAdvantage
(CIRCA) at UK firms. The survey suggests that 65% of companies consider CI to be
important strategically, around 50% have instituted some form of systematic program
to apply these concepts, 19% claim to have a widespread and sustained process of CI
in operation,and of those firms using CI, 89% claims that it has an impact onproductivity,
quality, delivery performance or combination of these.
Hongming et al. (2000) carry out a survey in Chinese companies and find that not
all companiesthat have carried out CI activities achieve desired results. It has significant
impact on companies, where CI implementation requires adequate input on company
capital human resource and organizational activities. In the organizational structure,
it is a challenge for companies’ business principles and operations methods.
Mackle (2000) presents a survey conducted by a Kaizen institute that has been
designing and implementing various CI programs in most of the companies in UK.
The institution has conducted a survey with all of its UK clients. Outcomes of the
survey show that organizations have not successfully implemented these improvement
programs. The opportunities for improvement are also identified in this survey.
Terziovski (2001) presents the result of a mail survey used to investigate the
relationship between CI and innovation practices and SME performance in 115
Australian manufacturing industries. A total of 19 questions have been included in the
questionnaire. 57 independent variables and 12 dependent variables are analyzed
using multiple regression analysis. The author concludes that CI innovation
management strategy and system are significant predictors of SME performance.
Gonsalves (2002) performs a survey on the effect of ERP and CI on the performance
in 500 manufacturing companies. He concludes that CI implementation has positive
influence on BPR execution. Integrated CI and BPR have positive effects on the
company’s performance.
13. 63Kaizen Philosophy: A Review of Literature
Malik and YeZhuang (2006) perform a survey in 105 Spanish and 50 Pakistani
companies to analyze the outcome of CI practices carried out in these industries. The
questionnaire is circulated to different industries. Twelve CI tools have been
investigated. The result shows that the Spanish industries utilize these tools more
than Pakistani industries. The Spanish industries are comparatively more experienced
and advanced than Pakistani industries.
Tseng et al. (2006) investigate the effects of CI and cleaner production on operational
performance. A total of 223 responses have been obtained after distribution of the
questionnaire. A sample has been collected via a survey of Taiwan electronic
manufacturing firms. The direct and indirect influences of independent variables on
dependent variables are tested by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique.
The result shows that the CI might not be able to directly improve the operational
performance. However, CI plays a significant role in cleaner production
implementation.
Yan-jiang et al. (2006) conduct a survey by using the data of global continuous
innovation network to analyze the influencing factors of CI. This survey designs 18
questions to describe the reasons why companies are implementing CI activities, 13
questions to describe the company’s external environment and11 questions to describe
the situation of CI activities in functional departments of the companies. The result
shows that the internal motivation factors are responsible for popularization of CI
activities and have varying degree of influence on these activities.
Malik et al. (2007) conduct a survey by a comparative analysis between two Asian
developing countries, China and Pakistan, by investigating how they are deploying
CI practices. The questionnaire consists of 18 selected blocks of questions related to
organization and its operation ofCI, supporting tools usedin the improvementactivities,
effects of improvement activities and company background and its characteristics. The
result shows that the industries in both of the countries are deployingCI methodologies,
but with different proportions.
Conclusion
From the literature,it can be concluded that there is a reasonablyvast literature available
on Kaizen philosophy, which gives a broad view of past practices and researches
carried across the globe. But as Kaizen is a widely accepted philosophy in
manufacturing industries, more research work is required in this field. The authors
feel that Kaizen philosophy can also be applied to different areas like business, service,
commerce, etc. So a great scope of research is available for new researchers in this
field. Success stories reveal that it requires team efforts involving every employee in
the organization to fully implement the system. However, awareness among employees
regarding different strategies that are involvedin Kaizen philosophy, various principles
behind these strategies and the use of these strategies in different circumstances plays
14. The Icfai University Journal of Operations Management, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 200964
an important role. So more research is required which could improve the awareness
aspects, as these factors are highly important for the success of the Kaizen philosophy
in most of the manufacturing industries across the globe.
References
1. Abdolshah M and Jahan A (2006), “How to Use Continuous Improvement Tools
in Different Life Periods of Organization”, IEEE International Conference on
Management of Innovation and Technology, Vol. 2, pp. 772-777, Singapore.
2. Adams M, Componation P, Czarnecki H and Schroer B J (1999), “Simulation as a
Tool for Continuous Process Improvement”, Proceedings of Winter Simulation
Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 766-773, Phoenix, USA.
3. Ahmed S, Hassan M H and Fen Y H (2005), “Performance Measurement and
Evaluation in an Innovative Modern Manufacturing System”, Journal of Applied
Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 385-401.
