St.Peter's basilica, Vatican.
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St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City is one of the largest churches in the world and contains many famous artworks and structures, including Bernini's colonnade and monumental fountains, Michelangelo's Pietà sculpture, the Egyptian obelisk in the center, the opulent ceiling of the central nave, and bronze statues honoring St. Peter and past popes.
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St.Peter's Basilica
St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City is Europe's largest Christian church and the second church built over St. Peter's tomb. Construction began in 1506 and took over 100 years to complete, resulting in one of the greatest architectural works of its age. Features include Bernini's bronze baldacchino over the main altar and the Piazza di San Pietro, a large open space in front leading to the church.
Old saint peter’s basilica
Old St. Peter's Basilica was constructed in Rome between 326-333 AD under Emperor Constantine. It was the first St. Peter's Basilica and was built over the grave of St. Peter. The basilica had a cruciform layout with a nave and aisles inspired by Roman basilicas but adapted for Christian worship. Old St. Peter's Basilica was torn down in the early 16th century to make way for the new St. Peter's Basilica.
Old saint peter’s basilica ,Rome
Old Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome was constructed in the 4th century AD on the orders of Emperor Constantine. It took 30 years to complete and served as the first St. Peter's Basilica. The basilica followed a basilican plan with a nave flanked by aisles and an apsed transept at the west end. It was later torn down in the early 16th century to make way for the new St. Peter's Basilica.
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St. Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City. Construction began in the early 1500s under Pope Julius II and took over 120 years to complete. The basilica was built in the Baroque style, with key architects including Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini. Its dome, one of the largest in the world, was designed by Michelangelo and features intricate mosaics. The interior also contains Bernini's Baldachin, statues of saints, and Michelangelo's Pieta sculpture. Travertine and marble were the primary building materials used.
St. peter's basillica
This presentation gives an overall idea of concept, planning, designing and various ornamental features of St. Peter's Basillica
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The document summarizes the history, importance, exterior design, and interior decoration of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. It was originally founded in the 4th century but construction of the current basilica began in 1506 under Pope Nicholas V to replace the old Constantinian basilica. Led by architects like Bramante, Michelangelo, and Bernini, the basilica was rebuilt in Renaissance style above St. Peter's burial site. As the world's largest church and a place of pilgrimage, it serves liturgical functions, houses St. Peter's tomb, and accommodates commemorative rituals. Its Renaissance and Baroque architecture and art, including its giant Corinthian facade, towering dome, and sculptures like the
St,marks basilica
St. Mark's Basilica is the most famous church in Venice, located near St. Mark's Square. It has a mix of architectural styles including Byzantine, Gothic, Renaissance and Moorish. The interior features a marble floor and gold mosaics in the domes. Notable exterior features include the facade with five arched portals supported by columns, and bronze statues of horses above the central arch.
Early christian architecture
The early Christian church architecture developed from Roman basilica designs to meet the needs of worship spaces. The basilica form was well-suited with its central nave flanked by aisles and an apse at one end. Common features included a narthex entrance hall, clerestory windows above the aisles to light the nave, and an apse containing the altar. Some churches like St. Peter's in Rome were built over martyr tombs and had more complex plans with transepts and triumphal arches framing the apse. This architecture blended Roman architectural traditions with the new programmatic demands of Christian worship spaces.
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St.Peter's Basilica
St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City is Europe's largest Christian church and the second church built over St. Peter's tomb. Construction began in 1506 and took over 100 years to complete, resulting in one of the greatest architectural works of its age. Features include Bernini's bronze baldacchino over the main altar and the Piazza di San Pietro, a large open space in front leading to the church.
Old saint peter’s basilica
Old St. Peter's Basilica was constructed in Rome between 326-333 AD under Emperor Constantine. It was the first St. Peter's Basilica and was built over the grave of St. Peter. The basilica had a cruciform layout with a nave and aisles inspired by Roman basilicas but adapted for Christian worship. Old St. Peter's Basilica was torn down in the early 16th century to make way for the new St. Peter's Basilica.
Old saint peter’s basilica ,Rome
Old Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome was constructed in the 4th century AD on the orders of Emperor Constantine. It took 30 years to complete and served as the first St. Peter's Basilica. The basilica followed a basilican plan with a nave flanked by aisles and an apsed transept at the west end. It was later torn down in the early 16th century to make way for the new St. Peter's Basilica.
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St. Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City. Construction began in the early 1500s under Pope Julius II and took over 120 years to complete. The basilica was built in the Baroque style, with key architects including Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini. Its dome, one of the largest in the world, was designed by Michelangelo and features intricate mosaics. The interior also contains Bernini's Baldachin, statues of saints, and Michelangelo's Pieta sculpture. Travertine and marble were the primary building materials used.