4. Ashmore C (2001), “Kaizen and the Art of Motorcycle Manufacture”,
Manufacturing Engineer, Vol. 80, No. 5, pp. 220-222.
5. Bassant J and Caffyn S (1994), “Rediscovering Continuous Improvement”,
Technovation, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 17-29.
6. Bassant J (2000), “Developing and Sustaining Employee Involving in Continuous
Improvement”, IEE Seminar, Kaizen: From Understanding to Action (Ref. No.
2000/035), Vol. 2, pp. 1-18, London, UK.
7. Bond T C (1999), “The Role of Performance Measurement in Continuous
Improvement”, International Journal of Operations and Production Management,
Vol. 19, No. 12, pp. 1318-1334.
8. Brunet P (2000), “Kaizen in Japan”, IEE Seminar, Kaizen: From Understanding
to Action (Ref. No. 2000/035), Vol. 1, pp. 1-10, London, UK.
9. Burns A (2000), “Choosing the Right Tool from the Tool Box: Some Examples of
Gemba Kaizen Practice”, IEE Seminar, Kaizen: From Understanding to Action
(Ref. No. 2000/035), Vol. 6, pp. 1- 10, London, UK.
10. Chandrasekaran M, Kannan S and Pandiaraj P (2008), “Quality Improvement in
Automobile Assembly Production Line by Using Kaizen”, Manufacturing
Technology Today, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 33-38.
11. Chaudhari S (1997), “Kaizen at Morris Electronics: Key to Competitive Success”,
Portland International Conference on Management and Technology, p. 365,
Portland, USA.
12. Chen C I and Wu C W (2004), “A New Focus on Overcoming the Improvement
Failure”, Technovation, Vol. 24, pp. 585-591.
15. 65Kaizen Philosophy: A Review of Literature
13. Chen J C, Dugger J and Hammer B (2000), “A Kaizen Based Approach for Cellular
Manufacturing Design: A Case Study”, The Journal of Technology Studies,
Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 19-27.
14. Chen J C, Dugger J and Hammer B (2001), “A Kaizen Based Approach for Cellular
Manufacturing Design: A Case Study”, The Journal of Technology Studies,
Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 19-27.
15. Cheser R N (1998), “The Effect of Japanese Kaizen on Employee Motivation in
US Manufacturing”, International Journal Organizational Analysis, Vol. 6,
No. 3, pp. 197-212.
16. Dean M and Robinson A (1991), “America’s Most Successful Export to Japan:
Continuous Improvement Programs”, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 3, p. 67.
17. Dehghan R, Zohrab M, Momeni A and Hoseini M (2006), “Continuous
Improvement Approach in the Agriculture Sector”, Asian Pacific Productivity
Conference, Seoul National University, South Korea, available on http://www.fdp.ir
18. Deming W E (1995), The New Economics for Industry Government and Education,
2nd
Edition, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
19. Deniels R C (1995), “Performance Measurement at Sharp and Driving Continuous
Improvement on the Shop Floor”, Engineering Management Journal, Vol. 5,
No. 5, pp. 211-214.
20. Deniels R C (1996), “Profit-Related Pay and Continuous Improvement: The Odd
Couple”, Engineering Management Journal, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 233-236.
21. Doolen T L, June W Q, Akan V, Eileen M and Jennifer F (2003), “Development of
an Assessment Approach for Kaizen Events”, Proceedings of the 2003 Industrial
Engineering and Research Conference, CD-ROM.
22. Erlandson R F, Noblett M J and Phelps J A (1998), “Impact of Poka-Yoke Device
on Job Performance of Individuals withCognitive Impairments”, IEEETransactions
on Rehabilitation Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 269-276.
23. Ghalayani A M, Noble J S and Crowe T J (1997), “An Integrated Dynamic
Performance Measurement System forImproving Manufacturing Competitiveness”,
International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 20-25
24. Gibb A and Davies L (1990), “In Pursuit of Frameworks for the Development of
Growth Models of the Small Business”, International Small Business Journal,
Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 15-31.
25. Granja D A, Picchi F A and Robert G T (2005), “Target and Kaizen Costing in
Construction”, Proceedings IGLC-13, Sydney, Australia, pp. 227-233.
26. Gonsalves G C (2002), “Business Process Management: Integration of Quality
Management and Reengineering for Enhanced Competitiveness”, Pro-Quest
Information and Learning Company, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 120-128.
16. The Icfai University Journal of Operations Management, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 200966
27. Hammer M, Champy J and Tathan R L (1993), Reengineering the Corporation:
A Manifesto for Business Revolution, Harper Collins, New York.