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This presentation gives an overall idea of concept, planning, designing and various ornamental features of St. Peter's Basillica
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The document summarizes the history, importance, exterior design, and interior decoration of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. It was originally founded in the 4th century but construction of the current basilica began in 1506 under Pope Nicholas V to replace the old Constantinian basilica. Led by architects like Bramante, Michelangelo, and Bernini, the basilica was rebuilt in Renaissance style above St. Peter's burial site. As the world's largest church and a place of pilgrimage, it serves liturgical functions, houses St. Peter's tomb, and accommodates commemorative rituals. Its Renaissance and Baroque architecture and art, including its giant Corinthian facade, towering dome, and sculptures like the
St,marks basilica
St. Mark's Basilica is the most famous church in Venice, located near St. Mark's Square. It has a mix of architectural styles including Byzantine, Gothic, Renaissance and Moorish. The interior features a marble floor and gold mosaics in the domes. Notable exterior features include the facade with five arched portals supported by columns, and bronze statues of horses above the central arch.
Early christian architecture
The early Christian church architecture developed from Roman basilica designs to meet the needs of worship spaces. The basilica form was well-suited with its central nave flanked by aisles and an apse at one end. Common features included a narthex entrance hall, clerestory windows above the aisles to light the nave, and an apse containing the altar. Some churches like St. Peter's in Rome were built over martyr tombs and had more complex plans with transepts and triumphal arches framing the apse. This architecture blended Roman architectural traditions with the new programmatic demands of Christian worship spaces.
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St. Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City and is considered one of the holiest sites in Catholicism. Construction began in 1506 under Pope Julius II and took over 120 years to complete, with multiple architects contributing throughout this period as the design evolved from Renaissance to Baroque styles. The current basilica was built to house the tomb of St. Peter and is renowned for its massive scale, dramatic dome, and ornate Baroque interior decorated with marble, gilt, and sculptures. With over 4 million annual visitors, St. Peter's Basilica remains one of the most significant religious structures in the world due to its rich history, architectural achievements, and status as a pilgrimage site.
St peter basilica
St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is one of the largest churches in the world. The basilica was constructed between 1506-1626 over the site of the original 4th century St. Peter's Basilica. It was designed by architects including Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini. The massive dome, one of the largest in the world, rises 120 meters and can be climbed by a small spiral staircase. The interior features a long nave, lavish marble decorations, and many artistic tombs. St. Peter's Square outside features tall colonnades, an obelisk, and fountains designed by Bernini.
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New St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome underwent major reconstruction in the 16th century to replace the old St Peter's Basilica. Led by architects like Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini over more than 100 years, the new basilica was built in Renaissance and Baroque styles. Its massive dome, four piers, and vaults work together to support the structure. The basilica's nave, transepts, and apse form a Latin cross floor plan and house numerous artistic works and tombs.
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St Mark's Basilica is the cathedral church of Venice located in St Mark's Square. It is renowned for its Byzantine architecture and rich interior mosaics. The present church was completed in 1071 and has a Greek cross plan with five domes. Over the centuries, additions have increased its richness, such as the four bronze horses brought from Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The interior features geometric marble floors and walls covered in polychrome marble and mosaics depicting biblical stories.
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The painted Romanesque churches are uncommon in the Middle Ages. There are only a few noticeable examples of these left in Europe, mainly in Italy. Among them are The Monreale Cathedral (1174) in Sicily, St Mark (1117) in Venice and the Parma Duomo (1059). It is interesting to note the that Duomo of Pisa, which has similar façade as the Parma Duomo is not a painted church. The The Lombard-Romanesque Duomo of Parma is among the finest in Italy. The oldest example of the painted church is Hagia Sophia (537) in Istanbul, suggesting that the tradition of painted churches, date back a very long time.
The Parma Duomo is renowned for its illusionistic painting of the Assumption (1534) that fills its main cupola by Correggio. The nave is adored with the work of pupils of Correggio. The south transept features a carved frieze (1178) by Benedetto Antelami who was responsible for much of the exquisite Baptistery (1160) just south of the cathedral. Building began on the Duomo in the second half of the 11C, following the destruction of the old cathedral by fire in 1058. It was practically finished in 1074. Other artists contributed were Gerolamo Mazzola Bedoli and Francesco Mendogni who painted the ceiling, Lattanzio Gambbara and Bernardino Gatti who painted the frescoes in the nave and the apse walls, Bertolino de Grossi who painted the Valeri Chapel.
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The Byzantine Empire emerged in 330 AD after Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, which was later renamed Constantinople. Byzantine architecture developed a distinct style, making innovative use of domes supported by pendentives to create large interior spaces lit by windows. The greatest example is Hagia Sophia, constructed in 532 AD under Emperor Justinian. With a massive central dome 31 meters wide supported by pendentives, it remained the largest vaulted space in the world for centuries.
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St. Clemente in Rome is a three-tiered basilica built on the site of earlier religious structures. The lowest level contains remnants from a 1st century home that was later used as a mithraeum in the 2nd century. In the 4th century, this space was filled in and a lower basilica was constructed. The current basilica was rebuilt in 1100 AD in a classical basilical style with arcades, aisles, and an apse. Beneath the modern church, the remains of the earlier religious sites can still be seen.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Hagia Sofia was built between 532 and 537, as a Christian church. It has influenced architects ever since. The circular dome covering a square base was developed at the same time as the Basilica plan of the Early Christian churches, in Italy. The Byzantine dome was later adopted into Islamic architecture. However, the Roman dome was constructed differently. Romans placed their dome over a solid circle of walling, best seen in the example of the Pantheon in Rome, instead of using the pendentives (an architectural feature).
However, one shared feature of the time between the two styles was the use of opaque glass mosaics in the interior decoration, covering the walls.
The Hagia Sofia plan is basically an inscribed Greek cross. The hall has four piers at the corners of the square rising in circular arches to support a central dome by means of four pendentives. The upper galleries were used by the women, and were reached by steps inside the building. Much of Hagia Sofia's appeal comes from its size. The inside is dominated by the central dome over 30.5 metres in diameter.
Today after about 1500 years of continue used, Hagia Sofia still dominates the skyline of the Bosphorus. It is truly a milestone, among the world’s greatest architectural achievements, a testament of the sophistication of the 6C Byzantine Empire.
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Byzantine architecture
Byzantine architecture was influenced by its location between Europe and Asia at the junction of important trade routes. Buildings used local materials like brick and stone with marble imported from quarries. The hot climate led to small, high windows and domes with arcaded courtyards. Byzantine architecture fused oriental and Roman styles, using massive decoration and introducing dome construction. Churches often had a central dome surrounded by smaller domes with a smooth external profile and internal/external correspondence. Famous examples include Hagia Sophia, built in 532-537 AD with a large central dome carried by pendentives, and St. Mark's Basilica in Venice symbolizing the city's history.
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Gothic architecture developed in different regions across Europe with distinctive characteristics. Cathedrals were the most prominent buildings, making use of flying buttresses, rib vaults, and large windows to admit light. Their plans evolved from Latin crosses with ambulatories and radial chapels added. Town halls and palaces represented civilian Gothic architecture and had varying styles between northern and southern regions. French Gothic cathedrals emphasized verticality with three-portal west fronts and towers, while English cathedrals had extreme length and square east ends. Italian Gothic used polychrome decoration and symmetrical plans with few columns. German cathedrals had huge towers and spires, and Spanish Gothic was spatially complex surrounded by chapels with diverse influences.
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St. Peter's Basilica in Rome underwent many changes over centuries of construction. The current basilica was begun in 1506 on the site of the original 4th century church said to be above St. Peter's tomb. 10 architects contributed to its design, most significantly Bramante, Michelangelo, and Maderno. Bramante designed a Greek cross-shaped church with a large central dome. Michelangelo reverted to this design but with a more massive structure. Maderno extended it into a Latin cross with a long nave and added the famous facade. Features include Bernini's baldachin and decorations that make it the largest and one of the most magnificent churches in the world.
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The Pantheon in Rome is one of the oldest and most well-preserved ancient structures still standing today. Originally built as a temple to honor all gods in 27 BC, it was later reconstructed under Emperor Hadrian in 125 AD and converted to a Catholic church in 608 AD. The Pantheon's most distinctive feature is its large oculus opening at the top of the dome, which at nearly 30 feet in diameter was the building's only source of light. Though originally used as a pagan temple, it continues to serve as a Roman Catholic church and is still an iconic landmark attracting many visitors to Rome.
HISTORY: Early Christian Architecture
The early Christian architecture began in Rome and Constantinople in the early 4th century AD. With Christianity becoming the official state religion under Emperor Constantine, new church buildings were needed for worship. The most common church design was the basilica, adapted from Roman civic buildings. Two prominent early basilica churches were St. John Lateran in Rome (313-320 AD) and St. Peter's in Rome (333 AD), which had a nave and aisles topped by timber roofs. Alternative centralized plans like baptisteries were also sometimes used starting in the 5th century.
Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque architecture developed between 800-1100 AD and was characterized by thick walls, small windows, round arches, and barrel or groin vaulting. Churches during this period served to spread Christianity and featured a Latin cross plan with a nave, aisles, transept, and apse. Sculptural decoration appeared on church portals and capitals. The Pisa Cathedral complex, built between 1063-1118, exemplifies Romanesque architecture with its large nave and aisles, projecting transept and crossing dome, and famous leaning bell tower.
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St Peter's Basilica
New St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome underwent major reconstruction in the 16th century after the old basilica fell into disrepair. Led by architects like Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini over more than 100 years, the new basilica was built in Renaissance and Baroque styles. Its massive dome, supported by thick piers and vaults, towers over the nave, transepts, and apse. The basilica's lavish interior houses artwork like Michelangelo's Pietà and Bernini's papal altar. Its large square and colonnades make it a focal point in Rome.