28. Hongming H, Sun H and Xu Y (2000), “An Empirical study on Quality Management
Practices in Shinghai Manufacturing Industries”, Total Quality Management,
Vol. 11, No. 8, pp. 1111-1122.
29. Hyland P W, Milia L D and Terry R S (2004), “CI Tools and Technique: Are There
any Difference Between Firms?” Proceedings 5th
CINet Conference, Sydney,
Australia.
30. Imai M (1986), Kaizen: The Key to Japan’s Competitive Success, McGraw Hill,
New York, USA.
31. Imai M (1997), Gemba Kaizen: A Commonsense, Low Cost Approach to
Management, McGraw Hill, New York, USA.
32. Irane Z and Sharp J M (1997), “Integrating Continuous Improvement
and Innovation into a Corporate Culture: A Case Study”, Technovation, Vol. 17,
No. 4, pp. 225-226.
33. Jayaraman A, Green J A and Gunal A K (1995), “Continuous Improvement Applied
to Simulation Modeling: A Case Study”, Proceedings of Winter Simulation
Conference, pp. 930-935, Arlington, USA.
34. Kikuchi K, Kikuchi T and Takai T (2007), “Method of Overall Consumable
Effectiveness”, IEEE International Symposium on Semiconductor Manufacturing,
pp. 1-4, Santa Clara, USA.
35. Kim W C andMauborgne R (1999), “Strategy, Value Innovation and the Knowledge
Economy”, Sloan Management Review, Spring, pp. 41-54.
36. Lee M (2000), “Customer Service Excellence Through people motivation and
Kaizen”, IEE Seminar, “Kaizen: from Understanding to Action” (Ref. No. 2000/
035), Vol. 5, pp. 1-21.
37. Lee S S, Dugger J C and Chen J C (2000), “Kaizen: An Essential tool for Inclusion
in Industrial Technology Curricula”, Journal of Industrial Technology, Vol. 16,
No. 1, pp. 1-7.
38. Mackle K (2000), “A Framework for Implementation ofKaizen ManagementSystem
Audit”, IEE Seminar, “Kaizen: From Understanding to Action” (Ref. No. 2000/
035), Vol. 3, pp. 1-6.
39. Malik S A, Li-bin L, YeZhuang T and Xiao-Lin S (2007), “Continuous Improvement
Practices in Asian Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis Between
Chinese and Pakistani Manufacturing Industry”, 14th
International Conference
on Management Science and Engineering, pp. 692-697, Harbin, PR China.
17. 67Kaizen Philosophy: A Review of Literature
40. Malik S A and YeZhuang T (2006), “Execution of Continuous Improvement
Practices in Spanish and Pakistani Industry: A Comparative Analysis”, IEEE
International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology, Vol. 2,
pp. 761-765, Singapore.
41. Newitt D J H (1996), “Beyond BPR and TQM—Managing the Processes: Is Kaizen
Enough?”, Proceedings of Industrial Engineering, pp. 1-5, Institution of Electric
Engineers, London, UK.
42. Palmer V S (2001), “Inventory Management Kaizen”, Proceedings of 2nd
International Workshop on Engineering Management for Applied Technology,
pp. 55-56, Austin, USA.
43. Powel J A (1999), “Action Learning for Continuous Improvement and Enhanced
Innovation in Construction”, Proceedings of IGLC-7, pp. 433-444, University of
California, USA.
44. Radharamanan R, Godoy L P and Watanabe K I (1996), “Quality and Productivity
Improvement in a Custom-Made Furniture Industry Using Kaizen”, Computer
and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 31, Nos. 1/2, pp. 471-474.
45. Reid R A (2006), “Productivity and Quality Improvement: An Implementation
Framework”, International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management,
Vol. 1, Nos. 1/2, pp. 26-36.
46. Savolainen T I (1999), “Cycles of Continuous Improvement: Realizing Competitive
Advantage Through Quality”, International Journal of Operation and Production
Management, Vol. 19, No. 11, pp. 1203-1222.
47. Sheridan J H (1997), “Kaizen Blitz”, Industry Week, Vol. 246, No. 16, pp. 18-27.
48. SoderquistK (1996), “Managing Innovation in SMES: A Comparison of Companies
in UK, France and Portugal”, International Journal of Technology Management,
Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 291-305.
49. Suzaki K (1987), The New Manufacturing Challenge-Techniques of Manufacturing
Systems, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
50. Teian K (1992), Guiding Continuous Improvement Through Employee Suggestions,
Productivity Press, Portland, US.