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St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is one of the largest churches in the world. The basilica was constructed between 1506-1626 over the site of the original 4th century St. Peter's Basilica. It was designed by architects including Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini. The massive dome, one of the largest in the world, rises 120 meters and can be climbed by a small spiral staircase. The interior features a long nave, lavish marble decorations, and many artistic tombs. St. Peter's Square outside features tall colonnades, an obelisk, and fountains designed by Bernini.
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New St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome underwent major reconstruction in the 16th century to replace the old St Peter's Basilica. Led by architects like Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini over more than 100 years, the new basilica was built in Renaissance and Baroque styles. Its massive dome, four piers, and vaults work together to support the structure. The basilica's nave, transepts, and apse form a Latin cross floor plan and house numerous artistic works and tombs.
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St Mark's Basilica is the cathedral church of Venice located in St Mark's Square. It is renowned for its Byzantine architecture and rich interior mosaics. The present church was completed in 1071 and has a Greek cross plan with five domes. Over the centuries, additions have increased its richness, such as the four bronze horses brought from Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The interior features geometric marble floors and walls covered in polychrome marble and mosaics depicting biblical stories.
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The painted Romanesque churches are uncommon in the Middle Ages. There are only a few noticeable examples of these left in Europe, mainly in Italy. Among them are The Monreale Cathedral (1174) in Sicily, St Mark (1117) in Venice and the Parma Duomo (1059). It is interesting to note the that Duomo of Pisa, which has similar façade as the Parma Duomo is not a painted church. The The Lombard-Romanesque Duomo of Parma is among the finest in Italy. The oldest example of the painted church is Hagia Sophia (537) in Istanbul, suggesting that the tradition of painted churches, date back a very long time.
The Parma Duomo is renowned for its illusionistic painting of the Assumption (1534) that fills its main cupola by Correggio. The nave is adored with the work of pupils of Correggio. The south transept features a carved frieze (1178) by Benedetto Antelami who was responsible for much of the exquisite Baptistery (1160) just south of the cathedral. Building began on the Duomo in the second half of the 11C, following the destruction of the old cathedral by fire in 1058. It was practically finished in 1074. Other artists contributed were Gerolamo Mazzola Bedoli and Francesco Mendogni who painted the ceiling, Lattanzio Gambbara and Bernardino Gatti who painted the frescoes in the nave and the apse walls, Bertolino de Grossi who painted the Valeri Chapel.
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The Byzantine Empire emerged in 330 AD after Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, which was later renamed Constantinople. Byzantine architecture developed a distinct style, making innovative use of domes supported by pendentives to create large interior spaces lit by windows. The greatest example is Hagia Sophia, constructed in 532 AD under Emperor Justinian. With a massive central dome 31 meters wide supported by pendentives, it remained the largest vaulted space in the world for centuries.
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St. Clemente in Rome is a three-tiered basilica built on the site of earlier religious structures. The lowest level contains remnants from a 1st century home that was later used as a mithraeum in the 2nd century. In the 4th century, this space was filled in and a lower basilica was constructed. The current basilica was rebuilt in 1100 AD in a classical basilical style with arcades, aisles, and an apse. Beneath the modern church, the remains of the earlier religious sites can still be seen.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Hagia Sofia was built between 532 and 537, as a Christian church. It has influenced architects ever since. The circular dome covering a square base was developed at the same time as the Basilica plan of the Early Christian churches, in Italy. The Byzantine dome was later adopted into Islamic architecture. However, the Roman dome was constructed differently. Romans placed their dome over a solid circle of walling, best seen in the example of the Pantheon in Rome, instead of using the pendentives (an architectural feature).
However, one shared feature of the time between the two styles was the use of opaque glass mosaics in the interior decoration, covering the walls.
The Hagia Sofia plan is basically an inscribed Greek cross. The hall has four piers at the corners of the square rising in circular arches to support a central dome by means of four pendentives. The upper galleries were used by the women, and were reached by steps inside the building. Much of Hagia Sofia's appeal comes from its size. The inside is dominated by the central dome over 30.5 metres in diameter.
Today after about 1500 years of continue used, Hagia Sofia still dominates the skyline of the Bosphorus. It is truly a milestone, among the world’s greatest architectural achievements, a testament of the sophistication of the 6C Byzantine Empire.
Notre dame de dame
The document provides details about Notre-Dame de Chartres Cathedral located in Chartres, France. It discusses the cathedral's history including multiple reconstructions after fires, its Gothic architecture and construction methods using flying buttresses. The cathedral contains three large rose windows and over 150 stained glass windows dating back to the 13th century depicting religious scenes. Sculptures on the porches also depict biblical and royal figures.