51. Terziovski M (2001), “The Effect of Continuous Improvement and Innovation
Management Practices on Small to Medium Performance”, Proceedings of 5th
International Conference on Quality and Innovation Management, pp. 1-22,
Euro-Australian Co-Operation Centre for Global Management.
52. Tseng M L, Chiu A S F and Chinag J H (2006), “The Relationship of Continuous
Improvement and Cleaner Production on Operational Performance: An Empirical
Study in Electronic Manufacturing Firms, Taiwan, China”, International Journal
of Management Science and Engineering Management, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 71-80.
18. The Icfai University Journal of Operations Management, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 200968
53. Vaidya V and McCartney A (2006), “Applying Kaizen to Welding Operations”,
Canadian Welding Association Journal, International Institute of Welding Special
Edition, available on http://www.cwa-acs.org
54. Watson M (1986), The Deming Management Method, Perigee Books.
55. Wickens P D (1990), “Production Management: Japanese and British Approaches”,
IEE Proceedings Science, Measurement and Technology, Vol. 137, No. 1,
pp. 52-54.
56. Williamson A (1997), “Target and Kaizen Costing”, Manufacturing Engineer,
Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 22-24.
57. Williams M (2001), “Maximum Cost Reduction Minimum Effort”, Manufacturing
Engineer, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 179-182.
58. Womack J P and Jones D T (1996), Lean Thinking, Simon & Schuster, New York.
59. Yan-jiang C, Dan W and Lang X (2006), “Influencing Factors of Continuous
Improvement and Tendency to Change”, IEEE International Conference on
Management of Innovation and Technology, Vol. 1, pp. 181-185, Singapore.
60. Yan-jiang C, Lang X and Xiao-na W (2006), “Empirical Study of Influencing
Factors of Continuous Improvement”, International Conference on Management
Science and Engineering, pp. 577-581, Lille, France.
61. Yeo C H, Goh T N and Xie M (1995), “A Positive Management Orientation for
Continuous Improvement”, Proceedings of IEEE AnnualEngineering Management
Conference on ‘Global Engineering Management: Emerging Trends in the Asia
Pacific’, pp. 208-213, Dayton North, USA.
19. 69Kaizen Philosophy: A Review of Literature
Author and Year Key Findings
Imai, 1986 Kaizen means continuing improvement involving everyone in the
organization.
Watson, 1986 The Deming or PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle is a continuous
quality improvement model modified from the Shewart cycle.
Suzaki, 1987 Kaizen signifies incremental improvements and each incremental
improvement consists of many phases of development.
Wickens, 1990 The author discusses the role of teamwork to make through the
concept of Kaizen by taking an example of Nissan Motor Plant.
Teian, 1992 Kaizen is more than a means of improvement and can be applied to
any area in need of improvement.
Hammer et al., Kaizen signifies small improvements and it generates process oriented
1993 thinking.
Bassant and Kaizen means incremental innovation and this incremental innovation
Caffyn, 1994 is supported by many tools and techniques.
Deming, 1995 To compete in this highly competitive and constantly changing
environment, managers have embraced the Kaizen philosophy.
Deniels, 1995 The author describes the role of operators in achieving fundamental
improvement on the shop floor and performance measurement in
fashioning the world class company.
Yeo et al., 1995 ‘Zero Defects’ and ‘Do it better each time’ are the important ways of
making CI.
Newitt, 1996 Kaizen in business process management provides a climate in which
creativity and value addition can flourish.
Womack and The authors refer to Kaizen as lean thinking and a way to reduce
Jones, 1996 waste by taking an example of preparing a newsletter for mailing.
Ghalayini et al., Kaizen can be easily generated by identifying problems on the shop
1997 floor, proposing solutions and making small changes in the system.
Imai, 1997 Kaizen means small improvements. Improvement can be broken down
into Kaizen and innovation. Maintenance and improvement are the
major functions to be performed by management under Kaizen.
Williamson, 1997 The author describes the role of target costing and Kaizen costing
concepts in making continuous improvement.
Table 1: Works on the Concept of Kaizen Philosophy
Annexure
(Contd...)
20. The Icfai University Journal of Operations Management, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 200970
Author and Year Key Findings
Table 1: Works on the Concept of Kaizen Philosophy
Annexure (...contd)
Cheser, 1998 Kaizen signifies small changes and a way to achieve different benefits
by reducing waste.
Kim and Kaizen strategy emphasizes mainly on value and customers and this
Mauborgne, 1999 will make this strategy to go beyond incremental improvements.
Williams, 2001 Quality Function Deployment is a CI technique of making significant
reduction in production costs.
Doolen et al., The authors describe different variables that are used to measure
2003 the impact of Kaizen events on human resource.
Chen and Wu, Continuous improvement can be easily achieved by careful
2004 investigation of the problems.
Hyland et al., Increased business and people performance are the major potential
2004 benefits of continuous improvement.
Abdolshah and The authors describe the methodologies of applying CI tools in
Jahan, 2006 different life periods of the organizations.
Table 2: Case Studies Related to Kaizen Philosophy
Author and Year Key Findings
Jayaraman et al., The authors describe the application of continuous improvement
1995 approach in simulation model development.
Radharamanan Kaizen technique aims at developing the product with higher quality,
et al., 1996 lower cost and higher productivity in a furniture Industry.
Chaudhari, 1997 The author demonstrates the application of Kaizen in improving
productivity and sustained competitiveness at Morris Electronics
Limited.
Sheridan, 1997 The author describes the benefits of Kaizen event in Allied Signal
Inc., a jet engine manufacturing industry.
Adams et al., The authors describe the application of simulation approach to
1999 make continuous process improvement.
Bond, 1999 The author identifies the key performance factors by studying Kaizen
and re-engineering programs in a company, manufacturing surgical
products.
Savolainen, 1999 Two case studies have been performed to increase the understanding
of the processes and dynamics of continuous improvement
implementation.
(Contd...)
21. 71Kaizen Philosophy: A Review of Literature
Annexure (...contd)
Author and Year Key Findings
Table 2: Case Studies Related to Kaizen Philosophy
Burns, 2000 The author describes the importance of continuous improvement
methodologies namely OEE and set up reduction in Weston EU
company.
Chen et al., 2000 The authors describe the application of Kaizen technique to a cellular
manufacturing designing system.
Lee, 2000 The paper describes the application of Kaizen methodologies like 5S
and team training to a company manufacturing food products.
Lee et al., 2000 The paper describes the steps to implement lean thinking in a
company manufacturing tri-resin fiberglass rod.
Ashmore, 2001 Kaizen technique aims at increasing sales and profit in Toyota.
Palmer, 2001 The author demonstrates the application of Kaizen in removing
muda at ‘BAE SYSTEM’.
Ahmed et al., The paper describes the case study of casting-based manufacturing
2005 plant currently implementing Kaizen technique by taking into account
of the performance indicators.
Granja et al., Two matching approaches namely target and Kaizen costing contributes
2005 towards continuous improvement.
Dehghan et al., The paper describes the advantages of applying Kaizen
2006 methodologies including 5S and process improvement at
Chaharmahalbakhtiari Agriculture Organization.
Vaidya and The authors explain the application of Kaizen in controlling different
McCartney, 2006 welding parameters by taking two examples.
Kikuchi et al., Kaizen methodology namely OEE aims at reducing consumption of
2007 gases and chemicals in a semiconductor industry.
Chadrasekaran The authors describe the application of KAIZEN technique to solve
et al., 2008 the part mismatch problem in automobile assembly production line.
Gibb and Davies, The authors describe the critical success factors of continuous
1990 improvement and innovation strategy in Australian SMEs.
Soderquist, 1996 The authors examine the drivers of change, the sources of innovation
and the nature of innovation management in French SMEs.
(Contd...)
22. The Icfai University Journal of Operations Management, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 200972
Reference # 07J-2009-05-04-01
Table 3: Studies on the Application of Kaizen Philosophy in Other Fields
Author and Year Key Findings
Irane and Sharp, The authors discuss the ideal situation of implementing continuous
1997 improvement approach.
Bassant, 2000 The outcomes of the survey performed by CI research advantage at
UK firms have been described in the paper.
Hongming et al., The authors describe the situations of achieving significant impact of
2000 CI approach based on a survey in Chinese companies.
Mackle, 2000 The results of the survey performed by Kaizen institute at UK firms
have been described in the paper.
Terziovski, 2001 The author investigates the relationship between CI and innovation
practices in Australian SMEs.
Gonsalves, 2002 The author describes the effect of ERP and CI on the performance of
manufacturing companies.
Malik and The authors compare the extent of utilization of continuous
YeZhuang, 2006 improvement tools in Spanish and Pakistani industries.
Tseng et al., 2006 The paper investigates the effect of CI and cleaner production on
operational performance.
Yan-jiang et al., The survey analyzes the influencing factor of continuous improvement
2006 by using the data of global CI innovation network.
Malik et al., The authors investigate the level of deployment of CI methodologies
2007 in China and Pakistan.
Annexure
(...contd)