Byzantine architecture
Byzantine architecture was influenced by its location between Europe and Asia at the junction of important trade routes. Buildings used local materials like brick and stone with marble imported from quarries. The hot climate led to small, high windows and domes with arcaded courtyards. Byzantine architecture fused oriental and Roman styles, using massive decoration and introducing dome construction. Churches often had a central dome surrounded by smaller domes with a smooth external profile and internal/external correspondence. Famous examples include Hagia Sophia, built in 532-537 AD with a large central dome carried by pendentives, and St. Mark's Basilica in Venice symbolizing the city's history.
Gothic Architecture
Gothic architecture developed in different regions across Europe with distinctive characteristics. Cathedrals were the most prominent buildings, making use of flying buttresses, rib vaults, and large windows to admit light. Their plans evolved from Latin crosses with ambulatories and radial chapels added. Town halls and palaces represented civilian Gothic architecture and had varying styles between northern and southern regions. French Gothic cathedrals emphasized verticality with three-portal west fronts and towers, while English cathedrals had extreme length and square east ends. Italian Gothic used polychrome decoration and symmetrical plans with few columns. German cathedrals had huge towers and spires, and Spanish Gothic was spatially complex surrounded by chapels with diverse influences.
St Peter’s Basilica
St. Peter's Basilica in Rome underwent many changes over centuries of construction. The current basilica was begun in 1506 on the site of the original 4th century church said to be above St. Peter's tomb. 10 architects contributed to its design, most significantly Bramante, Michelangelo, and Maderno. Bramante designed a Greek cross-shaped church with a large central dome. Michelangelo reverted to this design but with a more massive structure. Maderno extended it into a Latin cross with a long nave and added the famous facade. Features include Bernini's baldachin and decorations that make it the largest and one of the most magnificent churches in the world.
Pantheon
The Pantheon in Rome is one of the oldest and most well-preserved ancient structures still standing today. Originally built as a temple to honor all gods in 27 BC, it was later reconstructed under Emperor Hadrian in 125 AD and converted to a Catholic church in 608 AD. The Pantheon's most distinctive feature is its large oculus opening at the top of the dome, which at nearly 30 feet in diameter was the building's only source of light. Though originally used as a pagan temple, it continues to serve as a Roman Catholic church and is still an iconic landmark attracting many visitors to Rome.
HISTORY: Early Christian Architecture
The early Christian architecture began in Rome and Constantinople in the early 4th century AD. With Christianity becoming the official state religion under Emperor Constantine, new church buildings were needed for worship. The most common church design was the basilica, adapted from Roman civic buildings. Two prominent early basilica churches were St. John Lateran in Rome (313-320 AD) and St. Peter's in Rome (333 AD), which had a nave and aisles topped by timber roofs. Alternative centralized plans like baptisteries were also sometimes used starting in the 5th century.
Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque architecture developed between 800-1100 AD and was characterized by thick walls, small windows, round arches, and barrel or groin vaulting. Churches during this period served to spread Christianity and featured a Latin cross plan with a nave, aisles, transept, and apse. Sculptural decoration appeared on church portals and capitals. The Pisa Cathedral complex, built between 1063-1118, exemplifies Romanesque architecture with its large nave and aisles, projecting transept and crossing dome, and famous leaning bell tower.
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This chapter discusses early Christian and Byzantine religious architecture. It begins by explaining how early Christian churches were based on Roman basilica designs after Christianity gained legitimacy under Constantine. Large early Christian churches in Rome accommodated growing congregations. The Byzantine Empire incorporated domes and centralized plans in churches. When Christianity spread to Russia around 1000 CE, Byzantine architectural concepts were adapted into a distinctive Russian style.
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Chapter Six: Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
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New St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome underwent major reconstruction in the 16th century after the old basilica fell into disrepair. Led by architects like Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini over more than 100 years, the new basilica was built in Renaissance and Baroque styles. Its massive dome, supported by thick piers and vaults, towers over the nave, transepts, and apse. The basilica's lavish interior houses artwork like Michelangelo's Pietà and Bernini's papal altar. Its large square and colonnades make it a focal point in Rome.
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Romanesque art
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Western Civilization Lecture 9
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Western Civilization Lecture 10
The document discusses Charles Darwin and the impact of his theory of evolution through natural selection. It summarizes Darwin's key ideas and then discusses some of the major implications, including how Social Darwinism was used to justify imperialism, racism, and laissez-faire capitalism. It also provides brief overviews of Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in art, focusing on key artists like Monet, Degas, Cézanne, Gauguin, and Van Gogh.
egypt civilization
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilization from 3300 BC to 30 BC. It discusses the geography of Egypt and the importance of the Nile River in enabling agriculture. It also summarizes Egyptian religion, government as a monarchy led by pharaohs, daily life, and architectural and artistic achievements including pyramids, temples and tombs. Key figures mentioned include Imhotep, Khufu, and various pharaohs and gods.
Western Civilization Lecture 4
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Greece Pottery and Sculpture
This document provides an overview of ancient Greek art from 1000 BC to the 1st century BC, organized chronologically. It summarizes key periods like the Geometric, Orientalizing, and Black Figure styles between 1000-600 BC. It then highlights important works like the Dipylon Vase, François Vase, and the Riace Bronze Warriors. The document also focuses on Classical Greek art like the Parthenon sculptures and works by Phidias, Myron, and Praxiteles. It concludes with the Hellenistic period and sculptures like the Dying Gaul and Winged Victory of Samothrace.
Gothic & romansque architecture
Summery about Gothic and Romanesque architecture in Europe (Italy ,France,Germany,England and Spain (Gothic)
Reference : Fletcher (A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN COMPARATIVE METHOD).
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This document describes various rooms in a house and objects within each room. It provides sentences with information about objects located in different rooms like the bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, and living room. It also includes sentences with possessive pronouns and activities like listening and writing exercises related to objects in the house.
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The Baroque style originated in Rome in the early 17th century and was influenced by religious conflicts, wars, and new scientific developments of the time. It is characterized by dramatic, energetic, and emotional expressions that create movement and contrast through techniques like chiaroscuro. Major artists of the period included Bernini, Caravaggio, Artemisia Gentileschi, Rubens, Rembrandt, and Vermeer. Their works exhibited new approaches to realism, light and shadow, and emotional depth. Baroque architecture featured grand scales, light-filled interiors, and ornate decoration. The style spread across Europe as Catholic countries asserted cultural dominance over Protestant regions.
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The document describes the layout of the Palace at Versailles including the King's Chambers, Queen's Chambers, Royal Dining Room, Hall of Mirrors, and Gardens. Versailles served as an example of wealth and power for the French monarchy.
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This document discusses two major baroque architectural works: St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and Karlskirche in Vienna. It provides details on the design and construction of St. Peter's dome by Michelangelo and Bernini's additions to the piazza and interior in the 17th century. It also describes Karlskirche in Vienna, completed in 1716, with details on its double dome design, interior decoration, and patronage by the Austrian emperor.
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This document provides an overview of Gothic architecture and cathedrals. It discusses how Gothic style began in France in the 12th century under Abbot Suger and was characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. Gothic cathedrals featured large stained glass windows and were constructed out of stone, wood, iron, and stained glass. Famous Gothic cathedrals included Notre Dame, Chartres, Reims, and Westminster Abbey. The document also examines the religious, cultural, and historical context of the Gothic period in medieval Europe.
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The document is a revision quiz about key terms and restrictions from the Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919 after World War 1. It covers territorial changes and restrictions imposed on Germany, including military limitations such as banning conscription, limiting the size of armed forces, and prohibiting possession of weapons like tanks, heavy artillery, submarines, and an airforce. Germany was also held solely responsible for starting the war under the Treaty and required to pay extensive reparations to the Allied forces.
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St. Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City and is the premier church of the Roman Catholic faith. It was built over the tomb of St. Peter between 1450-1626 after earlier basilicas on the site collapsed. The current basilica was designed by notable architects like Michelangelo, Maderno, Della Porta, and Bernini and features works such as Michelangelo's dome and Pieta sculpture. Its architecture draws from Gothic, Romanesque, and Baroque styles and serves as an important pilgrimage site for Catholics.
Theo.st.peter's
St. Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City and is the premier church of the Roman Catholic faith. It was built over the tomb of St. Peter between 1450-1626 after earlier basilicas on the site collapsed. The current basilica was designed by notable architects like Michelangelo, Maderno, Della Porta, and Bernini and features works such as Michelangelo's dome and Pieta sculpture. Its architecture draws from Gothic, Romanesque, and Baroque styles and serves as an important pilgrimage site for Catholics.
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Renaissance architecture is characterized by features borrowed from ancient Greek and Roman styles from the 15th to 17th centuries. St. Peter's Basilica, located in Vatican City, is considered one of the greatest examples of Renaissance architecture. Designed by Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini, St. Peter's Basilica has a massive scale, symmetrical facade and interior, a central dome, and arches and columns inspired by classical antiquity. It remains one of the largest churches in the world.
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St. Peter's Basilica underwent many architectural changes over centuries. The original 4th century Constantinian basilica was replaced starting in 1506. Donato Bramante began construction of a Greek cross-style basilica, but the project went through several architects as the design evolved. Michelangelo returned to Bramante's Greek cross plan with 5 domes, but Carlo Maderno added a long nave extending into a Latin cross. The massive dome by Michelangelo towers over the interior and the Baroque interior includes Bernini's bronze baldacchino over the main altar. The exterior features Bernini's elliptical St. Peter's Square and colonnades. At over 400 feet tall, St. Peter's
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Gianlorenzo Bernini was an Italian artist born in 1598 who became one of the most accomplished sculptors and architects of the Baroque era. He was discovered as a child for his talent in sculpture and was brought to Rome to study under the patronage of a cardinal and the pope. Bernini went on to receive over 30 commissions from Pope Urban VIII and held several official positions, including Architect of St. Peter's Basilica at the age of 30. Some of his most famous works included the baldachin at St. Peter's, designs for St. Peter's Square, and sculptures such as The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa.
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Gianlorenzo Bernini was an Italian artist born in 1598 who became one of the most accomplished sculptors and architects of the Baroque era. As a young boy, his talent was recognized by the Pope who ensured he received the best education. He went on to receive over 30 commissions from Pope Urban VIII, including becoming the Architect of St. Peter's Basilica at age 30. Some of his most famous works included the baldachin in St. Peter's, sculptures like Ecstasy of St. Teresa, and redesigning St. Peter's square. He was the leading artist in 17th century Rome and made significant contributions to the city's architecture and art.
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St. Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City and is one of the holiest sites in Christianity. It is the largest church ever built and the central focus is the shrine of St. Peter. Construction began in the 4th century under Emperor Constantine but the current building was started in 1506 under Pope Julius II and completed in 1615. It was designed by architects including Bramante, Michelangelo, and Bernini. The dome, one of the largest in the world, was designed by Michelangelo. The basilica has several important features like Michelangelo's Pietà and Bernini's baldachin over the papal altar.
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The guided tour summarizes key artworks in the Vatican Museum, including Bernini's Baldacchino in St. Peter's Basilica, Michelangelo's Pieta sculpture, his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling including The Creation of Adam, Raphael's School of Athens fresco, and Bernini's colonnades in St. Peter's Square. The tour provides details on the artists, dates, mediums, meanings, and highlights what the narrator finds most impressive about each work.
HISTORY AND THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE
Michelangelo is widely regarded as the most famous artist of the Italian Renaissance. Among his works are the "David" and "Pieta" statues and the Sistine Chapel frescoes.
Religious building around the world
The document provides details about the Papal Archbasilica of Saint John in Lateran in Rome, Italy. It discusses the church's historical background as the first church built in Rome and the cathedral of the Pope. The document describes the architectural structures of the Lateran Palace and Basilica both externally and internally. It includes floor plans and provides information on the types of materials and ornamentation used like marble statues of the Apostles and stucco decorations.
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The Cathedral of San Feliciano in Foligno, Italy underwent many renovations over the centuries. It was originally built in Romanesque style in the 12th century but adopted a Neoclassical interior in the 18th century. Notable features include the rose window on the secondary facade dating to 1201 and the gilded Baroque baldachin over the main altar. The cathedral suffered damage in the 1997 earthquake.
St Denis, Paris - The Beginning of the Gothic Architecture.
The basilica stands on the site of a Gallo-Roman cemetery with the tomb of St Denis, Paris France, thought to have been the first Bishop of Paris, who was martyred c 250 AD. This place of pilgrimage was built in the 5C. Dagobert was a benefactor to it the 7C, and Pepin the Short was crowned king here in 754. It became one of the most powerful Benedictine abbeys in the Middle Ages. Most of the kings and queens of France were buried here from the 6C onwards. The abbey church of St. Denis therefore played a complex and important role for the French monarchy.
The Cathedral of Saint Denis is the birthplace of Gothic architecture. In 1122 Louis VI made this the official burial place for French monarchs, at the request of Abbe Suger. St Louis reserved it for monarchs alone, a rule which was broken several times, and had the remains of his predecessors, transferred to tombs in the crossing of the transept. Suger decided to improve St Denis and rebuilt the basilica. ~The western façade was dedicated in 1140and the chevet in 1144, but the building remained incomplete after the abbe’s death in 1151. Suger’s church represents a landmark to the development of Gothic architecture. Intersecting ribs were used here on a large scale for the first time. In this way, the architect could do without walls between the pillars Vaulting could be extended throughout the ambulatories and the radiating chapels and huge windows could be incorporated in the chevet. This is how ~Suger realized his concept – for him light had a thoroughly metaphysical significance. Another innovative feathure is the rose window on the west façade.
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The origins and history of the Basilica of San Pietro ad Aram in Naples are discussed. According to tradition, the church was built on the site where St. Peter baptized people in Naples. It has undergone several reconstructions and restorations over the centuries. Today it is cared for by Franciscans and contains artworks from other Naples churches. The crypt contains an ancient church dating back to early Christianity.
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St Denis Cathedral, Paris
St Denis Cathedral, Paris is one of the most important building in the history of architecture. It was here that the Gothic style of architecture was first invented. Historically, it is also the historic burial place of the French monarchy.
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The Sistine Chapel in Vatican City is famous for its architecture and frescoes painted by Renaissance artists like Michelangelo and Botticelli. Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to repaint the chapel's ceiling between 1508-1512, which he decorated with golden stars on a blue sky. Later, Pope Paul III asked Michelangelo to paint the Last Judgment on the chapel's altar wall from 1535-1541, which along with the ceiling are seen as his greatest achievements in painting.
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Addressing Common Concerns
Physical Harm in Dreams Lucid dreaming is fundamentally safe. In a lucid dream, everything is a creation of your mind. Therefore, nothing in the dream can physically harm you. Despite the vividness and realness of the dream experience, it remains entirely within your mental landscape, posing no physical danger.
Mental Health Risks Concerns about developing PTSD or other mental illnesses from lucid dreaming are unfounded. As soon as you wake up, it's clear that the events experienced in the dream were not real. On the contrary, lucid dreaming is often seen as a therapeutic tool for conditions like PTSD, as it allows individuals to reframe and manage their thoughts.
Potential Risks of Lucid Dreaming
While generally safe, lucid dreaming does come with a few risks as well:
Mixing Dream Memories with Reality Long-term lucid dreamers might occasionally confuse dream memories with real ones, creating false memories. This issue is rare and preventable by maintaining a dream journal and avoiding lucid dreaming about real-life people or places too frequently.
Escapism Using lucid dreaming to escape reality can be problematic if it interferes with your daily life. While it is sometimes beneficial to escape and relieve the stress of reality, relying on lucid dreaming for happiness can hinder personal growth and productivity.
Feeling Tired After Lucid Dreaming Some people report feeling tired after lucid dreaming. This tiredness is not due to the dreams themselves but often results from not getting enough sleep or using techniques that disrupt sleep patterns. Taking breaks and ensuring adequate sleep can prevent this.
Mental Exhaustion Lucid dreaming can be mentally taxing if practiced excessively without breaks. It’s important to balance lucid dreaming with regular sleep to avoid mental fatigue.
Lucid dreaming is safe and beneficial if done with caution. It has many benefits, such as overcoming fear and improving mental health, and minimal risks. There are many resources and tutorials available for those interested in trying it.
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...
This lecture created by Brandon Taylorian (aka Cometan) specially for the CESNUR Conference held Bordeaux in June 2024 provides a brief introduction to the legacy of religious and philosophical thought that Astronism emerges from, namely the discourse on transcension started assuredly by the Cosmists in Russia in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then carried on and developed by Mordecai Nessyahu in Cosmodeism in the twentieth century. Cometan also then provides some detail on his story in founding Astronism in the early twenty-first century from 2013 along with details on the central Astronist doctrine of transcension. Finally, the lecture concludes with some contributions made by space religions and space philosophy and their influences on various cultural facets in art, literature and film.
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
Tales of This and Another Life - Chapters.pdf
This book is one of the best of the translated ones, for it has a warning character for all those who find themselves in the experience of material life. Irmão X provides a shrewd way of describing the subtleties and weaknesses that can jeopardize our intentions, making us more attentive and vigilant by providing us with his wise pages, reminding us between the lines of the Master's words: "Pray and watch."
Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...
Esta lição é uma oportunidade para discutirmos um assunto multo mal interpretado no contexto cristão, que é o fato de algumas pessoas pensarem que o conhecer Jesus é ter a nossa vida mudada em todas as áreas, como se Deus tivesse o dever de transportar-nos deste mundo para um outro mundo onde muitas coisas maravilhosas que desejamos seriam reais. No entanto, a nossa fé não nos tira do mundo após nos convertermos; ao invés disso, permanecemos vivendo sob as mesmas circunstâncias. O propósito de Deus não é nos tirar do mundo, mas nos livrar das ações do maligno (Jo 17.15), Sendo assim, a vida eterna não significa estar fora da realidade deste mundo, mas conhecer o único Deus verdadeiro (Jo 17.3).
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St.Peter's basilica, Vatican.
- 5. St Paul.
- 6. the balcony from which the pope emerges
- 7. Bernini's monumental colonnade, topped with statues of saints
- 8. Swiss Guards stand at the entrance
- 9. Closeup of the guards
- 10. The beautiful Pietà, by Michaelangelo
- 12. A closeup
- 13. The Egyptian obelisk in the center
- 14. the fountain by Bernini in 1675
- 15. The opulent ceiling of the central nave
- 17. Monument of one of the early Pope
- 19. Smaller Dome
- 20. Detail of decoration in the huge cupola
- 21. One of the many smaller domes of St. Peter's
- 22. bronze statue of St. Peter Enthroned
- 24. One of paintings inside.
- 26. Handing over the key (of the kingdom of heaven) to st peter .
- 27. Handing over the key (detail)
- 28. Statue of St Peter
- 29. St Peter with the Key
- 30. THE END